Studies in Chinese Religions最新文献

{"title":"The <i>Śūraṅgama Sūtra</i> , sudden awakening and gradual cultivation in Chan Buddhism during the Tang and Song periods","authors":"Jun Gong","doi":"10.1080/23729988.2023.2244344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23729988.2023.2244344","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis article undertakes an indepth examination of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra’s influence on the ideas of sudden awakening and gradual cultivation in Chan Buddhism during the Tang (618–907) and Song (960–1279) dynasties. It focuses on the complex relationship between the sūtra and these ideas within the meditation teachings of the Shenxiu Lineage 神秀系 of the Northern School and the Heze Lineage 菏澤系 of the Southern School, conducting detailed analysis of their intellectual history and offering a new exploration of connections between Northern Chan and Heze Shenhui’s 菏澤神會 (684–758) ideas about subitism and gradualism. This article also proposes a new interpretation of Chan Śūraṅgama study from the late Tang to the Song in relation to discussions about sudden awakening and gradual cultivation. It points out differences in meditation teachings between the Song and Tang periods with regard to this question, and on this basis examines how such teachings were Sinicised through the incorporation of Tathāgatagarbha scriptures such as the Śūraṅgama, according to different trajectories of intellectual history.KEYWORDS: Śūraṅgama Sūtrameditationsudden–gradualNorthern Chan Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. Sharf, Coming to Terms with Chinese Buddhism, 312.2. Su, ‘Shu Liu Zihou Dajian chanshi bei hou’, 2084.3. In the opening juan of the Dafoding shoulengyan jing shujie mengchao (X no. 287, 13: 1.504), Qian Qianyi 錢謙益 (1582–1664) wrote, ‘During the Song, there were chancellors and ministers who deeply committed themselves to Buddhist study and explicated the Śūraṅgama, including Wengong [Wang Anshi] and Zhang Guanwen Wujin. Objectively speaking, their commentaries were excellent’ (有宋宰執大臣, 深契佛學, 疏解《首楞[嚴經]》者, 文公與張觀文無盡也. 文公之疏解, 與無盡之海眼, 平心觀之, 手眼具在).4. Da foding rulai miyin xiuzheng liaoyi zhupusa wanxing shoulengyan jing (henceforth Lengyan jing), T no. 945, 19: 10.155. English translation modified from Buddhist Text Translation Society, Śūraṅgama Sūtra, 461.5. Translator’s note: This term xiqi (also translated as ‘habitual residue,’ ‘karmic habits or imprints,’ ‘habituated behavioural tendencies or dispositions,’ etc.) refers to the patterned effects of karmic habituation or ‘perfumation’ (xunxi 熏習) on the mind both within and across lifetimes, which continue to influence behaviour and thus generate new karmic effects. It has been described as a type of karmic ‘seeds’ or ‘latent potentialities’ (zhongzi 種子; Skt. bīja), or as the trace that remains after a seed has been destroyed. Like seeds, the habit-energies are stored within the ‘storehouse-consciousness’ (alaiyeshi 阿賴耶識; Skt. ālaya-vijñāna), according to the Yogācāra tradition as well as to the Śūraṅgama, which states: ‘From the subtle storehouse-consciousness, the habit-energies can burst forth into a torrent’ (陀那微細識, 習氣成暴流). The sūtra’s English translators explain: ‘Although the eight consciousnesses doctrine of the Consciousness-Only school [i.e. Chin","PeriodicalId":36684,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Chinese Religions","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135717426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hakuin’s system of practice and its background","authors":"Mikiyasu Yanagi","doi":"10.1080/23729988.2023.2244347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23729988.2023.2244347","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTBased on the works of Hakuin Ekaku 白隱慧鶴 (1686–1769), this article analyses the practice system he constructed and its background and clarifies the following two conclusions. First, the system of practice demonstrated by Hakuin involves focus on one specific kind of practice to achieve ‘seeing one’s nature’ (kenshō 見性), and then ‘practice after insight’ (gogo no shugyō 悟後の修行). Among them, ‘practice after insight’ consists of two parts: ‘seeking bodhi above’ (jōgu bodai 上求菩提) by constantly consulting kōan cases to refine one’s own realisation, and ‘cultivating sentient beings below’ (geke shujō 下化眾生) by guiding other people through giving dharma teachings. Second, the core of Hakuin’s practice system is the three essential elements consisting of ‘insight,’ ‘seeking bodhi above,’ and ‘cultivating sentient beings below.’ The background against which they formed was the three enlightenments obtained in Hakuin Ekaku’s life.KEYWORDS: Hakuinseeing one’s natureseeking bodhi abovecultivating sentient beings belowgiving dharma teachings Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. Yoshizawa Katsuhiro summarised and analysed past research on Hakuin and suggested several topics that could be studied in the future. See Yoshizawa, ‘Hakuin kenkyū no genjō to kadai’.2. There are also various views in the school regarding the method of grasping Hakuin Zen’s kōan system. For details, see Yanagi, ‘Hakuin no jissen taikei to sono haikei’, 318–320.3. Yanagida, Nihon no Bukkyō 9.4. Ibid., 260–261.5. Ibid., 256.6. Yanagida and Mohr, ‘Taidan Hakuin no zen’.7. Maryū, ‘Hakuin Zen niokeru ningen Keisei no shisō’.8. Shibayama, ‘Hakuin Zen no kanna ni tsuite’.9. Maryū, ‘Hakuin Zen niokeru ningen Keisei no shisō’, 100.10. Maryū, ‘Hakuin Zen niokeru ningen Keisei no shisō’, 90.11. Yoshizawa, Hakuin Zenga wo yomu, 196.12. Yoshizawa, ‘Bodaishin nakereba madō ni otsu’; Hanazono Daigaku Kokusai Zengaku Kenkyūjo, Hakuin zenga bokuseki, 121.13. Yoshizawa, Hakuin: Zenga no sekai, 262; idem, Hakuin Zenji no fushigi na sekai, 39; idem, Hakuin Zenga wo yomu, 129–130.14. Obama, ‘Hakuin no shugyōkan’, 44.15. Yoshizawa (‘Bodaishin nakereba madō ni otsu’) criticises Yanagida, Nihon no Bukkyō 9, but does not mention the statement by Maryū. Although Obama introduced Maryū’s account, she did not discuss how it had anything to do with her own account (see Obama, Hakuin no shugyōkan, 96).16. I have analyzed the practice system of Hakuin and the relationship between the practice system and spiritual experience in two previous articles, but each of which is limited to a brief discussion. See Yanagi, ‘Hakuin Ekaku to Sugyōroku’; idem, ‘Hakuin no kotoba wo yomu’. In contrast, this article tries to show the basis for my opinion in detail by quoting relevant quotations from Hakuin. In addition, this study was based on the results of Yoshizawa’s research on Hakuin, as I cited the translations and writings of Yoshizawa in this article. Here, I pay re","PeriodicalId":36684,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Chinese Religions","volume":"147 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135717431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The theory and practice of Zen Buddhism: a Festschrift in honor of Steven Heine","authors":"E. Joskovich","doi":"10.1080/23729988.2023.2211413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23729988.2023.2211413","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36684,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Chinese Religions","volume":"9 1","pages":"109 - 111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43189027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guidance through seduction: the Precious Scroll of Fish-Basket Guanyin in the recitation practice of Changshu in Jiangsu, China","authors":"Rostislav Berezkin","doi":"10.1080/23729988.2023.2210974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23729988.2023.2210974","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The story of Bodhisattva Guanyin with a Fish Basket (or Fish-monger Guanyin) has already attracted attention of scholars of Chinese literature and religion, as it represents an indigenous modification of the Indian Buddhist deity; but until now scholars mainly have studied textual variants of this story in the late imperial period. At the same time, the precious scroll (baojuan) devoted to the story of Fish-Basket Guanyin is still recited by local performers in the Changshu city area in Jiangsu now. The analysis of the Yulan Baojuan 魚籃寶卷 [Precious Scroll of Fish-Basket (Guanyin)] in the context of “telling scriptures” in Changshu allows a demonstration of the special features of functioning of a Chinese Buddhist narrative in the local religious-oriented storytelling. The Precious Scroll of Fish-Basket Guanyin formed around the nineteenth century, but it used much earlier materials, originating in the Buddhist “miracle tales”. This text attests to preservation of connections between the baojuan literature and Buddhist narratives in the later period. In the local variant of this precious scroll the story of Bodhisattva Guanyin is combined with the veneration of local tutelary deities, placed on the “family altars”; thus representing the secularized “grass-root” form of Chinese Buddhist devotion.","PeriodicalId":36684,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Chinese Religions","volume":"9 1","pages":"1 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46733255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guanyin as mediation: a new study on women’s Buddhist devotion in late imperial China","authors":"Yujin Xu","doi":"10.1080/23729988.2023.2210982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23729988.2023.2210982","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article discusses Yuhang Li’s illuminative study on laywomen’s Guanyin worship and their material practices: Becoming Guanyin: Artistic Devotion of Buddhist Women in Late Imperial China. By developing a dialogue between three research fields – art history, Buddhism and gender studies – the book abounds with fascinating cases that unearth how Guanyin images were reproduced by female performance, skills, bodies and material artefacts. Here, Guanyin no longer appears as an established category or substance, but rather a mediation process involving the dialectical relationship between subject and object. Li’s writing departs from the traditional textual approach and veers into daily practices and material embodiments of Guanyin belief. Through the examination of significant contributions made by Li in the research on female Buddhist cults and religious material culture on a theoretical and historical level, this review emphasizes there is a heuristic perspective to inspect the mutually constructive relationship between worshipper and worshipped. In sum, the mimetic connection between laywomen and Guanyin observed by Li not only reflects female apostles’ Buddhist praxis beyond institutionalizations, but also offers a comprehensive picture of how laywomen’s subjectivity endowed by Guanyin faith negotiated with Confucian patriarchy in late imperial China.","PeriodicalId":36684,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Chinese Religions","volume":"9 1","pages":"99 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48315306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Re-thinking the Trübner stele: pictorial forms and authenticity","authors":"Qing Chang","doi":"10.1080/23729988.2023.2210977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23729988.2023.2210977","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Trubner stele, a large Chinese Buddhist stele displayed in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, is carved from grayish black limestone and commemorates the building of a Buddhist monastery in Qi county, Henan province, China. According to the inscription, it is dated 533 to 543 C.E. It was named after the art dealer Jorg Trubner (1902?-1930) who acquired the stele for the museum in 1929. Engraved in high relief, the stele contains numerous images, including the preaching Buddha with attendants, pictorial representation of the Vimalakirti Sutra, donor figures, small seated Buddha niches, spirit guardian kings, grooms and lions. Because of the excellent craftsmanship of the stele and the complexity of the composition, it has been referred to by previous scholars as a monumental, antique work now preserved in the West. However, some scholars doubt its authenticity, and, in this case, the leading scholar is Wai-kam Ho who published his article in 1999, since when the stele has been the subject of considerable controversy. In this article, focusing on Ho’s arguments, I compared this stele to other dated steles and images, considering textual sources, thematic content, iconography and style, and I have come to the conclusion that this stele is genuine.","PeriodicalId":36684,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Chinese Religions","volume":"9 1","pages":"28 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44269173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Value of epitaphic literature on Tang dynasty Chan history: case studies of Chan practices by aristocratic women","authors":"Hainu Jiang","doi":"10.1080/23729988.2023.2210975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23729988.2023.2210975","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Over the past three decades, the use of newly published medieval Chinese epitaphs has informed our knowledge of society, culture and religion during the Tang Dynasty. There are only seven sporadic records of noble women’s Chan Practice in the Quan Tangwen 全唐文 [Compendium of Tang Prose Writings]. However, newly published epitaphs have greatly increased the number of these kinds of records available for scholars to study. In this article, the author compiles 90 records of noble women’s Chan practice from Quan Tangwen and newly (up to 2022) published epitaphic collections, studies noble women’s family backgrounds, life experiences, Chan practice and funeral arrangements, and discusses some important issues of Chan history in the Tang Dynasty, including the relationship between Chan Buddhism and women, historical facts of Shenxiu 神秀 (606[?]