IET Smart Grid最新文献

SmarThor: Digital backbone of the Open Thor Living Lab

IF 2.4

IET Smart Grid Pub Date : 2025-02-19 DOI: 10.1049/stg2.70003

Klaas Thoelen, Bart Dewallef, Rajni Singh, Luc Rynders, Geert Deconinck

{"title":"SmarThor: Digital backbone of the Open Thor Living Lab","authors":"Klaas Thoelen, Bart Dewallef, Rajni Singh, Luc Rynders, Geert Deconinck","doi":"10.1049/stg2.70003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/stg2.70003","url":null,"abstract":"With energy systems becoming increasingly data driven, the need arises for dedicated, long-term, and stable data-sharing infrastructures to further facilitate research and innovation. This case study paper presents SmarThor as the digital backbone of the Open Thor Living Lab, an infrastructure environment where research meets industry, citizens and governments to develop, integrate, and test innovative energy solutions in real-life operational settings. SmarThor is a custom cloud-based high-volume time series data-sharing platform developed at EnergyVille, Belgium. It offers services to monitor and control energy systems within the living lab and provides centralised storage and access to this locally collected data. Additionally, data sets on local energy markets, power grids, and weather conditions are hosted, providing supplementary information on the operational context of the living lab. Currently, the platform contains more than 2500 time series, often spanning multiple years, resulting in over 2 billion data points. The availability of this wide data set via a single platform substantially expedites data analytics and artificial intelligence solutions within the Open Thor Living Lab. This paper presents the needs and requirements for the platform, its architecture and implementation, a selection of use cases, and valuable lessons learnt from developing and hosting the data-sharing platform.","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.70003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143446809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Unmanned aerial vehicles versus smart grids

IF 2.4

IET Smart Grid Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1049/stg2.70000

Alexis Pengfei Zhao, Shuangqi Li, Da Huo, Mohannad Alhazmi

{"title":"Unmanned aerial vehicles versus smart grids","authors":"Alexis Pengfei Zhao, Shuangqi Li, Da Huo, Mohannad Alhazmi","doi":"10.1049/stg2.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/stg2.70000","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing threat of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to smart grid infrastructures poses critical challenges to energy systems security. This study examines smart grid vulnerabilities to UAV-based attacks and proposes a novel optimisation framework to enhance grid resilience. Employing a multi-objective optimisation approach using the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm III (NSGA-III) and a game-theoretic Stackelberg model, the research captures the strategic interplay between UAV operators and grid defenders. Key contributions include the development of a multi-objective optimisation framework, integration of adversarial game theory, incorporation of dynamic environmental conditions, and generation of Pareto-optimal solutions for strategic defence planning. This research makes four pivotal contributions: (a) the design of a comprehensive multi-objective optimisation framework tailored for UAV strike optimisation, (b) the integration of game-theoretic principles to model adversarial behaviours, (c) the inclusion of dynamic environmental factors to improve solution robustness, and (d) the application of NSGA-III to generate trade-off solutions, equipping decision-makers with diverse strategies to enhance grid resilience. By addressing an urgent and timely challenge, this work offers practical guidance for fortifying smart grid infrastructures against emerging UAV threats in increasingly complex operational environments.","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.70000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143431263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Generating peak-aware pseudo-measurements for low-voltage feeders using metadata of distribution system operators

IF 2.4

IET Smart Grid Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1049/stg2.12210

Manuel Treutlein, Marc Schmidt, Roman Hahn, Matthias Hertel, Benedikt Heidrich, Ralf Mikut, Veit Hagenmeyer

{"title":"Generating peak-aware pseudo-measurements for low-voltage feeders using metadata of distribution system operators","authors":"Manuel Treutlein, Marc Schmidt, Roman Hahn, Matthias Hertel, Benedikt Heidrich, Ralf Mikut, Veit Hagenmeyer","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/stg2.12210","url":null,"abstract":"Distribution system operators (DSOs) face challenges such as restructuring distribution grids for climate neutrality and managing grid consumption and generation. Measurements within the grid are crucial for DSOs, yet many low-voltage (LV) grids lack measurement devices. To address this, an approach is proposed to estimate pseudo-measurements for non-measured LV feeders using regression models. The models are based on feeder metadata, which includes the number of grid connection points, installed power of equipment, and billing data in the downstream LV grid. The authors also incorporate weather, calendar, and timestamp data as model features and use the existing measurements as the model target. For evaluation, a dataset of 2323 LV feeders is used and peak metrics for magnitude, timing, and shape of consumption and feed-in are introduced, inspired by the BigDEAL challenge. The authors employ XGBoost, a multilayer perceptron (MLP), and a linear regression (LR) model, finding that XGBoost and MLP outperform LR. The results demonstrate that this approach effectively adapts to varying conditions and generates realistic load curves from feeder metadata. Additionally, the authors elaborate on feeders where pseudo-measurements exhibit deficiencies. This method could be extended to other grid levels such as substations and contribute to research in load modelling, state estimation, and LV load forecasting.","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12210","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143424081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A hierarchical carbon trading and optimisation scheduling strategy for integrated energy system with electric vehicles

