IET Smart Grid最新文献

Power System Controlled Islanding Using Directed Motif-Based Spectral Clustering: A Novel Complex Network Perspective

IF 2.4

IET Smart Grid Pub Date : 2025-04-02 DOI: 10.1049/stg2.70007

Mohsen Safarzadeh, Gholam Reza Yousefi, Mohammad Amin Latify, Zeinab Maleki

{"title":"Power System Controlled Islanding Using Directed Motif-Based Spectral Clustering: A Novel Complex Network Perspective","authors":"Mohsen Safarzadeh, Gholam Reza Yousefi, Mohammad Amin Latify, Zeinab Maleki","doi":"10.1049/stg2.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/stg2.70007","url":null,"abstract":"Intentional Controlled Islanding (ICI) is a wide-area self-healing strategy to prevent power system blackouts. Recent studies integrate ICI within a complex network framework using community detection techniques, thus addressing the complex nature of power systems. The spectral clustering algorithm (SCA) has shown effectiveness in community detection within complex power networks. However, the focus of SCA on undirected networks fails to satisfy the generator coherency constraint. Additionally, it inadequately represents the electrical characteristics required for optimal islanding. This paper implements the ICI scheme via directed community detection, enabling comprehensive community discovery. The process begins with power flow tracing, creating a directed weighted network between generators and loads. To analyse this network, we apply the motif-based spectral clustering algorithm (MSCA) that accounts for both the direction and weight of the edges. Specifically, we define electrical motifs in power networks as high-order subnetworks considering directed weighted connectivity patterns between generators and loads. Numerical simulations on various test cases compare the performance of MSCA and SCA to evaluate the proposed method. According to the results, the SCA based on motifs, as employed in this paper, outperforms traditional SCA using undirected edges as low-order structures. This novel approach increases load restoration and reduces restoration time.","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.70007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Generalised Power Synchronisation Loop Design for Performance Enhancement of Grid-Forming Converter

IF 2.4

IET Smart Grid Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1049/stg2.70008

Yifeng Li, Wei Pei, Jiawang Xiong, Wei Deng

{"title":"A Generalised Power Synchronisation Loop Design for Performance Enhancement of Grid-Forming Converter","authors":"Yifeng Li, Wei Pei, Jiawang Xiong, Wei Deng","doi":"10.1049/stg2.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/stg2.70008","url":null,"abstract":"The dynamic characteristics of a grid-forming converter (GFM) directly affect the stable operation of converter-based power systems, where the power synchronisation loop plays a critical role in the shaping of the dynamic characteristics of the GFM converter. Currently, the power synchronisation loop is generally designed by emulating the synchronous machine models and can only provide the inertia and damping characteristics. The stiffness, one of the most important dynamic features, is lacking in the dynamic design of the GFM converter. In this paper, we propose a generalised power synchronisation loop (GPSL) to enable the GFM converter with the inertia, the damping and the stiffness simultaneously. By properly choosing the loop parameters, the dynamic performance and flexibility of the GFM converter can be enhanced. The dynamic property of the GFM converter system and the multiple GFM converter system under the proposed GPSL is both analysed. Moreover, a parameter tunning procedure is given to facilitate the usage of the GPLS. Finally, simulation and experimental results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.70008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Coordinated Reactive Power Optimal Control Considering the Voltage Security of Wind Farm

IF 2.4

IET Smart Grid Pub Date : 2025-03-19 DOI: 10.1049/stg2.70009

Guanhui Li, Wen Zhang, Qi Zhao, Mingkui Wei, Li Shen, Qinyong Zhou, Yiying Gao

{"title":"Coordinated Reactive Power Optimal Control Considering the Voltage Security of Wind Farm","authors":"Guanhui Li, Wen Zhang, Qi Zhao, Mingkui Wei, Li Shen, Qinyong Zhou, Yiying Gao","doi":"10.1049/stg2.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/stg2.70009","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing penetration of wind farms (WFs) in power systems, they are demanded to support reactive power to guarantee the economical operation of power grids. Limited by the operational security of WFs, their reactive power output may not meet the system requirements. This paper introduces a bi-layer coordinated reactive power optimal control method to ensure the WFs' reactive power support to the system while guaranteeing the operational security and economy of them. The system layer focuses on reducing network loss through coordinating the reactive power outputs of WFs, transformers and other sources. The WF layer tries to meet the reactive power demands set by the system layer while ensuring the voltage security in WF with the minimum network loss. Information of the reactive power demand and the WFs' maximum reactive power supply within their voltage security limitation is exchanged between the two layers and the iteration will converge until all WFs meet the system's reactive power demands. The validity of the strategy is validated in the modified IEEE 14-bus system and an actual regional power system of China.","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.70009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Implementing Load-Side Operating Energy Reserves to Improve System Frequency Control Amid the Expansion of Distributed Generation

