IET Smart GridPub Date : 2025-09-24DOI: 10.1049/stg2.70036
Yanan Zhang, Gan Zhou, Yanjun Feng, Zhan Liu, Li Huang, Zhi Li, Rui Bo
{"title":"A Cost-Effective NILM Solution With Three-Point Labelling and Non-Causal Convolution Technique","authors":"Yanan Zhang, Gan Zhou, Yanjun Feng, Zhan Liu, Li Huang, Zhi Li, Rui Bo","doi":"10.1049/stg2.70036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/stg2.70036","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Although deep learning is increasingly promising in the field of Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) these days, the high costs of data recording and labelling represent a significant challenge for the training of supervised models. To address this, a cost-effective sequence-to-points NILM solution is proposed, integrating three-point labelling with non-causal convolution techniques. The approach introduces a semi-automatic labelling framework for obtaining NILM three-point data, which provides a low-cost data collection and labelling solution for large-scale applications. Then, a novel loss function combining coordinate loss and confidence loss is developed to address the positional misalignment and negative sample confusion in sequence-to-points scenario in NILM. Furthermore, an advanced neural network architecture based on multi-scale non-causal temporal convolution techniques is designed to capture unique features and operational modes of different appliances. Experimental results on the UK-DALE dataset show that the proposed mixed loss function has an advantage over plain Mean Absolute Error (MAE) on the sequence-to-points occasion, and the novel network outperforms on all of the appliances, demonstrating its potential for practical NILM applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.70036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145146322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IET Smart GridPub Date : 2025-09-07DOI: 10.1049/stg2.70033
Nan Zhang, Di Liu, Yuhang Liu, Zhi Li, Jingyang Wang, Fusheng Lan, Wei Liang
{"title":"A Secure Data Aggregation Scheme to Traceback Malicious Charging Piles for Large-Scale V2G Data-Sharing Scenarios","authors":"Nan Zhang, Di Liu, Yuhang Liu, Zhi Li, Jingyang Wang, Fusheng Lan, Wei Liang","doi":"10.1049/stg2.70033","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.70033","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In large-scale vehicle-to-grid (V2G) data-sharing scenarios, the secure and accurate aggregation of data from charging piles is crucial to optimise orderly charging services for electric vehicles (EVs) and to support demand response or load forecasting. Existing data aggregation schemes often fail to detect outlier sharing-data sent by charging piles compromised by false data injection (FDI) attacks. To address this, we propose a lightweight secure data aggregation scheme that integrates node-level malicious charging piles traceback and isolation with distributed EC-ElGamal encryption. First, charging piles use the Hellinger-distance of shared charging data between adjacent charging cycles to judge whether the piles are malicious, and through iterative row/column cyclic shift operations, every malicious pile is tracebacked and excluded into a single designated group. Second, distributed key shares create a group public key while each pile retains its own secret key, enabling node-level distributed decryption of the aggregated ciphertext via lightweight EC-ElGamal addition and a single Pollard-lambda lookup. Experiments on 18,061 UrbanEV charging piles demonstrate an 81.7%–100% malicious piles excluding ratio, linear convergence (≈0.07 iterations per added pile), and security analysis proves that the proposed scheme has ECDDH anonymity, collusion resistance and differential-privacy immunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.70033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IET Smart GridPub Date : 2025-09-05DOI: 10.1049/stg2.70034
Nida Khanam, Mohd Rihan, Salman Hameed
{"title":"Cost-Effective Micro-Phasor Measurement Unit Placement in Radial Distribution Networks Using Adaptive Oppositional Artificial Rabbit Optimisation","authors":"Nida Khanam, Mohd Rihan, Salman Hameed","doi":"10.1049/stg2.70034","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.70034","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ensuring cost-effective and reliable observability in power distribution networks is essential for the efficient operation of emerging smart grids. Micro-Phasor Measurement Units (<i>μ</i>PMUs) offer high-resolution monitoring but incur significant installation costs, hindering widespread adoption. This paper provides an efficient and cost-effective <i>μ</i>PMU deployment mechanism that ensures full topological observability. The suggested approach is tested on conventional IEEE 33-bus, 69-bus and 123-bus distribution test systems, with four different placement scenarios investigated to assess various cost-performance trade-offs. The proposed technique significantly reduces the required amount of <i>μ</i>PMUs while maintaining full observability. The IEEE 33-bus system reduces <i>μ</i>PMU count from 17 to 10, resulting in a 45.8% cost reduction. The 69-bus and 123-bus systems achieve cost savings of 27.1% and 30.5%, respectively. These findings illustrate the method's scalability and efficiency in reducing deployment costs while maintaining network observability. In addition to offering a useful tool for distribution network operators for planning real-time monitoring with low-cost sensing devices, the study assesses different solution scenarios (Cases I–IV) to demonstrate trade-offs. Although the focus is on a single-objective approach—minimising <i>μ</i>PMU installation costs under complete observability constraints—it also gives comparative insights to aid planning decisions across multiple cost-performance situations.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.70034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IET Smart GridPub Date : 2025-08-24DOI: 10.1049/stg2.70029
Xinhai Li, Weiping Liao, Weiping Wang, Aihui Wen, Kun Yu
