Vision (Switzerland)最新文献

{"title":"The Relationship Between Physical Activity, Sleep, and Hallucinations in Adults with Charles Bonnet Syndrome.","authors":"Jarrod Hollis, Rohit Narayan, Eldre W Beukes, Rosie Lindsay, Aliyah Bharwani, Umair Mughal, Ikra Yaqoob, Justin A Haegele, Scot Muirden, Peter M Allen","doi":"10.3390/vision10030040","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision10030040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Physical activity levels, hallucination experiences, sleep quality, and perceived stress were assessed using a survey administered to 57 adults with a confirmed diagnosis of Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS). Physical activity demonstrated a significant negative correlation with hallucination severity (r = -0.335, <i>p</i> = 0.011, two-tailed). A significant negative correlation was also observed between physical activity and perceived stress (r = -0.497, <i>p</i> < 0.001, two-tailed). In contrast, no significant association was identified between hallucination frequency and sleep disruption or insomnia. These findings suggest that engaging in appropriate levels of physical activity may help reduce the severity of hallucinations and mitigate stress among individuals with CBS. The observation that higher levels of physical activity are associated with reduced hallucination burden may help the development of evidence-based management strategies for CBS. Additionally, the finding that physical activity was significantly related to hallucination severity, whereas sleep disruption was not, merits deeper exploration in future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"10 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398291/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148580423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oculomotor Dance Task: Implications for Audio-Visual-Cued Spatial Learning.","authors":"Michael Petrovski, Salwa Beheiry, Udichi U Das, Simran Rooprai, Ashkan Karimi, Royze J Simon, Rachel J Bar, Sintayehu Wami, Joseph F X DeSouza","doi":"10.3390/vision10030039","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision10030039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to address whether a new visual-motor-based learning paradigm with music can potentially promote neuroplasticity and create new interventional tools, building upon prior research that shows behavioral and putative neural changes following dance-based neurorehabilitation in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Eye movements of 10 healthy adult participants, aged 20-25, were tracked using the Eyelink 1000 Plus system during a 68 s eye dance sequence. The experiment consisted of a learning phase, where participants observed the sequence five times with 30 s breaks, and a performance phase, where they performed the sequence five times from memory on a gray screen without visual cues. Results showed a significant improvement in percentage of total movements performed correctly between the first session (g1; M = 40%, SD = 7.2%) and the last session (g5; M = 69.7%, SD = 22.8%). Similarly, there was significant improvement in the average time on beat from the intended choreography timing, between the first session (g1; M = 0.29, SD = 0.06) and the fifth session (g5; M = 0.46, SD = 0.12). These findings suggest that eye movement choreography has the potential to be learned within healthy adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"10 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13397846/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148580298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visio-Spatial Skills in Amateur Taekwondo Athletes Compared with Non-Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study.","authors":"Moeketsi Robert Mohlakoana, Gerrit Jan Breukelman, Lourens Millard","doi":"10.3390/vision10030038","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision10030038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Visio-spatial skills (VSS) are fundamental perceptual-cognitive capacities that enable athletes to process dynamic visual information, interpret spatial relationships, and execute precise motor responses under competitive conditions. In taekwondo, where scoring actions are executed within milliseconds and success depends on the rapid detection and anticipation of an opponent's movements, well-developed VSS are considered a functional prerequisite for performance. <b>Method</b>: This cross-sectional observational study examined differences in VSS between amateur taekwondo athletes (<i>n</i> = 50) and non-athletes (n = 50) recruited from the King Cetshwayo Municipality District, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Six VSS were assessed using standardized, validated instruments: accommodation facility (AF), saccadic eye movement (SEM), speed of recognition (SR), hand-eye coordination (HEC), peripheral awareness (PA), and visual memory (VM). Between-group comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test, with effect sizes reported as rank-biserial correlations (r). <b>Results</b>: Taekwondo athletes demonstrated significantly superior performance across all VSS domains (all <i>p</i> ≤ 0.05), with a large effect observed for SR (r = 0.91), HEC (r = 0,87), SEM (r = 0.78), and AF (r = 0.74), and moderate effect for VM (r = 0.58) and PA (r = 031). The largest between-group percentage differences were observed for SR (79.43%), HEC (48.13%), and SEM (33.33%), with smaller but significant differences in AF (31.05%), VM (14.92%), and PA (4.23%). Pearson correlation analysis revealed a dense, globally integrated VSS network in non-athletes anchored by AF, contrasting with a sparse pattern in taekwondo athletes, in which SEM showed the greatest number of moderate or stronger