Roisin Braddell;Jone Uria-Albizuri;Jean Bernard Bru;Serafim Rodrigues
{"title":"Charge Transport in a Protein-Ligand Complex: A Preliminary Quantum Statistical Model","authors":"Roisin Braddell;Jone Uria-Albizuri;Jean Bernard Bru;Serafim Rodrigues","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3650536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2025.3650536","url":null,"abstract":"Experiments show that protein-ligand binding activates long-range charge transport with a nanosiemens conductance over nanometer scales in the linear response regime (cf. Ohm’s law superimposed with telegraph noise observed in 2019). Inspired by these observations, we investigate charge transport of a 1D-semiconductor at nanoscales, from first principles of quantum mechanics only. The charge carriers are fermionic (like electrons) and do not interact with each other, but can move (quasi-)freely in two interconnected 1D (nanometric) lattices, only one of which is conductive. Electric currents and their quantum fluctuations under the influence of numerous parameters such as voltage, temperature, length, etc. are computed and discussed, having in mind bioelectronics, in particular emergent laws in protein complexes.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"12 ","pages":"253-264"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11322786","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146223681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Information Transmission Through Noisy Chemical Reactions","authors":"Jingxiang Yu;Hui Li","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2026.3683972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2026.3683972","url":null,"abstract":"Chemical reactions serve as fundamental mechanisms for information transmission in biological systems. However, the intrinsic stochasticity of chemical reactions limits the precision with which cells can sense external signals. To quantify this limitation, we develop a probabilistic model for reversible second-order chemical reactions that captures the temporal evolution of reactant and product concentrations. The model is derived from the Chemical Langevin Equation (CLE), and a Gaussian approximation is introduced to enable analytical tractability while preserving accuracy. Building on this framework, we define a chemical reaction channel, derive expressions for mutual information, and analyze its channel capacity. Furthermore, we propose an optimized modulation strategy for this channel, which significantly reduces the symbol error rate compared with conventional equally spaced constellations.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"12 ","pages":"493-503"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147796028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Propelling DNA-Based Archival Storage With an Algorithmic Mindset","authors":"Yaoyu Yang;Wei Wei;Minghao Mou","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2026.3694522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2026.3694522","url":null,"abstract":"The era of big data is creating an overwhelming demand for long-term data storage solutions. Among different storage media, DNA stands out for its compactness, stability, and natural compatibility. These advantages have spurred researchers’ interest from both experimental and theoretical perspectives. In this paper, we survey recent advances across the full pipeline of DNA-based storage, with an emphasis on the bottlenecks in data writing and reconstruction. Moreover, we summarize coding-theoretic problems in response to different experimental setups. We then zoom in on DNA-based image storage, which incorporates compression and post-processing algorithms into the workflow. We also note that artificial intelligence (AI) has played an increasingly important role in the DNA-based storage architecture. As careful algorithmic considerations are integrated with biochemical innovations, we envision that archival storage on DNA will become a reality in the near future.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"12 ","pages":"633-653"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148171571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bio-Inspired Navigation for Intelligent Nanoscale Drug Delivery Systems Based on Chemotaxis and Entropy","authors":"Bahram Hedayati;Karthik Reddy Gorla;Maurizio Magarini","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2026.3708193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2026.3708193","url":null,"abstract":"Biological intelligence provides a powerful paradigm for developing novel computational and communication frameworks inspired by living systems. Addressing complex diseases such as cancer, which remains one of the most persistent global health challenges, requires intelligent and targeted therapeutic strategies capable of distinguishing and eliminating malignant cells while preserving surrounding healthy tissue. In this work, we propose a biologically inspired navigation framework that combines chemotaxis, a natural process that governs directional cell movement in response to chemical gradients, with entropy exploration to guide nanoscale medical agents (NMA) toward cancerous regions within the tumor microenvironment (TME). The hybrid chemotaxis–entropy mechanism emulates adaptive decision making observed in biological organisms, enabling autonomous localization and tumor treatment through targeted drug delivery. Using hypoxia as a biomarker, due to the elevated oxygen consumption of cancerous cells, numerical simulations are performed for both single- and multi-tumor configurations. Comparative