IET Smart Grid最新文献

{"title":"A novel distance-based system reactive power index for system-level reactive power reserve assessment","authors":"Syed Muhammad Hur Rizvi","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12096","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.12096","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Voltage stability of the power system is of major concern with ever-increasing stress in the transmission network. The availability of ample reactive power reserve is essential to ensure voltage stability of the power system. Voltage stability and status of reactive power reserves can be monitored in real-time by using synchrophasor measurements at a very fast reporting rate. Although much attention has been given to online voltage stability monitoring, there has been less focus on real-time monitoring of reactive power reserve status. In this regard, the major contributions of the study are: (i) development of a novel distance-based generalised approach for the computation of the system reactive power index, (ii) a proactive methodology for identification and impact estimation of the nearest Q-limit breach and (iii) formulation of an optimisation problem to identify the limited number of critical generators that need PMUs for accurately predicting the value of the proposed index. The proposed scheme looks at the reactive power reserve of the generators in the network as numerical features. The istance between the base case and nose point numerical features is computed offline. The distance between the current operating point and nose point numerical features can be computed in an online manner. The ratio of these two distance measures is proposed as a system reactive power index. Moreover, a methodology to predict the post-Q limit breach value of the index is also introduced. The proposed approach can be used with PMUs, linear state estimators or traditional SCADA measurements. Case studies for IEEE 57 and 118 bus test systems are presented to validate the performance of the proposed index.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"6 3","pages":"259-270"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12096","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48992793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guest Editorial: Special issue on application of new generation information technology in the smart power distribution and utilization system","authors":"Wei Pei,&nbsp;Hongjian Sun,&nbsp;Thillainathan Logenthiran,&nbsp;Anurag K. Srivastava","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12094","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.12094","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;With the ongoing development of the smart power distribution and utilisation system, the amount of high-dimensional, non-linear, unstructured data is growing rapidly. However, conventional data processing procedures are still lack of successful adaptation. A new generation of information technology is urgently needed to analyse these high-dimensional data for enabling the smart power distribution and utilization system by solving these complex problems. In recent years, the application of the new generation information technology in the smart grid has made important contribution to solve the above-mentioned problems.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The application of new generation information technology, communications, and networking security technologies provides new ideas for the data security of the smart power distribution and utilization system. Moreover, the combination of data transmission characteristics and power characteristics provides new solutions for the data security. Deep neural networks are able to provide a more accurate model for the complex interaction behaviour of prosumers and micro-grids, which are the basis of solving multi-lateral transaction pricing problems. The new optimization and data processing method support the real-time optimization of non-linear model for complex distribution network's fault processing and provide a better guarantee for the system safety. A wide variety of research is now under study to explore and discover possible challenges and opportunities by applying new generation information technology in the smart power distribution and utilization system. This Special Issue is focussed on research ideas, and experimental studies related to “&lt;i&gt;Application of new generation information technology in the smart power distribution and utilization system&lt;/i&gt;”.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this Special Issue, we have received a total of seven papers, all of which have gone through peer reviews. Five papers have been accepted; thus, the quality of the overall submissions is high, which marks the success of this Special Issue.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The five accepted papers can be clustered into three main categories, namely, communication network, energy market, and energy management oriented. Among these three categories, the first one offers solutions towards security problems of communication network, such as the absolute localisation in confined spaces, by means of deep learning solutions, whose authors are Starke et al. The second one exhibit novelties in well-studied energy market, such as the pricing policy with LSTM networks, or peer-to-peer transaction method, whose authors are Mousavi et al. and Peng et al. The last one proposes a new strategy for energy management, implementing the functions of reducing network loss, simulating network failure, and quick restoration, whose authors are El Zerk et al. and Wang et al. A brief presentation of each paper in this special issue is given below.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Starke et al. explore a cross-layered approach (Cross-Layer Ens","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"5 6","pages":"395-397"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48009976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of smart grids towards the Internet of energy: Concept and essential components for deep decarbonisation","authors":"Mohammad Ghiasi,&nbsp;Zhanle Wang,&nbsp;Mehran Mehrandezh,&nbsp;Shayan Jalilian,&nbsp;Noradin Ghadimi","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12095","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.12095","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To achieve low-carbon sustainable energy development, new technologies such as Internet of Energy (IoE), intelligent systems and Internet of Things (IoT) as well as distributed energy generations via smart grids (SG) are gaining attention. The interoperability between intelligent energy systems, realised through the web, enables automatic consumption optimisation and increases network efficiency and intelligent management. IoE is an intriguing topic in close connection with the IoT, communication systems, SG and electrical mobility that contributes to energy efficiency to achieve zero-carbon technologies and green environments. Furthermore, nowadays, the widespread growth and utilisation of processors for mining digital currency in homes and small warehouses are some other factors to be considered in terms of electric energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission. However, research on the use of the Internet for evaluating the misallocation of energy and the effect it can have on CO₂ emissions is often neglected. In this study, the authors present a detailed overview regarding the evolution of SG in conjunction with the employment of IoE systems as well as the essential components of IoE for decarbonisation. Also, mathematical models with simulation are provided to evaluate the role of IoE in reducing CO₂ emission.