associations with other variables. These within-group correlation structures are presented as preliminary and descriptive observations only. Intraclass correlation coefficients were excellent for five of the six VSS (ICC ≥ 0.963), with PA yielding a point estimate of ICC = 0.853, characterized by a wide confidence interval. <b>Conclusions</b>: These findings indicate that amateur taekwondo athletes show superior perceptual, oculomotor, and visuo-motor performance compared to non-athletes. Within-group VSS correlation pattern differs descriptively between the groups. The cross-sectional design cannot determine whether these differences reflect training-associated perceptual adaptation, pre-existing trait-based self-selection into taekwondo, or a combination of both mechanisms. Both interpretations carry applied implications for talent identification and vision training program design. A longitudinal investigation is required to establish causal directionality. SEM and AF are proposed as the most diagnostically informative VSS markers for taekwondo screening, under either interpretation.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"10 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398328/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148580411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retinal Response to Low-Level Red-Light Therapy in Myopic and Non-Myopic Eyes Assessed Using Global Flash Multifocal Electroretinogram.","authors":"Muhammad Qasim, Paulo Fernandes, Jorge Jorge","doi":"10.3390/vision10030037","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision10030037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose</b>: This study was conducted to assess retinal responses in myopic and non-myopic participants after exposure to repeated low-level red-light therapy (RLRT) of 3 min and 1 min duration to see if response differs with exposure time and refractive status using global flash multifocal electroretinogram (gf-mfERG). <b>Methods</b>: This was a prospective exploratory pilot study with a convenient sample of 20 participants of mean age of 25.5 years (18 to 39 years) who underwent 3 min therapy, followed by, 1 week after, 1 min therapy in each participant between February to May 2025. However, four participants who did not appear in 1 min therapy for measurements were excluded from the between-group comparison analysis. We measured retinal responses using gf-mfERG ring-wise implicit time (DCT, ICT) and amplitude (DCA, ICA), baseline, post-first and post-second RLRT. Data analysis included descriptives, repeated measures ANOVA, post hoc test, Bonferroni adjusted correction, and correlation with axial length (AL) and choroidal thickness (CT) in each group. The study was conducted at CEORLab, University of Minho, Portugal, and adhered to Ethical Committee approval and the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. <b>Results</b>: In 3 min RLRT exposure, no significant within-subject changes were observed across direct (DC) and induced (IC) gf-mfERG components across all rings (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Statistically significant between-group differences in DC implicit time were noted in Ring 2 (<i>p</i> = 0.029) and Ring 3 (<i>p</i> = 0.012). IC amplitude showed significant within-subject changes in myopes (Ring 1: <i>p</i> = 0.030; Ring 4: <i>p</i> = 0.035) and non-myopes (Ring 1: <i>p</i> = 0.042; Ring 3: <i>p</i> = 0.001; Ring 4: <i>p</i> < 0.001; Ring 5: <i>p</i> = 0.034), with no significant between-group differences (<i>p</i> > 0.05). In contrast, 1 min RLRT showed no significant changes in DC, IC time or amplitudes ICA, DCA (all <i>p</i> > 0.05). Correlation analysis after 3 min RLRT showed that in myopes, DCT positively correlated with AL in Ring 3 (r = 0.591, <i>p</i> = 0.006) and Ring 4 (r = 0.615, <i>p</i> = 0.004), ICT positively correlated with CT in Ring 2 (r = 0.601, <i>p</i> = 0.005) and Ring 3 (r = 0.573, <i>p</i> = 0.008), and ICA negatively correlated with AL in Rings 3-5 (all <i>p</i> < 0.01). Non-myopes demonstrated limited correlations, including a negative association between ICT and axial length in Ring 4 (r = -0.619, <i>p</i> = 0.004). Similar but weaker patterns were observed following 1 min RLRT. <b>Conclusions</b>: 3-min RLRT induces localized inner retinal functional changes without significantly altering outer retinal responses, while 1-min exposure shows no measurable effect. Retinal ERG responses are primarily influenced by axial length, particularly in myopic eyes, highlighting a structure-function relationship rather than a robust short-term therapeutic effect of RLRT.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"10 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398201/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148580427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subtitle Engagement Varies with Audio-Subtitle Language-Script Pairing: Evidence from Hindi-English Bilinguals with an English-Medium Instruction Background.","authors":"Inka Romero-Ortells, Manuel Perea, Eva Gutierrez-Sigut, Jon Andoni Duñabeitia","doi":"10.3390/vision10020036","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision10020036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Subtitles often attract visual attention even when they are not necessary for comprehension. In the present eye-tracking experiment, we examined whether attention to subtitles in instructional videos varies as a function of audio-subtitle language-script pairing in Hindi-English bilinguals with an English-medium instruction (EMI) background. Native Hindi participants viewed videos in three conditions: English audio with English subtitles (L2-L2), Hindi audio with Hindi subtitles (L1-L1), and English audio with Hindi subtitles (L2-L1). In the L2-L2 condition, gaze