Vision (Switzerland)最新文献

{"title":"Paracentral Acute Middle Maculopathy (PAMM) in Ocular Vascular Diseases-What We Know and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Daniele Fumi, Francesco Ruggeri, Davide Fasciolo, Elettra Antonello, Giammarco Burtini, Solmaz Abdolrahimzadeh","doi":"10.3390/vision9010019","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision9010019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM) is a macular condition primarily detected using optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. It presents as hyperreflective bands within the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the retina, often leading to localized degenerative phenomena. PAMM is a condition that reveals a dysfunction in the microvascular network of the retina. However, it is not an isolated phenomenon but rather an indicator of deeper and even systemic, prevalently vascular-related issues related to a wide array of conditions that impact circulation, including retinal vein and artery occlusion, diabetic retinopathy, and hypertensive retinal vascular changes. PAMM occurs due to impaired perfusion within the retinal deep capillary plexus, clinically leading to subtle but noticeable blind spots (scotomas) in the central visual field. Recent advances in imaging technology, particularly optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), have provided a clearer view of the underlying vascular alterations. Thus, PAMM may currently serve as a biomarker in broader ocular and systemic pathologies before disease progression. This review explores the latest reports in the literature on PAMM, from its characteristic imaging features to the evolving theories behind its development. By bridging the gap between ophthalmology and systemic health, PAMM may facilitate earlier diagnosis and tailored management strategies for conditions that extend far beyond the eye. Understanding this entity could ultimately transform our approach to assessing vascular health toward further research, risk prediction, and patient care.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946784/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143732154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RELAY: Robotic EyeLink AnalYsis of the EyeLink 1000 Using an Artificial Eye.","authors":"Anna-Maria Felßberg, Dominykas Strazdas","doi":"10.3390/vision9010018","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision9010018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The impact of ambient brightness surroundings on the peak velocities of visually guided saccades remains a topic of debate in the field of eye-tracking research. While some studies suggest that saccades in darkness are slower than in light, others question this finding, citing inconsistencies influenced by factors such as pupil deformation during saccades, gaze position, or the measurement technique itself. To investigate these, we developed RELAY (Robotic EyeLink AnalYsis), a low-cost, stepper motor-driven artificial eye capable of simulating human saccades with controlled pupil, gaze directions, and brightness. Using the EyeLink 1000, a widely employed eye tracker, we assessed accuracy and precision across three illumination settings. Our results confirm the reliability of the EyeLink 1000, demonstrating no artifacts in pupil-based eye tracking related to brightness variations. This suggests that previously observed changes in peak velocities with varying brightness are likely due to human factors, warranting further investigation. However, we observed systematic deviations in measured pupil size depending on gaze direction. These findings emphasize the importance of reporting illumination conditions and gaze parameters in eye-tracking experiments to ensure data consistency and comparability. Our novel artificial eye provides a robust and reproducible platform for evaluating eye tracking systems and deepening our understanding of the human visual system.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946672/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143732156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Portable, Low-Cost Autorefractor in School Students with Limited Eye Care Access in Northeastern Brazil.","authors":"Francisco Carlos de Castro Neto, Ricardo Noguera Louzada, Daniel Oliveira Dantas, Dillan Cunha Amaral, Claudio do Carmo Chaves Filho, Milton Ruiz Alves","doi":"10.3390/vision9010017","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision9010017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study compared the refraction measurements of the ClickCheck™ device (CCD), Topcon KR-8000, and subjective clinical refractometry (SCR) in Brazilian public school students with limited access to eye care. Eighty-seven eyes of healthy students aged 7 to 17 underwent refractometry using the CCD, Topcon KR-8000, and SCR methods under cycloplegia, with only the right-eye data analyzed. For comparison, the measurements were converted into spherical equivalents (SEs) and vector magnitudes. The mean SE difference between CCD and Topcon KR-8000 was -0.27 ± 0.58 (<i>p</i> < 0.0001), while the vector magnitudes at the 90° and 135° meridians were -0.23 ± 0.55 (<i>p</i> = 0.0001) and +0.04 ± 0.47 (<i>p</i> = 