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"6 1","pages":"86-102"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48324374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fühler-im-Netz: A smart grid and power line communication data set","authors":"Christoph Balada,&nbsp;Sheraz Ahmed,&nbsp;Andreas Dengel,&nbsp;Max Bondorf,&nbsp;Nikolai Hopfer,&nbsp;Markus Zdrallek","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12093","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.12093","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The increasing complexity of low-voltage networks poses a growing challenge for the reliable and fail-safe operation of electricity grids. The reasons for this include an increasingly decentralised energy generation (photovoltaic systems, wind power etc.) and the emergence of new types of consumers (e-mobility, domestic electricity storage etc.). At the same time, the low-voltage grid is largely unmonitored and local power failures are sometimes hard to detect. To overcome this, power line communication (PLC) has emerged as a potential solution for reliable monitoring of the low-voltage grid. In addition to establishing a communication infrastructure, PLC also offers the possibility of evaluating the cables themselves, as well as the connection quality between individual cable distributors based on their signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The roll-out of a large-scale PLC infrastructure therefore not only ensures communication, but also introduces a tool for monitoring the entire network. To evaluate the potential of this data, we installed 38 PLC modems in three different areas of a German city with a population of about 150,000 as part of the Fühler-im-Netz (FiN) project. Over a period of 22 months, an SNR spectrum of each connection between adjacent PLC modems was generated every quarter of an hour. The availability of this real-world PLC data opens up new possibilities to react to the increasingly complex challenges in future smart grids. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the data generation and describes how the data was collected during normal operation of the electricity grid. In addition, we present common anomalies, effects, and trends that could be observed in the PLC data at daily, weekly, or seasonal levels. Finally, we discuss potential use cases and the remote inspection of a cable section is highlighted as an example.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"6 3","pages":"246-258"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42218219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ensemble voting-based fault classification and location identification for a distribution system with microgrids using smart meter measurements","authors":"Md Maidul Islam,&nbsp;Muhammad Usama Usman,&nbsp;Alvi Newaz,&nbsp;Md Omar Faruque","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12091","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.12091","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents an ensemble learning approach for fault classification and location identification in a smart distribution network containing photovoltaics (PV)-based microgrid. Lack of available data points and the unbalanced nature of the distribution system make fault handling a challenging task for utilities. The proposed method uses event-driven voltage data from smart meters to classify and locate faults. The ensemble voting classifier is composed of three base learners; random forest, k-nearest neighbours, and artificial neural network. The fault location (FL) task has been formulated as a classification problem where the fault type is classified in the first step and based on the fault type, the faulty bus is identified. The method is tested on IEEE-123 bus system modified with added PV-based microgrid along with dynamic loading conditions and varying fault resistances from 0 to 20 Ω for both unbalanced and balanced fault types. A further sensitivity analysis has been done to test the robustness of the proposed method under various noise levels and data loss errors in the smart meter measurements. The ensemble method shows improved performance and robustness compared to some previously proposed FL methods. Finally, the proposed method has been experimentally validated on a real-time simulation-based testbed using a state-of-the-art digital real-time simulator, industry standard DNP3 communication protocol and a cpu-based control centre running the FL algorithm.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"6 3","pages":"219-232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46117152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal coordination of electric vehicle charging and photovoltaic power curtailment in unbalanced low voltage networks: An experimental case","authors":"Andrés Felipe Cortés Borray,&nbsp;Kalle Rauma,&nbsp;Esther Torres","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12092","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.12092","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study introduces a quadratic programming-based optimisation method to coordinate electric vehicle (EV) charging and photovoltaic (PV) curtailment in unbalanced low voltage (LV) networks. The proposed model is defined as a convex model that guarantees the optimal global solution of the problem avoiding the complexity of non-linear models and surpassing the limitations of local solutions derived from meta-heuristics algorithms reported in the literature. The coordination is carried out through a centralised controller installed at the header of the LV feeder. The objective of the proposed strategy is to minimise the power curtailment of all PV systems and maximise the power delivered to all EVs by optimising at every time step a suitable setpoint for the PV units and the charging rate of each EV connected without surpassing network constraints. A new energy-boundary model is also proposed to meet the energy requirements of all EVs, which is based on a recurrent function that depends on the arrival-and-desired energy states of the vehicle to compute its charging trajectory optimally. The effectiveness of the proposed coordination strategy was successfully proven through three scenarios in a laboratory environment, making use of two commercial EVs and a PV inverter in a Power Hardware-in-the-Loop setup.