was distributed similarly across speakers' faces and subtitles. In contrast, in both Hindi-subtitle formats, viewers allocated more dwell time to the speakers' faces than to the subtitles. Comprehension scores did not differ significantly across conditions. These findings suggest that subtitle engagement among EMI bilinguals is not solely determined by the presence of subtitles but is also modulated by the properties and perceived utility of the written channel. More generally, our results caution against the view that subtitle engagement is uniformly automatic across multilingual instructional settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13307662/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148319590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultra-Early OCT Changes After Intravitreal Injection: Evidence Consistent with Transient Mechanical Compression.","authors":"Yehya Tlaiss, John Warrak, Elias Warrak","doi":"10.3390/vision10020035","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision10020035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: Ultra-early optical coherence tomography (OCT) changes following intravitreal injection may reflect transient mechanical compression rather than pharmacologic effects; however, this temporal profile has not been rigorously characterised with appropriate statistical methodology. (2) Methods: In this prospective observational study, 40 eyes of 40 consecutive patients (one per patient) with macular edema secondary to neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), diabetic macular edema (DME), or chronic central serous retinopathy (CSR) underwent intravitreal bevacizumab (<i>n</i> = 35) or triamcinolone acetonide (<i>n</i> = 5). Goldmann applanation tonometry and spectral-domain OCT were performed at baseline, 2-5 min, 15 ± 5 min, 24 h, and 48 h post-injection. Repeated-measures ANOVA with Greenhouse-Geisser correction, linear regression, and Spearman rank correlation were applied. (3) Results: Central subfield thickness (CST) decreased markedly at 15 ± 5 min (mean -24.8 ± 11.5%; 95% CI: -28.5% to -21.1%; <i>p</i> < 0.001; partial η² = 0.70), with near-complete rebound by 48 h (-1.0%; <i>p</i> = 0.400). Peak intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation correlated with CST reduction (Spearman r_s = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.39-0.77; <i>p</i> < 0.001), and baseline CST predicted thinning magnitude (R² = 0.52; <i>p</i> < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: Ultra-early OCT thinning after intravitreal injection is consistent with transient mechanical compression. Retinal thickness measurements within 48 h post-injection should be interpreted with caution when assessing treatment response, as early anatomic reduction may not reflect pharmacologic efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13307848/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148319644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cerebral Basis for Visual Discomfort and Visual Stress.","authors":"Paul B Hibbard, Peter Allen, Jordi M Asher, Katherine Batey, Beverley Burke, Jason J Braithwaite, Geoff G Cole, Caelan Dow, Bruce J W Evans, Anna Franklin, Sarah M Haigh, Hillevi Hemphälä, Ian Hosking, Andrew Keyes, Chan-Su Lee, Ute Leonards, Cathy Manning, John Maule, Naomi Miller, Karen Monet, Louise O'Hare, Olivier Penacchio, Gordon T Plant, Georgie Powell, Alice Price, Andrew J Schofield, Miroslav Slouka, Petroc Sumner, Cleo Valentine, Thomas Wilcockson, Sanae Yoshimoto, Arnold J Wilkins","doi":"10.3390/vision10020034","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision10020034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Visual discomfort or visual stress is an uncomfortable subjective experience that occurs in response to specific visual stimuli. It affects a large proportion of the population to various degrees, disproportionately impacting those with heightened sensory sensitivities, particularly neurodivergent individuals. We argue that this might stem from a mismatch between the statistical properties of visual stimuli in human-made environments and those in natural environments that the visual system can process efficiently. We discuss the inefficiency with which images with certain spatial, chromatic and temporal characteristics are processed by the visual system and propose a cerebral mechanism to account for the discomfort they induce. The mechanism offers a potential explanation for the large individual differences in susceptibility to discomfort. We highlight two avenues for intervention: (1) environmental modifications aimed at reducing the prevalence of visually stressing stimuli in urban settings, and (2) individual-level strategies, such as personalised optical treatments. Addressing these challenges requires an interdisciplinary effort bridging neuroscience, vision science, interior and urban design and typography to create visually accessible and inclusive environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13307613/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148319594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practice Effects and the Lanthony D15.","authors":"Joslynn Ho, Jason S Ng","doi":"10.3390/vision10020033","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision10020033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Recent studies have shown that subjects with congenital colour vision deficiency (CVD) can pass the saturated Farnsworth D15 (FD15) through practice. The Lanthony D15 (LD15) uses desaturated colours and is a difficult test even for patients with mild CVD. This study investigated if subjects could improve their performance on the LD15 with intentional practice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-one male subjects (mean/SD age = 30.2/8.9 years) with congenital CVD were enrolled in the two-visit study. Their CVD status was evaluated with colour vision book screening, anomaloscope, and FD15 tests. The recruited subjects completed four trials of the LD15 at the baseline visit. Once all data collection was completed at the first visit, it was revealed to the subjects that the correct cap order could be determined by viewing the undersides of the caps. The subjects were given an LD15 test kit to practice at home to improve their performance before returning for a second visit. At the second visit, subjects performed another four trials of the LD15. The colour confusion indices for each trial were recorded for both visits, and the average values were used in paired <i>t</i>-tests to determine if significant improvement occurred.