Vision (Switzerland)最新文献

{"title":"One Year Longitudinal Assessment of Subjective and Objective Accommodation After Phakic IOL Implantation.","authors":"Esther López-Artero, María García-Montero, Blanca Poyales, Ricardo Pérez-Izquierdo, Alba Sáez, Nuria Garzón","doi":"10.3390/vision10020022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vision10020022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the 1 year behavior of accommodation and optical quality one year after the implantation of phakic intraocular lenses, specifically the implantable collamer lens (ICL), in myopic patients, comparing outcomes between low- and high-myopia groups.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This comparative longitudinal study included 38 eyes of 38 patients who underwent ICL implantation for myopia correction. Patients were divided into two groups based on preoperative manifest sphere: low myopia (-2.50 D to -6.25 D) and high myopia (>-6.25 D to -12.50 D). The amplitude of accommodation (AA), subjective accommodative response (AR), optical quality parameters including the modulation transfer function (MTF) cut-off, objective scatter index (OSI) and Strehl ratio (SR), and objective accommodative response with a double-pass system (HD Analyzer, Visiometrics) were assessed preoperatively, 1 month, and 1 year postoperatively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both groups achieved postoperative refractive outcomes close to emmetropia, with high efficacy and safety indices. A statistically significant decrease in the amplitude of accommodation was observed at 1 month and remained stable at 1 year in both groups; however, this change was not clinically meaningful. The optical quality parameters (MTF cut-off, OSI, and Strehl ratio) and objective accommodative response with the HD Analyzer showed no clinically relevant changes over time, with no significant intergroup differences detected (<i>p</i>-value > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>An initial reduction in accommodative amplitude was observed after ICL implantation without recovery over time; however, it was not clinically relevant, as it fell within the test-retest variability in the minus lens technique. Other accommodative parameters and optical quality remained stable at 1 year in both low and high myopia.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13108212/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147783948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OCT and Autofluorescence Phenotypic Features in Autosomal Dominant <i>RHO</i>-Associated Retinitis Pigmentosa Variants.","authors":"Christina Karakosta, Saoud Al-Khuzaei, Penny Clouston, Morag Shanks, Susan M Downes","doi":"10.3390/vision10020021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vision10020021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>To describe retinal imaging characteristics and the natural history of rhodopsin (<i>RHO</i>)-associated autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP) by evaluating ellipsoid zone (EZ) width loss and measuring the degree of constriction of the area within and including the hyperautofluorescent ring.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighteen patients with molecularly confirmed <i>RHO</i> variants were retrospectively evaluated. EZ width on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and the area within and including the hyperfluorescent ring on fundus autofluorescence (FAF) were measured. The correlation between EZ width and hyperfluorescent ring area was assessed using a linear mixed-effects model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (logMAR) was 0.21 at baseline and 0.29 at last visit over a mean follow-up of 5 years. Nine patients presented with sectoral RP, eight with typical RP, and one with unilateral RP. The mean EZ width constriction rate was -93.43 µm/year (SD = 130.58), and the area within and including the hyperautofluorescent ring decreased by -0.54 mm²/year (SD = 0.50). A strong positive association was observed between the EZ width and hyperfluorescent ring area at baseline (β = 151.7 ± 17.9, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and at the final visit (β = 185.7 ± 18.2, <i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this study, patients with <i>RHO</i>-associated ADRP appeared to show a relatively slow rate of progression. Quantitative imaging markers, such as EZ width and the area within and including the hyperautofluorescent ring, may offer potentially reproducible measures of disease progression. These imaging biomarkers could be useful as outcome measures in future natural history studies and therapeutic trials, pending further validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13108181/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147783880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology of Keratoconus in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Indian Study Populations.","authors":"Matteo Ripa, Chiara Schipa, Paola Aceto, Sushad Prasad, Neeraj Apoorva Shah","doi":"10.3390/vision10020020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vision10020020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: To synthesize available evidence on the prevalence of keratoconus (KC) reported in Indian study populations and describe its demographic distribution. (2) Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were checked using free text and controlled