Yuan Che , Mun On Wong , Xiaowei Gao , Haoyang Liang , Yun Ye
{"title":"Enhancing safety in automated ports: a virtual reality study of pedestrian–autonomous vehicle interactions under time pressure, visual constraints, and varying vehicle size","authors":"Yuan Che , Mun On Wong , Xiaowei Gao , Haoyang Liang , Yun Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.trip.2026.102041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trip.2026.102041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Autonomous driving improves traffic efficiency but presents substantial safety challenges in complex port environments, where pedestrians and autonomous vehicles often interact amid low lighting, adverse weather, stacked containers, heavy machinery, and large industrial vehicles operating in confined shared spaces. This study investigates how environmental factors, traffic characteristics, and pedestrian attributes influence interaction safety between autonomous vehicles and pedestrians in ports. Using virtual reality simulations of typical port scenarios, 33 participants completed pedestrian crossing tasks under varying visibility, vehicle sizes, and time pressure conditions. Results indicate that low-visibility conditions, partial occlusions, and larger vehicle sizes significantly increase perceived risk, prompting pedestrians to wait longer and accept larger gaps. Specifically, pedestrians tended to accept larger gaps and waited longer when interacting with large autonomous truck platoons, reflecting heightened caution due to their perceived threat. However, local obstructions also reduce post-encroachment time, compressing safety margins. Individual attributes such as age, gender, and driving experience further shape decision-making, while time pressure undermines compensatory behaviors and increases risk. Based on these findings, safety strategies are proposed, including installing wide-angle cameras at multiple viewpoints, enabling real-time vehicle-infrastructure communication, enhancing port lighting and signage, and strengthening pedestrian safety training. This study offers practical recommendations for improving the safety and deployment of vision-based autonomous systems in port settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36621,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 102041"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147858519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hearing acceleration: enhancing vehicle sound for earlier detection of acceleration in pedestrians","authors":"Mengwen Chen, Jingyi Tian, Yu Chen, Meng Liu, Xiangling Zhuang","doi":"10.1016/j.trip.2026.102021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trip.2026.102021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acceleration serves as both an implicit cue of a vehicle’s non-yielding intention and a necessary maneuver following a yielding action in autonomous vehicles (AVs). However, vehicle acceleration is difficult for pedestrians to accurately perceive. This study proposed and evaluated an auditory external interface for AVs that enhances the vehicle’s engine sound to facilitate pedestrians’ perception of acceleration. In a virtual reality environment, we measured pedestrians’ time delay in detecting vehicle acceleration under four sound conditions: untreated, amplitude-enhanced, frequency-enhanced, and combined amplitude-frequency enhancement. Results indicated that all three enhancement methods could speed up acceleration perception compared to the untreated condition, with amplitude enhancement producing the weakest effect. The combined enhancement proved most effective, offering a slight advantage over frequency enhancement. These findings provide insights into effectively enhancing auditory characteristics that may inform future research on vehicle–pedestrian interaction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36621,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 102021"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147858779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of urban design elements on pedestrian wayfinding behavior and stress in a train station: A virtual reality study","authors":"Céleste Richard , Yan Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.trip.2026.101999","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trip.2026.101999","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employed Virtual Reality (VR) and physiological sensors to study the impact of different urban elements on pedestrian wayfinding behavior and physiological responses during outdoor-to-indoor transitions in a train station context. Three urban elements — greenery, water, and leading pavement — were placed either indoors, outdoors, both, or neither, creating four experimental scenarios. In total, 35 participants completed wayfinding tasks across all four scenarios. Behavioral, physiological, and eye-tracking data were collected and analyzed. The results revealed that outside-only placement of urban elements was associated with the worst wayfinding performance across all metrics, performing worse than even the control condition with no urban elements. Eye-tracking analysis demonstrated that outside-only placement of urban elements actively distracted participants from the indoor navigation path. Inside-only placement supported the most efficient navigation in terms of travel time, while the scenario with elements in both locations produced the most focused gaze behavior and the highest subjective comfort ratings. These findings highlight that the placement location of urban elements is more critical than their mere presence for supporting outdoor-to-indoor wayfinding, with important implications for human-centered design in transport hubs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36621,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 101999"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147802357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mahsa Abdollahyar , Alan Both , Afshin Jafari , Steve Pemberton , Dhirendra Singh , Billie Giles-Corti , Lucy Gunn