IF 2.4

IET Smart Grid Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1049/stg2.70006

Dumisani Mtolo, Rudiren Sarma, David G. Dorrell

{"title":"Implementing Load-Side Operating Energy Reserves to Improve System Frequency Control Amid the Expansion of Distributed Generation","authors":"Dumisani Mtolo, Rudiren Sarma, David G. Dorrell","doi":"10.1049/stg2.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/stg2.70006","url":null,"abstract":"Eskom, South Africa's national power utility, is transitioning from centralised, large-scale electricity coal generation to a more distributed, small-scale inverter-based renewable generation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This shift poses operational challenges, particularly in maintaining power system frequency stability, which relies on real-time balancing of supply and demand. Traditionally, frequency stability has depended on accurate load forecasts, sufficient generation capacity, and energy reserves from large generators to handle disturbances. However, as the number of large generators decreases, energy reserves will also reduce, potentially compromising frequency stability. This paper introduces the concept of integrating small-scale distributed generators to enhance both primary and secondary frequency control. By actively monitoring and managing these inverter-based generators, while accounting for phase balancing and network congestion, the proposed system seeks to improve grid stability, minimise reliance on large generators, and mitigate the risk of secondary frequency drops within an unmanaged inverter-based network (i.e. the high rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) may lead to inverter trips).","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.70006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143481346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Multiple Market Trading Mechanism for Virtual Power Plants Participating in Electricity Energy-Renewable Energy Certificate-Carbon Emission Right Markets

IF 2.4

IET Smart Grid Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1049/stg2.70005

Yun Li, Zhihong Huang, Jianguo Zhou, Ye Guo, Junqiang Gong, Tunan Chen

引用次数: 0

SmarThor: Digital backbone of the Open Thor Living Lab

IF 2.4

IET Smart Grid Pub Date : 2025-02-19 DOI: 10.1049/stg2.70003

Klaas Thoelen, Bart Dewallef, Rajni Singh, Luc Rynders, Geert Deconinck

{"title":"SmarThor: Digital backbone of the Open Thor Living Lab","authors":"Klaas Thoelen, Bart Dewallef, Rajni Singh, Luc Rynders, Geert Deconinck","doi":"10.1049/stg2.70003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/stg2.70003","url":null,"abstract":"With energy systems becoming increasingly data driven, the need arises for dedicated, long-term, and stable data-sharing infrastructures to further facilitate research and innovation. This case study paper presents SmarThor as the digital backbone of the Open Thor Living Lab, an infrastructure environment where research meets industry, citizens and governments to develop, integrate, and test innovative energy solutions in real-life operational settings. SmarThor is a custom cloud-based high-volume time series data-sharing platform developed at EnergyVille, Belgium. It offers services to monitor and control energy systems within the living lab and provides centralised storage and access to this locally collected data. Additionally, data sets on local energy markets, power grids, and weather conditions are hosted, providing supplementary information on the operational context of the living lab. Currently, the platform contains more than 2500 time series, often spanning multiple years, resulting in over 2 billion data points. The availability of this wide data set via a single platform substantially expedites data analytics and artificial intelligence solutions within the Open Thor Living Lab. This paper presents the needs and requirements for the platform, its architecture and implementation, a selection of use cases, and valuable lessons learnt from developing and hosting the data-sharing platform.","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.70003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143446809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Unmanned aerial vehicles versus smart grids

IF 2.4

IET Smart Grid Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1049/stg2.70000

Alexis Pengfei Zhao, Shuangqi Li, Da Huo, Mohannad Alhazmi

{"title":"Unmanned aerial vehicles versus smart grids","authors":"Alexis Pengfei Zhao, Shuangqi Li, Da Huo, Mohannad Alhazmi","doi":"10.1049/stg2.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/stg2.70000","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing threat of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to smart grid infrastructures poses critical challenges to energy systems security. This study examines smart grid vulnerabilities to UAV-based attacks and proposes a novel optimisation framework to enhance grid resilience. Employing a multi-objective optimisation approach using the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm III (NSGA-III) and a game-theoretic Stackelberg model, the research captures the strategic interplay between UAV operators and grid defenders. Key contributions include the development of a multi-objective optimisation framework, integration of adversarial game theory, incorporation of dynamic environmental conditions, and generation of Pareto-optimal solutions for strategic defence planning. This research makes four pivotal contributions: (a) the design of a comprehensive multi-objective optimisation framework tailored for UAV strike optimisation, (b) the integration of game-theoretic principles to model adversarial behaviours, (c) the inclusion of dynamic environmental factors to improve solution robustness, and (d) the application of NSGA-III to generate trade-off solutions, equipping decision-makers with diverse strategies to enhance grid resilience. By addressing an urgent and timely challenge, this work offers practical guidance for fortifying smart grid infrastructures against emerging UAV threats in increasingly complex operational environments.","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.70000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143431263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Generating peak-aware pseudo-measurements for low-voltage feeders using metadata of distribution system operators