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"6 3","pages":"233-245"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49047796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secure distributed power trading protocol for networked microgrids based on blockchain and elliptic curve cryptography","authors":"Soumoud Fkaier,&nbsp;Mohamed Khalgui,&nbsp;Georg Frey,&nbsp;Zhiwu Li,&nbsp;Jiaxin Yu","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12087","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.12087","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The definition of an electricity trading protocol among microgrids is not an easy task to perform due to the grid's increasing requirements. In fact, a trading process must provide security and especially privacy of the buyer and seller identities as well as prices. Also, guaranteeing a financial profit to trading parties is of great importnace. Moreover, matching the full distributed paradigm is required since it will be executed in a distributed system. All these constraints must be satisfied with consideration to the computational costs especially data storage. In this paper, an electricity trading protocol is introduced to ensure: (1) the security and privacy of buyers, sellers, and sales information, (2) the trading process distribution, and (3) the minimisation of the stored data. The protocol builds upon the blockchain technology and the Elliptic Curve Cryptography. To achieve the protocol goals, a new architecture based on a concept of membership of microgrids to families and groups of families is defined. The proposed protocol is implemented using Java programming langauge. An honest-but-curious-adversary security model is applied to a formal case study to prove security of the protocol.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"6 2","pages":"175-189"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45801673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time resilient microgrid power management based on multi-agent systems with price forecast","authors":"Marcos Eduardo Cruz Victorio,&nbsp;Behzad Kazemtabrizi,&nbsp;Mahmoud Shahbazi","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12089","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.12089","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microgrids have emerged to diversify conventional electric generation using small-scale distributed generation. Large efforts have been put into designing control strategies to optimise the power schedules of microgrids, however, verification that such control systems also are reliable in terms of stability during normal operation and fault conditions is needed. This study presents a hierarchical distributed control system that fulfils these conditions for an AC microgrid. The stability maintained by proposed controller, considering the large signal model, is analysed with the use of Lyapunov's direct method. Resilient control distribution is achieved by the implementation of suitable forecast models and fault-tolerance mechanisms to avoid single points of failure. The resilience of the control system is verified with the use of graph theory. The stable and resilient operation of the proposed control system is tested by a real-time microgrid model implemented with an OPAL-RT real-time simulator, combined with a communication network built with Raspberry Pis, testing the control system presented under normal and faulty conditions. Simulation results show a stable operation in terms of voltage and frequency in both conditions, resilient operation is shown for the faulty condition case. Additionally, cost minimisation performance is included to validate optimal power management capabilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"6 2","pages":"190-204"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43284014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CP-SyNet: A tool for generating customised cyber-power synthetic network for distribution systems with distributed energy resources","authors":"Lusha Wang,&nbsp;James Halvorsen,&nbsp;Sanjeev Pannala,&nbsp;Anurag Srivastava,&nbsp;Assefaw H. Gebremedhin,&nbsp;Noel N. Schulz","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12088","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.12088","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The integration of distributed energy resources and advancement in information technology has enabled the transition of traditional power distribution systems to active cyber-physical distribution systems. A growing amount of research has been done on the modelling, analysis, and optimisation of power distribution system behaviour. However, existing publicly available distribution test feeders are limited in numbers and have minimal features. Furthermore, these test feeders do not include cyber models and are not customisable. To bridge this gap, we propose and develop Cyber-physical synthetic distribution system network (CP-SyNet), a tool for generating customisable cyber-physical synthetic distribution test feeders. CP-SyNet generates three-phase unbalanced test feeders according to users' requirements, while simultaneously considering both the cyber side and the physical side of the network for cyber-physical analysis. The physical test network is developed using a graph-theoretical approach that employs information from existing test feeders. The cyber side considers an equivalent communication network by transforming the physical topology into possible and feasible simulated network. Two examples are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed framework to generate cyber-physical test feeders.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"5 6","pages":"463-477"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12088","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44536680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-carbon operation method of the building based on dynamic carbon emission factor of power system","authors":"Le Bu,&nbsp;Xingying Chen,&nbsp;Lei Gan,&nbsp;Kun Yu,&nbsp;Yue Zhou,&nbsp;Jiawei Cao,&nbsp;Yuan Cao","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12085","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.12085","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Energy conservation and carbon reduction in building energy is an important way to achieve the global goal of ‘carbon neutrality’. Common low-carbon operation strategies of buildings rely on price incentives to guide users’ behaviour, which is difficult to make users aware of the impact of their energy consumption behaviour on carbon emissions. In this paper, the power system's dynamic carbon emission factors (CEF) were used to release information on energy consumption and carbon emission to building users. At the same time, the differential effects of building envelope and external temperature in the Building Information Modelling were considered. An optimisation method of building low-carbon energy consumption strategy considering both the building and power carbon emission was established to improve the comprehensive carbon reduction ability of the building and power system. The simulation results show that the proposed method effectively coordinates the building virtual energy storage and demand response. By incorporating the dynamic energy carbon transaction cost into the objective function, the target signal of carbon reduction is transmitted to users so that the volatility of the renewable Energy and other random energy behaviours can be considered in the dynamic CEF.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"6 1","pages":"67-85"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47063935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}