{"title":"Developing a multimodal transport simulation model using a case study of the Suburban Rail Loop East, Melbourne, Australia","authors":"Mahsa Abdollahyar , Alan Both , Afshin Jafari , Steve Pemberton , Dhirendra Singh , Billie Giles-Corti , Lucy Gunn","doi":"10.1016/j.trip.2026.102018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trip.2026.102018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Agent- and activity-based transport models when combined link transport network flows to the individuals generating them, enabling exploration of the interplay between travel needs and transport network capacity.</div><div>This study expanded a recently developed multi-modal agent- and activity-based transport model of Greater Melbourne, Australia by incorporating travel mode choices of demographic cohorts, a more accurate representation of public transport trips, and walking or driving to train stations. Separate mode choice models were developed for five unique cohorts of travellers. The model was calibrated and validated for each cohort using Victorian Integrated Survey of Travel and Activity data. The model simulated a Baseline scenario of existing transport infrastructure and an alternative scenario that includes Stage 1 of the Suburban Rail Loop, or SRL East, a new rail network traversing under-served middle suburbs. Results show SRL East will increase walking trips and average daily walking distances, and decrease car trips in areas surrounding SRL East train stations. The average walking distance between SRL areas increased between 4.9% and 11.1% for the respective cohorts, with the largest increase for those aged between 20 and 24.</div><div>Results suggest SRL East will change people’s travel behaviour and influence the uptake of active transport, with the cohort results useful for age and gender-based interventions. The research is significant for showing SRL East’s impacts on active transport up-take and for influencing city-wide transport and urban planning. Future research modelling local and city-wide impacts of all stages of the SRL are warranted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36621,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 102018"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147858521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soyeon Kim , Fjollë Novakazi , Elisabeth Shi , Ilse M. Harms , Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
{"title":"A Taxonomic Odyssey: Evolution, Criticisms, and Future Directions of Driving Automation Taxonomies – The Case of SAE J3016","authors":"Soyeon Kim , Fjollë Novakazi , Elisabeth Shi , Ilse M. Harms , Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios","doi":"10.1016/j.trip.2026.101858","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trip.2026.101858","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) International’s classification system (J3016) has provided a framework for categorising sustained driving automation systems, concerns have arisen about its clarity and ability to incorporate emerging technologies . Therefore, this study explores how various stakeholders, including end users, vehicle manufacturers, and policymakers, use the driving automation taxonomy. The results show that driving automation taxonomy is communicated through media, incorporated into vehicle purchasing decisions for users, and utilised for external and internal communication by vehicle manufacturers and policymakers. The discussion highlights that utilising specialised terminology in automation enhances communication efficiency. However, there is also a discrepancy between the SAE J3016, which is today’s prevalent taxonomy, and their audience in terms of both (1) clarity provided by the taxonomy vs. understanding of the stakeholders and (2) topics addressed by the taxonomy vs. needs of the stakeholders. The study also highlights that, while SAE J3016 is being criticised, proposing a clearly better taxonomy is far from straightforward. However, we underscore the importance of revising and updating the current taxonomy to align with stakeholder needs and technological advancements. By enhancing the clarity and relevance of the driving automation taxonomy, stakeholders can make more informed decisions, fostering innovation and improving communication across the industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36621,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives","volume":"36 ","pages":"Article 101858"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Surrogate safety measures from bikesharing GPS data for proactive bicycle safety analysis","authors":"Sylwia Pazdan, Mariusz Kiec","doi":"10.1016/j.trip.2025.101820","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trip.2025.101820","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The surge in bicycle traffic worldwide has led to increased focus on bicycle safety. Beyond the limitations of prolonged analysis periods and small sample sizes, traditional road safety methods that rely on reported crash numbers suffer from