IF 2.4

IET Smart Grid Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1049/stg2.12210

Manuel Treutlein, Marc Schmidt, Roman Hahn, Matthias Hertel, Benedikt Heidrich, Ralf Mikut, Veit Hagenmeyer

{"title":"Generating peak-aware pseudo-measurements for low-voltage feeders using metadata of distribution system operators","authors":"Manuel Treutlein, Marc Schmidt, Roman Hahn, Matthias Hertel, Benedikt Heidrich, Ralf Mikut, Veit Hagenmeyer","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/stg2.12210","url":null,"abstract":"Distribution system operators (DSOs) face challenges such as restructuring distribution grids for climate neutrality and managing grid consumption and generation. Measurements within the grid are crucial for DSOs, yet many low-voltage (LV) grids lack measurement devices. To address this, an approach is proposed to estimate pseudo-measurements for non-measured LV feeders using regression models. The models are based on feeder metadata, which includes the number of grid connection points, installed power of equipment, and billing data in the downstream LV grid. The authors also incorporate weather, calendar, and timestamp data as model features and use the existing measurements as the model target. For evaluation, a dataset of 2323 LV feeders is used and peak metrics for magnitude, timing, and shape of consumption and feed-in are introduced, inspired by the BigDEAL challenge. The authors employ XGBoost, a multilayer perceptron (MLP), and a linear regression (LR) model, finding that XGBoost and MLP outperform LR. The results demonstrate that this approach effectively adapts to varying conditions and generates realistic load curves from feeder metadata. Additionally, the authors elaborate on feeders where pseudo-measurements exhibit deficiencies. This method could be extended to other grid levels such as substations and contribute to research in load modelling, state estimation, and LV load forecasting.","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12210","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143424081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A hierarchical carbon trading and optimisation scheduling strategy for integrated energy system with electric vehicles

IF 2.4

IET Smart Grid Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1049/stg2.70001

Yang Andrew Wu, Yui-yip Lau, Junjun Xu, Juai Wu

{"title":"A hierarchical carbon trading and optimisation scheduling strategy for integrated energy system with electric vehicles","authors":"Yang Andrew Wu, Yui-yip Lau, Junjun Xu, Juai Wu","doi":"10.1049/stg2.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/stg2.70001","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into integrated energy systems (IES) presents new challenges for achieving low-carbon, economically efficient operations due to fluctuating demand and increased carbon emissions. This paper proposes an optimised scheduling model incorporating a stepped carbon trading mechanism and demand response strategies to address these challenges. First, a multi-stage carbon pricing model is developed to encourage EVs to charge during low-carbon periods, effectively reducing system-wide emissions. Then, a multi-period pricing response mechanism is introduced to guide EV charging behaviours, aligning energy consumption with low-demand intervals. Finally, simulations are conducted to analyse the impact of varying EV loads on system performance, demonstrating the model's benefits in cost savings, emissions reduction, and load balancing. Case studies validate that the proposed model significantly enhances the low-carbon economic efficiency of IES, particularly as EV penetration increases, by leveraging flexible load distribution and responsive pricing strategies.","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.70001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143389354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dynamic charging strategy of electric vehicles in the distribution network integrated with renewable energy sources

IF 2.4

IET Smart Grid Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1049/stg2.70002

Mohd Owais Khan, Sheeraz Kirmani, Mohd Rihan

{"title":"Dynamic charging strategy of electric vehicles in the distribution network integrated with renewable energy sources","authors":"Mohd Owais Khan, Sheeraz Kirmani, Mohd Rihan","doi":"10.1049/stg2.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/stg2.70002","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid expansion of electric vehicles (EVs) brings forth a range of possibilities and obstacles for the electrical grid. EVs are a hopeful way to cut down on greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on fossil fuels, but the way they charge can put a lot of stress on the grid, which can cause problems for both grid operators and EV users. The uncontrolled approach to EV charging could result in the development of new peak loads. This paper formulates a problem for the minimisation of EV charging cost while reducing the load variance using a dynamic charging strategy. This dynamic charging strategy forecasts the charging price of EV for each time stamp based on the available energy generation. The proposed formulation has also considered the seasonal variation in load profile. The model is solved using different optimisation algorithm and different scenarios have been formulated to validate the effectiveness of the optimisation problem which has been formulated to achieve the objectives of minimised charging cost and load variance. The proposed strategy has improved the charging cost by 67% from other strategies of EV charging while reduction in load variance comes out to be 69%. This proposed formulation will help in the higher adoption of EV's and will subsequently lead to sustainable growth.","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.70002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143362600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0