vocabulary. A random-effect meta-analysis of pooled prevalence and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for KC among study participants recruited in India was conducted using exact binomial distributions and the Freeman-Tukey double-arcsine transformation. To identify potential sources of variability, we conducted subgroup analyses by dividing the data by geographic region, KC assessment, and study population. The methodological quality of each study was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). Evidence quality was evaluated using the GRADE system. (3) Results: Across included studies, the total number of KC cases was 16,164, and sample sizes ranged from 152 to 2,384,523 participants. Prevalence estimates varied markedly across studies, reflecting substantial heterogeneity in study design, diagnostic criteria, and population characteristics. Most studies were conducted in high-risk clinical settings, limiting generalizability to the general population. Subgroup analyses showed no significant differences by geographic region or diagnostic modality (<i>p</i> = 0.79 and 0.07, respectively). There was a statistically significant subgroup effect (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in the study population. The reported prevalence among females ranged from 0.00 to 0.04, while the pooled prevalence estimate was 0.02 (95% CI: 0.00-0.04). Four cross-sectional studies scored 8-10 on the NOS. (4) Conclusions: Our meta-analysis synthesized the currently available evidence on keratoconus prevalence across Indian study populations, highlighting substantial variability across studies and emphasizing that estimates should be interpreted within their specific study contexts rather than as representative of the national population.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13108012/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147783863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-World Effectiveness of CARE-Based Spectacle Lenses for Myopia Control in a Turkish Pediatric Cohort.","authors":"Nilay Akagun, Ugur Emrah Altiparmak","doi":"10.3390/vision10020019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vision10020019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Childhood myopia progression remains a major global public health concern, and spectacle lenses designed to induce peripheral myopic defocus have emerged as a non-pharmacological strategy for myopia control; however, real-world evidence from European populations remains limited. This retrospective observational study evaluated the 12-month real-world effectiveness of cylindrical annular refractive element spectacle lenses in a Turkish pediatric cohort. Children aged 5-15 years who wore myopia-control spectacle lenses from the CARE platform or single-vision lenses were included. Cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) were measured at baseline and at 12 months. The primary outcomes were 12-month changes in SER and AL. Multivariable generalized estimation equations were applied to account for inter-eye correlation and to adjust for age and gender. A total of 168 eyes were analyzed (85 with single-vision lenses; 83 with myopia-control lenses). After 12 months, the myopia-control group demonstrated significantly slower progression than the single-vision group, with mean SER changes of -0.40 ± 0.92 D versus -0.77 ± 0.74 D and axial elongation of 0.17 ± 0.25 mm versus 0.31 ± 0.30 mm, respectively. Treatment group remained a significant predictor of both refractive progression (<i>p</i> = 0.008) and axial elongation (<i>p</i> = 0.003). Age was independently associated with axial length change (<i>p</i> < 0.001), whereas gender was not. These findings provide real-world European evidence supporting the role of defocus-modulating spectacle lenses in pediatric myopia management.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13108081/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147783928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adverse Events Reported with Standard-Dose and High-Dose Aflibercept: A FAERS Pharmacovigilance Study.","authors":"Minali Prasad, David J Ramsey","doi":"10.3390/vision10020018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vision10020018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This pharmacovigilance study drew upon the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database to compare the reporting patterns of ocular and systemic adverse events (AEs) for the 2 mg (standard-dose [SD]) and 8 mg (high-dose [HD]) formulations of aflibercept given for any ocular indication. Disproportionality analysis, including reporting odds ratios (ROR), was used to compare each dose individually to the background reporting rate for the AE. Statistical significance of the RORs was evaluated using Bonferroni correction, alongside signal detection based on Evans criteria, and Bayesian information components. The Breslow-Day test was used to conduct a head-to-head comparison of RORs between each dose. We identified 953 SD and 314 HD AE reports within the 750-day period after the approval of HD by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA; 8/18/2023). Compared to SD, HD had a higher ROR for endophthalmitis (HD: ROR 767.56 [95% CI, 466.11-1263.95]; SD: ROR 331.64 [95% CI, 216.71-507.51]), eye inflammation (HD: ROR 118.45 [95% CI, 55.85-251.20]; SD: 43.98 [95% CI, 21.87-88.44]), retinal vasculitis (HD: ROR 769.87 [95% CI, 337.13-1758.04]; SD: ROR 124.80 [95% CI, 39.67-392.63]), and systemic vasculitis (HD: ROR 28.40 [95% CI, 14.63-55.14]; SD: ROR 4.05 [1.52-10.82]). These results, based on FAERS, indicate associations rather than causal relationships. Further studies are needed to quantify the absolute risks and elucidate the mechanisms underlying differences in safety signals, if any.