underreporting. Consequently, surrogate safety measures (SSMs) that pinpoint locations with an elevated likelihood of bicycle crashes, including bicycle-bicycle and bicycle-pedestrian crashes, are being investigated. This study seeks to assess the effectiveness of an SSM derived from bikesharing GPS data for proactive, large-scale bicycle traffic safety analysis. The research examined over 900 crossings identified using OpenStreetMap and CARTO databases, utilizing one month of GPS data from a bikesharing system alongside police-reported crashes from 2016 to 2019. Among the 22 potential SSMs, the number of decelerations exceeding 0.6 m/s<sup>2</sup> displayed the most significant correlation with actual crash counts, evaluated using the Akaike information criterion of generalized linear models. This metric underpinned the bicycle crash prediction model, which was corroborated through cumulative residual plots for a control group, revealing strong predictive accuracy. Additionally, factors such as bicycle traffic volume and average bicycle speed (estimated using bikesharing GPS data), crossing area and road class (identified using OpenStreetMap and CARTO databases) were found to have a statistically significant effect on the number of bicycle crashes. The findings offer valuable insights for sustainable urban transportation planning and injury prevention strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36621,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives","volume":"36 ","pages":"Article 101820"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paul Harscouët , Ciarán Ferrie , Nakisa Soltani , Brian Caulfield , Anna Mölter
{"title":"“I’m a nervous wreck when I cycle“ cycling to school with children in Ireland : Insights from parents","authors":"Paul Harscouët , Ciarán Ferrie , Nakisa Soltani , Brian Caulfield , Anna Mölter","doi":"10.1016/j.trip.2026.101874","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trip.2026.101874","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cycling is a key component of the green transition, and it offers numerous environmental and health benefits, including reduced emissions, lower air and noise pollution, and improved physical wellbeing. Commuting to school by bicycle is one way to normalize cycling among children, which can lead to a long term behavioural routine. However, safety concerns remain a significant barrier, particularly in car-oriented countries such as Ireland. This study investigates factors influencing parental perceptions of safety when cycling to school with their children.</div><div>Data were collected through an online survey (n = 342) and two focus groups (n = 10) with parents who cycle to school with their children. The survey combined multiple-choice and open-ended questions, and the focus groups followed a semi-structured format. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests, while qualitative data underwent a thematic analysis.</div><div>Findings show that 43% of survey respondents felt safe cycling to school, while 25% of respondents rarely or never felt safe. The thematic analysis identified four key themes influencing perceived safety: road infrastructure, interactions with other road users, coping strategies, and broader social factors, such as gender. Major concerns included poorly designed or absent cycling infrastructure, disregard for traffic laws, weak enforcement, and unsafe driver behaviour. Coping strategies ranged from cycling on footpaths or using alternative routes to restricting children’s cycling altogether.</div><div>The results identified specific parameters that affect families’ perceived safety of bike commutes In Ireland. These findings will inform subsequent research on identifying and mitigating unsafe areas along cycle routes to schools.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36621,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives","volume":"36 ","pages":"Article 101874"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arthur Carmès , Léo Catteau , Andrew Sonta , Arash Tavakoli
{"title":"Urban forms across continents: A data-driven comparison of Lausanne and Philadelphia","authors":"Arthur Carmès , Léo Catteau , Andrew Sonta , Arash Tavakoli","doi":"10.1016/j.trip.2025.101823","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trip.2025.101823","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding urban form is crucial for sustainable urban and transportation planning, and for enhancing quality of life. This study presents a data-driven framework to systematically identify and compare urban forms across geographically and culturally distinct cities. Using open-source geospatial data from OpenStreetMap, we extracted multidimensional features related to network structure, multimodality, green spaces, and points of interest for the cities of Lausanne, Switzerland, and Philadelphia, USA. A grid-based approach was used to divide each city into Basic Spatial Units (BSU), and Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) were applied to cluster BSUs based on their urban characteristics. The results reveal coherent and interpretable urban forms within each city, with some cluster types emerging across both cities despite their differences in scale, density, and cultural context. Comparative analysis showed that adapting the grid size to each city’s forms improves the detection of shared typologies. Simplified clustering based solely on network degree centrality further demonstrated that meaningful structural patterns can be captured even with minimal feature sets. Our findings suggest