analyses in multiple performance metrics reveal that the hybrid navigation approach achieves higher efficiency, reliability, and tumor elimination rates compared to random and pure chemotaxis strategies. Furthermore, the feasibility of biologically grounded navigation is demonstrated to be significantly enhanced through an entropy-guided perspective, highlighting its potential for intelligent control and communication in nanoscale systems. This study establishes a computational framework linking biological intelligence, molecular communication, and nanoscale drug delivery, laying the foundation for future bio-inspired optimization of drug localization in cancer therapy. Testing","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"12 ","pages":"705-715"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11593977","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148506908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spatial-Aware Adaptive Graph Coloring for Interference Management in Linear High-Order Modulation-Based MIMO Molecular Communication","authors":"Guodong Yue;Wenbo Yang;Qiang Liu;Kun Yang","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2026.3720574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2026.3720574","url":null,"abstract":"Diffusive molecular communication (MC) with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) architectures is a promising approach for improving the throughput of nanonetworks. However, high-order concentration modulation in dense MIMO systems is highly vulnerable to inter-link interference (ILI), while fully orthogonal resource allocation requires a large number of distinguishable molecule types. To address this problem, this paper proposes a joint modulation and interference-management framework that combines linear high-order concentration modulation (LHOCM) with spatial-aware adaptive graph coloring (SA-AGC). At the link level, LHOCM increases the number of bits conveyed per symbol, and Gaussian-intersection thresholds are used to account for signal-dependent noise in molecular reception. At the network level, SA-AGC converts reliability-constrained interference relationships into a conflict graph and assigns molecule types by separating strong interfering links while allowing spatial reuse among weakly coupled links. Numerical results show that the proposed framework substantially suppresses the interference-induced error floor and improves the achievable throughput under a limited molecule-type budget, compared with full-reuse and TDMA baselines.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"12 ","pages":"900-913"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148780957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Open-Quantum-Systems Theory of Quantum-Biological Communication Channels","authors":"Liang Dong","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2026.3716243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2026.3716243","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum biology and communication engineering remain only partly integrated. One is organized around mechanisms, the other around input–output channels. This paper joins them. We model a <italic>quantum-biological communication channel</i> (QBCC) as an open quantum system: an input is encoded into a biological quantum subsystem, the state evolves under Gorini–Kossakowski–Sudarshan–Lindblad dynamics in a structured bath, and a classical readout induces a channel law <inline-formula> <tex-math>$W_{T}(y|x)$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. When is such a system a channel at all, rather than an observed quantum process? An operational criterion answers this, built on an arbitrary-but-fixed encoding and a commuting abstraction–representation diagram. The channel law then connects to mutual information, capacity, quantum Fisher information, and a noise-assistance index. Four reusable primitives follow: radical-pair receivers, exciton routers, proton-tunneling genetic error channels, and ion-coherence links. One illustrative network and four literature-informed case studies instantiate them. A penalized likelihood-ratio test is then applied to two of them. It separates a phase-sensitive interference channel, not reproduced by the sign-blind rate null, from the Fenna–Matthews–Olson complex, whose noise-assisted transport that null already reproduces. A falsifiability workflow, two worked applications, and a five-layer network stack complete the framework.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"12 ","pages":"858-874"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148780945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spiking Neural Networks for Efficient Classification of Peripheral Nerve Stimuli","authors":"Silvia Mura;Arek Berç Gökdağ;Antonio Coviello;Umberto Spagnolini;Maurizio Magarini","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2026.3729935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2026.3729935","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate electroneurographic (ENG) signal classification is a key function in biological and neural communication systems, where peripheral nerves act as noisy, bandwidth-limited information channels interfacing with implantable bioelectronic devices. In neural decoding and stimulation (ND&S) systems, ENG signals are transmitted and subsequently classified to extract task-relevant information prior to stimulation. This processing must operate in real-time on resource-constrained implantable platforms, limiting the applicability of conventional deep neural networks in molecular and biological communication settings. To