0.2246), respectively, demonstrating no clinical relevance. Similarly, the mean SE difference between CCD and SCR was -0.18 ± 0.58 (<i>p</i> = 0.065), with vector magnitudes of -0.20 ± 0.50 (<i>p</i> = 0.0003) at 90° and +0.03 ± 0.46 (<i>p</i> = 0.3730) at 135°, also lacking clinical relevance. Despite statistically significant differences between the methods, the findings confirm strong agreement, validating CCD as an effective refractive assessment tool for children in low-resource settings. These methods can enhance access to refraction services in underserved populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946441/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143732150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modifiable Lifestyle Risk Factors and Strategies for Slowing the Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.","authors":"Khushi Saigal, Joshua E Salama, Alfredo A Pardo, Sebastian E Lopez, Ninel Z Gregori","doi":"10.3390/vision9010016","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision9010016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial disorder influenced by genetic, lifestyle, nutritional, and systemic health factors that contribute to increased oxidative stress and chronic inflammation in the retina. This article reviews the recent literature on modifiable lifestyle risk factors for the development and progression of AMD. Smoking (current and former), physical inactivity, prolonged sunlight exposure, as well as conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and obesity have all been associated with an increased risk of early AMD and its progression. The Age-Related Eye Disease Studies (AREDS and AREDS2) have shown that a specific combination of vitamins E and C, zinc, copper, lutein, and zeaxanthin can significantly reduce the risk of AMD progressing from dry to wet form. Additionally, adherence to a Mediterranean diet, rich in vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole grains, and nuts, has been linked to a lower risk of both early and late AMD. Emerging evidence suggests that these benefits may be influenced by the gut microbiota, as well as genetic and epigenetic factors. Further research into the interactions between these risk factors could pave the way for targeted therapies aimed at preventing or slowing AMD progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946629/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143732153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Constancy of Perceived Motion Under Different Spectral Conditions.","authors":"Jeffrey Nightingale, James M Brown, Billy R Hammond","doi":"10.3390/vision9010015","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision9010015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: Perceptual constancies are found in numerous categories of visual perception; color, lightness, and size constancy are notable examples where the perception of a visual scene remains constant, even with changing optical conditions. Constancies such as these are essential for survival, as they reduce the unpredictability of the world. In this study, we tested the resiliency of motion perception under widely differing spectral conditions. (2) Methods: Sixty healthy subjects (age range 18 to 26) were tested. Motion perception performance and thresholds were assessed using a novel, ecologically valid, psychophysical task implementing modern instruments. A broadband xenon bulb was used as a light source to emulate the spectral characteristics of natural daylight; 3 filter conditions were included to emulate different conditions of environmental light (short-wave, 400 nm-500 nm; medium-wave, 500 nm-600 nm; and long-wave, 600 nm-700 nm). (3) Results: In general, our findings showed that varying the spectral content of the broadband source did not change motion perception performance or thresholds for subjects. (4) Conclusions: These findings indicate that motion perception is highly resistant to changes in optical conditions, such as dramatically different spectral illuminants. This evidence is consistent with motion being considered among the perceptual constancies.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945870/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143732158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Visual Input on Postural Stability and Compensatory Strategies in Adults with Chronic Low Back Pain.","authors":"Paul S Sung, Dongchul Lee","doi":"10.3390/vision9010014","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision9010014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic low back pain (LBP) impairs balance control due to deficits in sensory integration, yet limited research examines postural sway under varying visual conditions. This study assessed the effects of visual input on postural stability using the normalized stability index, sway excursions, and contralateral toe-touch durations during repeated one-leg standing tasks. Thirty-two adults with LBP and 40 control subjects performed dominant limb standing on a force plate. Outcome measures included the Oswestry disability index, visual analog scale, normalized stability index, sway excursions (anteroposterior [AP], mediolateral [ML]), and contralateral toe-touch duration. The