IF 2.4

IET Smart Grid Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1049/stg2.70001

Yang Andrew Wu, Yui-yip Lau, Junjun Xu, Juai Wu

{"title":"A hierarchical carbon trading and optimisation scheduling strategy for integrated energy system with electric vehicles","authors":"Yang Andrew Wu, Yui-yip Lau, Junjun Xu, Juai Wu","doi":"10.1049/stg2.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/stg2.70001","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into integrated energy systems (IES) presents new challenges for achieving low-carbon, economically efficient operations due to fluctuating demand and increased carbon emissions. This paper proposes an optimised scheduling model incorporating a stepped carbon trading mechanism and demand response strategies to address these challenges. First, a multi-stage carbon pricing model is developed to encourage EVs to charge during low-carbon periods, effectively reducing system-wide emissions. Then, a multi-period pricing response mechanism is introduced to guide EV charging behaviours, aligning energy consumption with low-demand intervals. Finally, simulations are conducted to analyse the impact of varying EV loads on system performance, demonstrating the model's benefits in cost savings, emissions reduction, and load balancing. Case studies validate that the proposed model significantly enhances the low-carbon economic efficiency of IES, particularly as EV penetration increases, by leveraging flexible load distribution and responsive pricing strategies.","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.70001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143389354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dynamic charging strategy of electric vehicles in the distribution network integrated with renewable energy sources

IF 2.4

IET Smart Grid Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1049/stg2.70002

Mohd Owais Khan, Sheeraz Kirmani, Mohd Rihan

{"title":"Dynamic charging strategy of electric vehicles in the distribution network integrated with renewable energy sources","authors":"Mohd Owais Khan, Sheeraz Kirmani, Mohd Rihan","doi":"10.1049/stg2.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/stg2.70002","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid expansion of electric vehicles (EVs) brings forth a range of possibilities and obstacles for the electrical grid. EVs are a hopeful way to cut down on greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on fossil fuels, but the way they charge can put a lot of stress on the grid, which can cause problems for both grid operators and EV users. The uncontrolled approach to EV charging could result in the development of new peak loads. This paper formulates a problem for the minimisation of EV charging cost while reducing the load variance using a dynamic charging strategy. This dynamic charging strategy forecasts the charging price of EV for each time stamp based on the available energy generation. The proposed formulation has also considered the seasonal variation in load profile. The model is solved using different optimisation algorithm and different scenarios have been formulated to validate the effectiveness of the optimisation problem which has been formulated to achieve the objectives of minimised charging cost and load variance. The proposed strategy has improved the charging cost by 67% from other strategies of EV charging while reduction in load variance comes out to be 69%. This proposed formulation will help in the higher adoption of EV's and will subsequently lead to sustainable growth.","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.70002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143362600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hierarchical formation control technology for multiple autonomous underwater vehicles 多自主潜水器的分层编队控制技术

IF 2.4

IET Smart Grid Pub Date : 2025-01-24 DOI: 10.1049/stg2.12209

Shibo Fan, Jie Jiao, Pengfeng Lin, Qingzuo Meng

引用次数: 0

Continuous monitoring of partial discharge activities in power cables and their stimulation due to the temperature rise

IF 2.4

IET Smart Grid Pub Date : 2025-01-13 DOI: 10.1049/stg2.12187

Denis Stanescu, Dragos Nastasiu, Angela Digulescu, Cornel Ioana, Cristina Despina-Stoian

{"title":"Continuous monitoring of partial discharge activities in power cables and their stimulation due to the temperature rise","authors":"Denis Stanescu, Dragos Nastasiu, Angela Digulescu, Cornel Ioana, Cristina Despina-Stoian","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/stg2.12187","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 With the development of the power distribution systems demands, the grid reliability becomes a strategic issue. Continuous monitoring of power transmission networks is a key component in addressing this issue. Partial discharge (PD) characterisation instruments provide a reliable solution and an important indicator of the state of cable insulation. An increase in the PD level usually indicates the development of a fault that affects the integrity of the cable and can lead to various problems related to the quality and quantity of the transmitted energy. In this context, the use of Internet of Things (IoT) systems for power networks monitoring can provide a significant improvement to the localisation and detection of faults. In this paper, the authors show the advantages of continuous monitoring of power grid cables using a new IoT based framework using an advanced signal processing technique, namely the phase diagram. Also, the authors show that variations in temperature can impact the initiation and progression of PD, affecting the reliability and lifespan of electrical insulation systems. Understanding this temperature dependence is crucial for accurate PD detection and effective maintenance of power cables. Our results show that higher temperatures can accelerate the PD activity, while lower temperatures may suppress it.\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12187","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143397157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A risk assessment method for power internet of things information security based on multi-objective hierarchical optimisation