address these challenges, we propose two event-driven spiking neural network (SNN) architectures for energy-efficient ENG decoding. A Parametric Leaky Integrate-and-Fire Spiking Neural Network (PLIF-SNN) employs trainable membrane time constants to model temporal dynamics, while a Parallel Spiking Neural Network (PSNN) uses parallel spiking neurons with learnable temporal kernels and reset-free dynamics for compact temporal filtering. The proposed models were evaluated on a multichannel cuff-electrode dataset recorded from nine Long Evans rats and compared with ESCAPE-NET and MobilESCAPE-NET. For single compound action potential classification, PSNN achieved 87.21% accuracy and an 84.98% macro F1-score using only 25.5k parameters, reducing model complexity by up to 99%. On 500-sample windows, PLIF-SNN reached 90.25% accuracy with 15.4k parameters, matching MobilESCAPE-NET performance with one quarter of its parameter count. These results demonstrate that event-driven SNN-based decoding enables state-of-the-art ENG information extraction with substantially reduced computational and energy costs, supporting low-power, low-latency bioelectronic platforms for bidirectional biological and multiscale communication systems.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"12 ","pages":"982-994"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149033610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Multi-Layer Deep Graph Attention Model for Decoding lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA Communication Networks","authors":"Shivani Saxena;Ahsan Z. Rizvi","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2026.3720579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2026.3720579","url":null,"abstract":"Dysregulation of lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA (LncM2) communication networks, a key mechanism of competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) crosstalk, plays a critical role in cancer progression. Current computational approaches are limited by their dependence on predicted interactions, lack of interpretability, and inability to effectively address transcriptomic heterogeneity. To overcome these challenges, we present MDGAM-LncM2Net, a Multi-layer Deep Graph Attention Model for reconstructing directed, context-specific LncM2 communication networks from multi-omics data. Our framework combines experimentally validated RNA interactions with transcriptomic profiles through a comprehensive analytical pipeline incorporating differential expression analysis, hypergeometric testing, Spearman correlation, and Fast Causal Inference (FCI) for directional relationship inference. MDGAM-LncM2Net leverages Graph Attention Networks (GATs) to capture topological features and Bidirectional LSTMs to model temporal expression patterns, enabling interpretable survival prediction. When applied to four cancer types (LSCC, OvCa, PrCa, and GBM), the model identified 14 pan-cancer driver lncRNAs and 11 conserved prognostic gene clusters with cancer-specific communication nodes strongly associated with patient survival. The proposed framework achieves an F1-score of 90.29% and AUC of 90.60%, representing an average improvement over the state-of-art methods. MDGAM-LncM2Net provides a robust platform for elucidating LncM2 network, with significant potential for advancing precision oncology through biomarker discovery and targeted therapy development.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"12 ","pages":"1092-1099"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexander Wietfeld;Oğuz Turgut;Eneritz Somoza Rodríguez;Wolfgang Kellerer
{"title":"ChemSICal-Net: Timing-Controlled Chemical Reaction Network for Successive Interference Cancellation in Molecular Multiple Access","authors":"Alexander Wietfeld;Oğuz Turgut;Eneritz Somoza Rodríguez;Wolfgang Kellerer","doi":"10.1109/TMBMC.2026.3731403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMBMC.2026.3731403","url":null,"abstract":"Molecular communication (MC) networks between nanoscale biological entities require biologically plausible implementations of signal processing algorithms. Chemical reaction networks (CRNs) provide a natural framework to model such computing processes and capture stochastic effects in simulations. In this work, we present ChemSICal-Net, a stochastic CRN receiver model that implements successive interference cancellation (SIC) for molecular multiple access. The receiver maps SIC to modular chemical building blocks and uses a chemical oscillator for timing control. We further propose an adaptive Bayesian optimization (BO) scheme for tuning reaction rate constants and initial molecule counts, and compare it with baseline optimizers under a fair simulation-cost metric. Then, we evaluate ChemSICal-Net stochastically across clock speeds and configurations using communication metrics such as detection accuracy and decision time. The results show that chemical timing reduces error probability by up to a factor of 2 for short decision times, revealing a direct decision-time/error trade-off. BO reduces the error probability by approximately one order of magnitude compared with non-optimized parameters. Overall, the results support a multi-scale design methodology that combines external optimization with stochastic reaction-level simulation for communication-oriented, timing-controlled CRN receivers in self-organizing living systems.","PeriodicalId":36530,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications","volume":"12 ","pages":"1037-1055"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11683287","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}