LBP group showed a significant interaction for the normalized stability index under visual conditions (F = 4.95, <i>p</i> = 0.03) with reduced stability in the second trial of the eyes-open condition (t = 1.71, <i>p</i> = 0.04). Sway excursions increased in the AP direction during the first trial (t = -2.43, <i>p</i> = 0.01) and in the ML (t = -2.09, <i>p</i> = 0.02) and AP (t = -1.84, <i>p</i> = 0.03) directions during the third trial. Contralateral toe-touch duration increased in the second trial (t = -2.06, <i>p</i> = 0.02). Individuals with LBP exhibited balance deficits, particularly under eyes-open conditions, relying on compensatory strategies. Optimizing neuromuscular control and sensory integration may improve postural stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946548/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143732149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of the Severity of Dry Eye Symptoms and Signs with Quality of Life in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) Study.","authors":"Ellie Cheng, Katherine Han, Yineng Chen, Penny Asbell, Gui-Shuang Ying, The Dream Research Group","doi":"10.3390/vision9010013","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision9010013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose:</b> To assess associations of the severity of the symptoms and signs of dry eye disease (DED) with the quality of life in patients with moderate-to-severe DED. <b>Methods:</b> At baseline, 6 and 12 months, participants (n = 535) were assessed for DED symptoms using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and signs using conjunctival staining, corneal staining, tear break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer's testing, meibomian gland dysfunction, and tear osmolarity. Quality of life was evaluated using the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), consisting of a Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS). Spearman correlation coefficients (rho) were used to evaluate correlations between the severity of DED and the SF-36. <b>Results:</b> At baseline, worse DED symptoms indicated by a higher OSDI total score were correlated with worse PCS (rho = -0.13, <i>p</i> = 0.002) and MCS (rho = -0.09, <i>p</i> = 0.03) in the SF-36. Worse vision-related function was correlated with a worse PCS score (rho = -0.18, <i>p</i> < 0.0001), and worse ocular symptoms were correlated with a worse MCS score (rho = -0.15, <i>p</i> < 0.001). More severe DED signs including corneal staining (rho = -0.22, <i>p</i> < 0.001), Schirmer test (rho = 0.11, <i>p</i> = 0.01), TBUT (rho = 0.14, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and tear osmolarity (rho = -0.12, <i>p</i> = 0.02) were correlated with a worse PCS score but were not correlated with MCS score (<i>p</i> ≥ 0.39). ln longitudinal analysis, only the worsening of ocular symptoms was significantly correlated with the worsening of the MCS score (rho = -0.09, <i>p</i> = 0.04). <b>Conclusions:</b> In patients with moderate-to-severe DED, there were significant yet weak correlations between the severity of dry eye symptoms/signs and the physical or mental components of the SF-36. Healthcare professionals should offer patients with DED symptom relief and support for the emotional and practical challenges in their daily lives.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11843828/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143469414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vitro Activity of a New Ophthalmic Spray Containing Biosecur^® Citrus Extract (Oftasecur^®) Against <i>Candida auris</i> and <i>Candida albicans</i> and Preformed Biofilm on Contact Lenses.","authors":"Antonio Pinna, Matthew Gavino Donadu, Stefano Dore, Rita Serra, Matteo Sacchi, Giacomo Boscia, Aliz Bozó, Renátó Kovács","doi":"10.3390/vision9010012","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision9010012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigated the in vitro antifungal activity of a new commercial ocular spray containing Biosecur^® citrus extract (Oftasecur^®) against <i>Candida auris</i> and <i>C. albicans</i> and assessed its activity against preformed <i>Candida</i> biofilm on contact lenses and plastic lens cases. The <i>C. auris</i> isolate 12 (NCPF 8973) and the SC5314 <i>C. albicans</i> wild-type reference strain were used. Oftasecur^®'s effect on <i>C. auris</i> and <i>C. albicans</i> planktonic cells (1 × 10⁶ cells/mL) was tested in RPMI-1640 medium. The concentrations tested were 0.39%, 1.56%, 6.25%, 12.5%, and 25%. The living planktonic cell number was obtained using time-kill experiments. Antifungal activity against preformed <i>C. auris</i> and <i>C. albicans</i> biofilm on etafilcon A and senofilcon A contact lenses and plastic lens cases was also tested. A significant decrease was found in the living cell number of <i>C. albicans</i> after 8-48 h in the presence of Oftasecur^® concentrations ranging from 6.25% to 25% (<i>p</i> < 0.01-0.001). In the <i>C. auris</i> experiments, the cell number was significantly decreased after 8 h incubation in 25% Oftasecur^® (<i>p</i> < 0.05-0.001). Similarly, 12.5% Oftasecur^® was effective against preformed <i>C. auris</i> and <i>C. albicans</i> biofilm on contact