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant decrease in colour confusion index (CCI) of 0.51 (visit 1 mean/SE = 3.75/0.20; visit 2 mean/SE = 3.23/0.24) between the two visits was observed (<i>p</i> = 0.01). Further, subjects with deutan deficiency showed a significant (<i>p</i> = 0.003) decrease, whereas subjects with protan deficiency did not (<i>p</i> = 0.88).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Despite an already challenging test, this study showed that subjects with congenital red-green CVD can improve their performance on the Lanthony D15 test. However, this is unlikely to change pass-fail rates when the baseline CCI is high, and further study on this issue is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13307906/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148319617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wouldn't It Be Nice to Not Fall for It Twice? Prior Experience Does Not Abolish the Impact of Expectancy Violations on Attention Capture.","authors":"Isabella Fuchs-Leitner, Gernot Horstmann, Ulrich Ansorge","doi":"10.3390/vision10020032","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision10020032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the current study, the impact of an unexpected color swap (from target to distractor color and vice versa) on reaction times (RTs) and eye fixations was investigated. Within a visual search task, participants reported the location of a shape-defined target letter above or below a distractor letter. Across time, participants learned the consistent relationships between the visual target features (shape and color), establishing an according expectancy. To that end, fixed colors were first assigned to both a fixed-shape target (e.g., red) and a fixed-shape distractor (e.g., green). Next, this expectancy was violated by an unannounced swapping of target- and distractor-associated colors in the critical trial. In addition, subsequent color swaps estimated the costs of better anticipated color swaps. Eye movements showed longer fixation times on the distractor letter during and immediately after the critical trial compared to trials before the color swap (precritical trials), and, in line with prior research, we also found longer RTs in critical trials compared to consecutive (postcritical) trials without color swaps (Experiment 1). Finally, varying the number of distractors per trial indicated no set-size effect (Experiment 2), but again costs for all expectancy violations were found. In sum, our results indicate that humans tend to fall for expectancy violations more than once, and costs associated with color swaps cannot be avoided entirely.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13307910/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148319649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Efficacy of Treatment for Convergence Insufficiency with a New Digital Mobile Platform: A Comparative Preliminary Study.","authors":"Alba Pina-Balofer, David P Piñero, Miranda Buigues, Carlo Cavaliere-Ballesta, Sergio Viudes, Laurent Bataille","doi":"10.3390/vision10020031","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision10020031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a novel digital platform (Visitrain VG, Alicante, Spain) as a visual rehabilitation tool for patients with convergence insufficiency (CI), in comparison with conventional in-office vision therapy (VT) supplemented with home reinforcement exercises. A retrospective comparative study was conducted comprising 33 patients diagnosed with CI, allocated into two groups: a digital group (DG; <i>n</i> = 16) receiving treatment with the aforementioned digital platform and a conventional group (CG; <i>n</i> = 17) undergoing conventional vision therapy. Binocular vision clinical parameters were assessed at baseline, one month, and three months of follow-up, including near point of convergence (NPC), positive fusional vergence (PFV), and binocular accommodative facility (BAF). Both groups demonstrated significant improvements following three months (<i>p</i> < 0.050). At the one-month evaluation, the CG showed a more rapid clinical response, with statistically significant between-group differences being observed in the NPC (<i>p</i> = 0.004) and near PFV (<i>p</i> = 0.040) compared with the DG. Nevertheless, at the three-month follow-up, no significant differences were found between the groups (<i>p</i> ≥ 0.060). The digital platform under investigation appears to constitute an effective therapeutic alternative to conventional vision therapy, albeit with a comparatively slower initial clinical response rate. It may be particularly indicated for patients requiring greater scheduling flexibility or those with limited access to in-office clinical care. Prospective controlled clinical trials are warranted to corroborate these preliminary outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148036005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}