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13108022/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147783922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foveated Retinotopy Improves Classification and Localization in Convolutional Neural Networks.","authors":"Jean-Nicolas Jérémie, Emmanuel Daucé, Laurent U Perrinet","doi":"10.3390/vision10020017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vision10020017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>From falcons spotting prey to humans recognizing faces, the ability to rapidly process visual information depends on a foveated retinal organization that provides high-acuity central vision while preserving low-resolution peripheral vision. This organization is conserved along early visual pathways, yet remains under-explored in machine learning. Here, we examine the impact of embedding a foveated retinotopic transformation as a preprocessing layer on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for image classification. By applying a log-polar mapping to off-the-shelf models and retraining them, we achieve comparable accuracy while improving robustness to scale and rotation. We demonstrate that this architecture is highly sensitive to shifts in the fixation point and that this sensitivity provides an effective proxy for defining saliency maps that facilitate object localization. Our results demonstrate that foveated retinotopy encodes prior geometric knowledge, providing a solution for visual searches and a meaningful classification robustness and localization trade-off. These findings provides a proof of concept in order to connect principles of biological vision with artificial networks, suggesting new, robust and efficient approaches for computer vision systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13108125/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147783902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-Related Associations of Foveal Structural Parameters in Healthy Adults: A Comparative Analysis of Biological and Chronological Age.","authors":"Anait S Khalatyan, Yusef Yusef, Khadishat K Altemirova, Liubov V Machekhina, Alexandra A Melnitskaya, Irina D Strazhesko","doi":"10.3390/vision10010016","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision10010016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This research compared the relationship between foveal optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters and two age measures-biological and chronological-in healthy adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study analyzed swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) data from 308 eyes of 154 healthy adults aged 22-89 years. Parameters assessed: foveal thickness, foveal pit depth and diameter, pit slope steepness, and the presence or absence of the foveal bulge. Biological age was calculated using the PhenoAge algorithm.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The core geometry of the foveal pit showed no significant dependence on either type of age (all <i>p</i> ≥ 0.66). In contrast, the foveal bulge prevalence declined significantly with age (adjusted <i>p</i> = 0.011 for chronological age, <i>p</i> = 0.005 for biological age; OR per year ≈0.95, 95% CI 0.92-0.98 for both age models). Model-predicted prevalence decreased from approximately 93% in younger adults to 60-68% in the 60-74-year-old group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The foveal architecture remains structurally stable throughout adulthood. The foveal bulge emerges as a sensitive qualitative marker of age-related changes. Biological age does not provide additional predictive value over chronological age for foveal structural parameters under physiological aging conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13030814/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147533455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-World Comparison of Overall Survival Among Patients With and Without Inherited Retinal Diseases.","authors":"Byron L Lam, Carlos E Mendoza-Santiesteban, Dominic Pilon, Dejan Milentijevic, Laura Morrison, Samuel Schwartzbein, Claire Vanden Eynde, Marie-Hélène Lafeuille, Patrick Lefebvre, Ninel Z Gregori","doi":"10.3390/vision10010015","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision10010015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study compared real-world overall survival and the risk of physical comorbidities and mental health conditions among patients aged <65 years with versus without inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) in the United States (US). Optum^® Electronic Health Record data (January 2014-January 2023) were evaluated for IRD (patients with ≥2 medical visits with an IRD diagnosis; index date: second such medical visit) and non-IRD (patients without an IRD diagnosis; index date: random medical visit) cohorts. Baseline demographics were balanced between cohorts using propensity score matching (2:1). Outcome measures were overall survival (date of death due to any cause) and presence of physical comorbidities and mental health conditions (medical visit with a corresponding diagnosis code). In total, 4594 patients with IRD were matched to 9188 patients without IRD (mean age: 38.7 vs. 38.2 years, 53.9% vs. 55.1% female, mean follow-up: 53.1 vs. 52.8 months). Over 84 months, patients with versus without IRD had a 24% higher risk of death (overall survival: 95.8% vs. 96.7%; hazard ratio: 1.24; 95% confidence interval: 1.00-1.53; <i>p</i> = 0.046) and were at significantly higher risk for each evaluated physical comorbidity and mental health condition (all <i>p</i> < 0.05). The development of novel therapies is thus needed to address the clinical burden of IRD.