lenses and plastic lens cases. The results suggest that the in vitro antifungal activity of Oftasecur^® against <i>C. albicans</i> and <i>C. auris</i> planktonic cells and preformed fungal biofilm on contact lenses and plastic cases is dependent on the concentrations used. Further research is warranted to establish whether Oftasecur^® may play a role in the prevention of contact lens-related <i>Candida</i> keratitis and other ocular-surface <i>Candida</i> infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11843855/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143469474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large Bias in Matching Small Horizontal and Vertical Extents Separated in Depth in the Real World Is Similar for Upright and Supine Observers.","authors":"Frank H Durgin, Chung Sze Kwok, Katelyn M Becker, Ya Min Phyu","doi":"10.3390/vision9010011","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision9010011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The apparent sizes of horizontal and vertical lines show an anisotropy known as the horizontal vertical illusion (HVI) wherein vertical lines appear to be longer than their horizontal counterparts. Whereas a typical HVI comparing vertical and horizontal lines in a plane produces a 5-10% illusion, a much larger-scale illusion (15-25%) is often found for large objects in the real world, and this has been related to differential angular exaggerations in perceived elevation (vertical) and azimuthal (horizontal) direction. Recently supine observers in virtual environments were found to show larger exaggerations in perceived azimuth than upright observers. Here, 48 participants were tested in both supine and upright postures in an outdoor environment while matching fairly small physical extents in the real world. They adjusted the magnitude of the horizontal extent to perceptually match fairly small vertical poles (0.7-1.3 m tall) that were either presented at the same viewing distance as the matching extent or in a different depth plane, so that size at a distance had to be compared. Supine observers viewed the scene, as though upright, through a large mirror mounted overhead at 45° that was adjusted to approximate their normal eye height. When the matcher extent was at a different distance than the pole, horizontal extent matches typically exceeded the actual pole height by about 15% or more, whether the viewer was upright or supine. The average overestimation was only about 10% when the matching extent was at the same distance. Despite the similarity in performance across different postures for spatial matching, supine observers gave much higher explicit estimates of azimuthal direction than upright observers. However, although the observation of exaggeration in perceived azimuth for supine observers was replicated in a second study with 24 additional participants using a mirror with a smaller (more normal) aspect ratio, the magnitude of the exaggeration seemed to be greatly reduced when the field of view of the apparatus had a more typical aspect ratio. This suggests that the unusually large exaggeration of azimuth found in a previous report with supine observers may have been caused by the unusually large aspect ratio of the viewing apparatus used.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11843907/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143469479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) Test in Adults: Age-Related Changes and Italian Normative Data.","authors":"Alessio Facchin, Silvio Maffioletti, Roberta Daini","doi":"10.3390/vision9010010","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision9010010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The developmental eye movement (DEM) test is a paper-based tool used to assess ocular motor skills in children. By naming numbers in a simple and easy simulated reading task, the DEM test provides an oculomotor efficiency score without complex eye-tracking equipment. Studies have shown that its usefulness can be extended to adults, despite its name suggesting that it is used primarily for developmental ages. However, for a broader application in the adult population in a clinical setting, there are no adult-specific norms. This study aimed to develop adult normative data for the Italian-speaking population and assess whether the DEM scores were influenced by age. In this study, 521 healthy Italian adults, aged 20 to 79 years, participated. Normative data were obtained by using a regression-based framework with demographic variables as predictors. Results show that age influences all sub-measures of time such as Vertical Time (VT), Adjusted Horizontal Time (AHT), and the Ratio score, but did not influence the error score. This is in line with the processing speed reduction in aging. Errors were influenced by education and gender. DEM norms, defined and scored using percentiles and equivalent scores, allow the assessment of oculomotor efficiency in adults, making this test suitable for use in all clinical settings, particularly in neuropsychological and neurological ones.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11843839/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143469472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}