IF 2.4

IET Smart Grid Pub Date : 2025-01-11 DOI: 10.1049/stg2.12208

Yunxiao Sun, Ling Zhuang, Ting Jia, Dabei Cheng, Xindong Zhao, Jing Guo

{"title":"A risk assessment method for power internet of things information security based on multi-objective hierarchical optimisation","authors":"Yunxiao Sun, Ling Zhuang, Ting Jia, Dabei Cheng, Xindong Zhao, Jing Guo","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/stg2.12208","url":null,"abstract":"Power Internet of Things (PIoT) relies on various smart sensors and edge devices to support the operational status of the power grid. To address the challenge of conducting a comprehensive information security risk assessment for communication among heterogeneous devices in PIoT, a reliable security risk assessment method is proposed. This method, based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), considers four key dimensions: the cloud platform, communication transmission, edge side and terminal side. It integrates information indexes, the asset loss and risk probability to construct a risk assessment scheme oriented towards PIoT information security. The judgement matrix of AHP which fails the consistency test, is modified by using an improved multi-objective particle swarm optimisation (IMPSO) algorithm, while minimising semantic offset distance. Verified through a case study, this method effectively reduces the consistency index to an average of 0.01 and achieves a correlation of 90.86% with traditional AHP assessment results.","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12208","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143397102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Travelling wave-based fault detection and location in a real low-voltage DC microgrid 实际低压直流微电网中基于行波的故障检测与定位

IF 2.4

IET Smart Grid Pub Date : 2025-01-06 DOI: 10.1049/stg2.12207

Sajay Krishnan Paruthiyil, Ali Bidram, Miguel Jimenez Aparicio, Javier Hernandez-Alvidrez, Andrew R. R. Dow, Matthew J. Reno, Daniel Bauer

{"title":"Travelling wave-based fault detection and location in a real low-voltage DC microgrid","authors":"Sajay Krishnan Paruthiyil, Ali Bidram, Miguel Jimenez Aparicio, Javier Hernandez-Alvidrez, Andrew R. R. Dow, Matthew J. Reno, Daniel Bauer","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/stg2.12207","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses a device-level implementation of a travelling wave (TW) protection device (PD) designed for a real low-voltage DC microgrid. The TWPD fault detection and location algorithm is executed on a commercial digital signal processor (DSP) board, involving signal sampling at 1 MHz via the DSP board's analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The analogue input card measures positive pole, negative pole and pole-to-pole voltages at the TWPD location. Upon a successful fault detection using a second-order high-pass filter, the voltage data is normalised and multi-resolution analysis (MRA) is performed on a 128-sample buffer around the TW arrival time. MRA employs the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to capture high-frequency voltage patterns, and then the Parseval's energy theorem quantifies these TW characteristics by computing the energy of reconstructed wavelet coefficients. These energy values per decomposed frequency band are the basis for training a random forest classifier that predicts fault location and type. The TWPD is fully implemented and connected to a real DC microgrid in Albuquerque, NM, USA, for validation, and results are shown for field tests verifying the performance under faults.","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143396780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Delay-dependent small-signal stability analysis of inverter-based islanded microgrids

IF 2.4

IET Smart Grid Pub Date : 2025-01-06 DOI: 10.1049/stg2.12206

Chaudhry Talha Hassan, Tariq Mahmood Jadoon, Anmar Arif

{"title":"Delay-dependent small-signal stability analysis of inverter-based islanded microgrids","authors":"Chaudhry Talha Hassan, Tariq Mahmood Jadoon, Anmar Arif","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/stg2.12206","url":null,"abstract":"The stability of an inverter-based hierarchical microgrid is challenged by inverter controls, network dynamics, load models and communication delays among the interacting agents. Moreover, the adoption of non-dispatchable grid-following (GFL) inverters further lowers the system inertia in islanded Microgrids (MGs). Therefore, both grid-forming (GFM) and GFL inverters shall coordinate to perform frequency/voltage regulation through their grid-support function. This paper investigates the role of GFM-GFL coordination on the operational stability of real-world Microgrids (MGs) with communication delays. A complete non-linear state-space model is derived for the MG. The time-delayed system model is discretised in a system of ordinary differential equations to determine delay margins using spectral analysis. Later, the same model is linearised around an operating point to determine delay margins using time-domain analysis. The equilibrium point is disturbed by load perturbation and the system response is observed for different values of communication delays and control topology. The delay margins estimated theoretically are validated using the time-domain simulations in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results are compared to determine the efficacy of grid-support function in improving operational stability of islanded MGs. The developed evaluation scheme is tested on a multi-inverter islanded power system.","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12206","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143396781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0