–706) and other chief Chan masters, and the influence of some Chan patriarchs. In addition, this article proposes the concept of Luoyang Chan 洛陽禪. The comprehensive research presented in this article will supplement, revise and enrich the scholarly understanding of Early Chan Buddhism and the history of Chan Buddhism in the eighth century.","PeriodicalId":36684,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Chinese Religions","volume":"9 1","pages":"64 - 98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43787408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The modern Buddhist studies of Zen priests at Tokyo Imperial University: considering perspectives on original Buddhism","authors":"Daigo Isshiki","doi":"10.1080/23729988.2023.2171648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23729988.2023.2171648","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT While the study of Buddhism at universities in Japan since the Meiji period (1868–1912)—transplanted as a modern institution—produced many results using a critical and rational approach to Buddhist texts, many scholars of Buddhism, who were also Buddhists, were challenged to reconcile their own belief systems with those of Japanese Buddhism, which existed outside of the texts. In this context, Taiken Kimura 木村泰賢 and Hakuju Ui 宇井伯寿, both professors at Tokyo Imperial University, attempted to bridge the gap between primitive Buddhist studies and beliefs, or between objectivity and subjectivity, using the concepts of bodhisattva way 菩薩道 and a Zen tradition beyond the written words of scripture 教外別伝 as a framework for Buddhist studies, respectively. Therefore, although their research was always in consideration of its academic significance and did not directly link their belief and scholarship, they can be placed in the history of Buddhist thought.","PeriodicalId":36684,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Chinese Religions","volume":"8 1","pages":"418 - 429"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48966147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On Jan Yün-hua’s (Ran Yunhua 冉雲華 [1923-2018]) scholarship in Chinese Buddhism","authors":"Jian-Xia Li","doi":"10.1080/23729988.2023.2171650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23729988.2023.2171650","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Jan Yün-hua is an internationally renowned scholar who has conducted exquisite research in the fields of Buddhist studies, Chan Studies, Dunhuang Studies, and Daoist Studies, among which Chinese Buddhism in particular is renowned. This paper discusses the life of Jan Yün-hua, his academic achievements, and his exploration of ‘transformation of Buddhism from India to China’ in three aspects. This paper argues that during his decades of academic career, Jan has focused on the ambitious academic goal of ‘the transformation of Buddhism from India to China and its process,’ which is the original purpose of his Buddhist studies and the theme of his lifelong exploration. According to Jan, the core idea of Chinese Buddhism, the idea of ‘one mind’, was formed in the eighth century. This idea was first established by Chengguan and finally completed by Zongmi and Yanshou. The concept of ‘one mind’ was first propagated by Tiantai, then supplemented and enriched by Huayan Buddhism, and after the incubation of the unification of meditation and doctrines, and the addition of Chan Buddhism, it became the mainstream development of Chinese Buddhism, and finally became the core thought of Chinese Buddhism.","PeriodicalId":36684,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Chinese Religions","volume":"8 1","pages":"430 - 456"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48565966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The intellectual history of Chan Buddhism in the Tang and Song Dynasties and Japanese Zen: borrowing the perspective of D.T. Suzuki","authors":"T. Ogawa","doi":"10.1080/23729988.2023.2171651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23729988.2023.2171651","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Under the common premise that everyone has buddha-nature (foxing 佛性) and original mind (benxin 本心), there are different ways of thinking about how to relate one’s ‘original self’ as a buddha to one’s living, physical ‘actual self’. There are four types of thought in the history of Tang-Song Chan Buddhism. The first is the so-called ‘Northern’ Chan 北宗禪, which seeks to overcome the ‘actual self’ and restore the ‘original self’ through seated meditation. The second is the Mazu 馬祖 (709–788) lineage of Chan, which treats the two as one. The third type of Chan is the Shitou 石頭 (710–790) lineage which, while criticizing the Mazu lineage, grasps the relationship between the two as one and one as two. The fourth is Dahui’s 大慧 (1089–1163) kanhua chan 看話禪 (Chan of Phrase-observing), which returns to the first type of thought and adds the new technique of koan 公案 to it. They each had a strong influence on Medieval Japanese Zen Buddhism, with Bankei 盤珪 (1622–1693) inheriting the second type, the Sōtō 曹洞 school inheriting the third type, Hakuin 白隱 (1686–1769) inheriting the fourth type, and Dōgen 道元 (1200–1253)—in order to transcend both the second and the fourth types—producing a unique reflection on the honshō myōshu 本證妙修 (‘Wondrous cultivation in fundamental realization’).","PeriodicalId":36684,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Chinese Religions","volume":"8 1","pages":"457 - 481"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48700155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}