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13030414/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147533427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Visual Symptoms, Accommodative Dysfunction, and Visual Performance Alterations in Chronic Work-Related Stress: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Mariaelena Malvasi, Elena Pacella, Simone De Sio, Gian Piero Covelli","doi":"10.3390/vision10010014","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision10010014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic work-related stress, including exposure to mobbing, is associated with a wide range of psychological and somatic consequences. However, its potential impact on visual function, particularly in the absence of structural ocular damage, remains underexplored. This narrative review critically examines the evidence linking chronic stress, autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation, and functional visual disorders, focusing on accommodative function and asthenopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A qualitative narrative review of the literature published between 2000 and 2025 was conducted using major biomedical databases. Studies addressing chronic stress, ANS activity, accommodative function, digital eye strain, and functional ocular symptoms were identified and integrated into a coherent pathophysiological framework.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The ocular system, being richly innervated by the ANS, may represent a peripheral target of prolonged stress-related autonomic alterations. Available evidence suggests that chronic stress is associated with asthenopia, accommodative inefficiency, and ocular discomfort even in the absence of overt ocular pathology. In particular, altered parasympathetic control of the ciliary muscle emerges as a plausible mediating mechanism.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Functional visual disorders may represent peripheral manifestations of stress-related ANS dysregulation. Although causality cannot be established conclusively, the proposed framework supports the need for multidisciplinary research to clarify the clinical and medico-legal relevance of stress-related visual dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13030869/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147533406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations Between Eye-Movement Patterns, Pupil Dynamics, and the Interpretation of a Single Mixed-Dentition Panoramic Radiograph Among Dental Students: An Exploratory Eye-Tracking Study.","authors":"Satoshi Tanaka, Hiroyuki Karibe, Yuichi Kato, Ayuko Okamoto, Tsuneo Sekimoto","doi":"10.3390/vision10010013","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vision10010013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Eye tracking can provide quantitative indices of visual exploration and cognitive processing during radiographic image interpretation. This study examined eye-movement patterns and pupil dynamics and their associations with task performance while fifth-year dental students interpreted a single mixed-dentition panoramic radiograph under free-viewing conditions. Task performance was defined as the number of correctly identified pre-specified items (three radiographic findings plus two interpretive items: dental age estimation and the presence/absence of congenital anomalies). Eye-movement patterns were classified into four groups: clockwise (R, 29.6%), counterclockwise (L, 44.4%), saccadic (S, 16.7%), and concentrated (C, 9.3%). Clockwise scan paths were associated with higher task scores and more globally distributed fixations than other patterns (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Linear mixed-effects modeling suggested that task scores increased up to 120 s of viewing time, whereas longer viewing times were not associated with further improvements. Furthermore, ordinal logistic regression analysis revealed that higher task scores were significantly associated with a smaller mean pupil area across the entire viewing time, combined with a larger pupil area specifically during fixations, suggesting more selective allocation of cognitive resources. These findings indicate associations between global scan structure, time allocation, pupil dynamics, and task performance in this single-image setting. Generalization to overall diagnostic competence or other radiographs requires replication using multiple panoramic images and a broader range of verified findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":36586,"journal":{"name":"Vision (Switzerland)","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12921889/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146257983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}