the presence of functionally convergent urban forms across continents and highlight the importance of spatial scale in cross-city comparisons. The framework offers a scalable and transferable approach for urban analysis and transportation planning providing valuable insights for planners and policymakers aiming to enhance various aspects of cities including walkability, accessibility, and well-being. Limitations related to data completeness and feature selection are discussed, and directions for future work — including the integration of additional data sources and human-centered validation — are proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36621,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives","volume":"36 ","pages":"Article 101823"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145897909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The impact of Qilu strategy on boosting economic growth in China’s Belt and Road Initiative: an empirical study","authors":"Fang Hui , Tufail Hussain , Kun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.trip.2025.101817","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trip.2025.101817","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the impact of the Qilu freight train on firm-level productivity within the context of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. While prior research has highlighted the role of infrastructure in facilitating trade and regional development, limited evidence exists on how such projects influence micro-level productivity and whether effects differ across firm types. To address this gap, this paper investigates whether and how the Qilu train enhances firm productivity, through which mechanisms, and under what conditions. Using panel data of Chinese listed firms from 2013 to 2019 and employing a difference-in-differences approach, the study first establishes the baseline impact of Qilu connectivity on total factor productivity. Mechanism analysis then identifies cost reduction and innovation as the main transmission channels, while heterogeneity tests assess differences across firm ownership, innovation intensity, cost structures, regions, and industrial linkages. The results reveal that the Qilu train significantly improves firm productivity, with more potent effects observed in inland firms, private enterprises, high-cost producers, and firms integrated into Northeast Asian industrial chains. Notably, both cost savings and innovation incentives contribute, though their relative importance varies across firm characteristics. These findings demonstrate the productivity-enhancing role of international freight rail and highlight its contribution to reducing regional and institutional disparities. The study provides new empirical evidence on the microeconomic benefits of the Belt and Road Initiative, offering insights for policymakers on how infrastructure projects can foster inclusive and innovation-driven growth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36621,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives","volume":"36 ","pages":"Article 101817"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145897917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eetu Wallius , Kirsikka Kaipainen , Olli Pihlajamaa
{"title":"Trip chain characteristics and situational factors influencing private car mode choices – A survey study in two Finnish urban areas","authors":"Eetu Wallius , Kirsikka Kaipainen , Olli Pihlajamaa","doi":"10.1016/j.trip.2025.101821","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trip.2025.101821","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human mobility is often characterized by trip chains with multiple destinations. However, the reasons behind mode choices have been mostly studied in single-purpose travel contexts. To address this gap, we examine how trip chain length, complexity (number of trip legs), and purposes are linked to situational factors influencing the decision to use a private car (i.e., context-dependent considerations that affect travel decisions, such as the need to save time, avoid bad weather, or be able to relax). Data was collected through a survey where participants described a recent private car trip chain, including items about trip purposes, the number of trips and trip legs, trip length, and the importance of various situational factors on mode choice decision. The survey was conducted in two major urban areas in Finland, yielding 731 valid responses. The results of a regression analysis show that all examined trip chain characteristics impact on the prevalence of different situational factors. Leisure being a trip purpose was associated with non-utilitarian factors influencing car use, and errands and commuting with both utilitarian and non-utilitarian factors. Trips involving errands appeared more habitual than trips for other purposes. Furthermore, complexity was not only associated with utilitarian factors, but also non-utilitarian. The findings suggest that trip chain complexity and purposes should be considered by practitioners and policymakers in sustainable mobility campaigns, passenger information systems that account for trip chain characteristics should be developed, and targeted interventions to reduce habitual car use, especially for errands, should be created.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36621,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives","volume":"36 ","pages":"Article 101821"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145897922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}