{"title":"Fault Identification Method of Distribution Networks Considering Multiple Disturbance Factors and Travelling Wave Transmission Characteristics","authors":"Xinhai Li, Weiping Liao, Weiping Wang, Aihui Wen, Kun Yu","doi":"10.1049/stg2.70029","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.70029","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the context of increasingly complex distribution networks where accurate fault identification is vital for power supply reliability, conventional denoising methods face significant challenges, including information loss under multi-disturbance conditions and inadequate characterisation of weak faults due to insufficient feature saliency. To address these issues, this study proposes a novel fault identification methodology that comprehensively considers multi-disturbance factors and leverages travelling wave (TW) propagation characteristics. The proposed method uses adaptive local iterative filtering integrated—singular spectrum analysis (ALIF-SSA) for signal denoising, preserving essential fault information while suppressing noise, and extracts spectral features from reconstructed signals via frequency-domain transformation, focusing on harmonic distributions and dominant frequency components. A dual-band evaluation strategy (10–100 kHz and 1–5 MHz) is employed to enhance feature separability in interference-intensive environments, prioritising low-frequency components (10–100 kHz) for detection due to their stable transmission properties and analysing high-frequency components (1–5 MHz) through normalised amplitude ratio comparisons. This framework combines the stability of low-frequency signals with the discriminative resolution of high-frequency components for complementary diagnostics. Comparative case studies validate that the proposed approach outperforms conventional single-criterion methods in identification accuracy, offering a more reliable solution for fault identification in distribution networks.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.70029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144894326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IET Smart GridPub Date : 2025-08-22DOI: 10.1049/stg2.70032
Reza Khodabakhsh, Amir Zanj, Md Apel Mahmud
{"title":"A Market-Driven Approach to Congestion Management: Leveraging Cross-Grid Flexibility in Distribution Networks","authors":"Reza Khodabakhsh, Amir Zanj, Md Apel Mahmud","doi":"10.1049/stg2.70032","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rapid integration of renewable energy sources and the electrification of key sectors have significantly increased congestion challenges in power distribution networks. Traditional grid reinforcement strategies are often costly and time-consuming, necessitating the adoption of more flexible, market-based solutions. This paper introduces the OpenFlex market, a novel local flexibility market structure designed to enhance congestion management by incorporating cross-grid flexibility resources. The proposed framework enables Distribution System Operators (DSOs) to procure flexibility services beyond their local network, improving cost efficiency and system resilience. By leveraging the Inter-Grid Load Transfer Coordinator (IGLTC), the model facilitates optimal load transfers, minimises network losses, and enhances voltage stability. A case study demonstrates the effectiveness of the framework under various operational scenarios, highlighting its potential for reducing congestion management costs while ensuring grid reliability. Although DSO-level local flexibility markets are still at the pilot stage, the proposed framework extends these concepts by enabling cross-grid flexibility trading and coordinated congestion management, aligning with emerging regulatory trends. The results underscore the importance of regulatory support for cross-grid flexibility integration and suggest future directions for real-time flexibility trading and digital optimisation techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.70032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research on Regional Power Grid Scheduling Strategy With Flexible Resource Clusters Based on Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning","authors":"Gao Guanzhong, Yaping Li, Shengchun Yang, Jiahao Yan, Kedong Zhu, Jianguo Yao, Wenbo Mao","doi":"10.1049/stg2.70028","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The increasing integration of distributed energy resources, controllable loads and energy storage systems is reshaping power systems by enhancing flexibility in supply–demand balancing. However, their large-scale deployment imposes significant communication and computational burdens on dispatch centres. Traditional model-driven scheduling methods often struggle to maintain efficiency and fairness among stakeholders, whereas existing deep reinforcement learning approaches lack mechanisms to address real-time response deviations within resource clusters leading to unstable policy performance. To tackle these challenges, this paper proposes a real-time scheduling strategy for partitioned power grids based on multi-agent deep reinforcement learning. A hierarchical distributed control framework is developed, where different agents manage regional grids and coordinate decision-making across flexible resource clusters. The framework adopts centralised training and distributed execution integrating real-time regulation performance as a regularisation term in agent rewards to improve learning stability and decision efficiency. Simulation results under varying renewable energy penetration levels demonstrate that the proposed method enhances scheduling performance and system robustness. This approach provides a promising solution for managing large-scale flexible resources and contributes to the intelligent operation of new type power systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.70028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144869714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Distribution Feeder Fault Detection Method Considering Transient Frequency Response of Distributed Power Supply","authors":"Zhongqiang Zhou, Yixin Xia, Yuan Wen, Zhi Zhou, Moujun Deng, Xiang Liao, Jupeng Zeng","doi":"10.1049/stg2.70031","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Single-phase ground faults can occur in distribution networks, which bring harm to the safe operation of distribution networks. With the continuous development of new energy technology, distributed power supply is also accessed to the distribution network in large quantities. This paper analysed the impact of distributed power supply from the perspective of its transient frequency response. It explores the changing rules and characteristics of the fault travelling wave in the frequency and time domains, revealing its time–frequency–amplitude three-dimensional characteristics. Accordingly, a detection method based on energy distribution characteristics is proposed, and the thresholds for startup and fault detection are given. The sensitivity of the startup criterion and the accuracy of fault detection are verified through simulation analysis, and the method is able to identify transient disturbances and faults, and also has a certain anti-interference ability. In addition, experimental validation was carried out in a physical test field, and the results show that the proposed method is applicable in practical application scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.70031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144810996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IET Smart GridPub Date : 2025-08-09DOI: 10.1049/stg2.70030
Wei Xiao, Qiongyan Fang, Ting Li, Wangyan Li, Fuwen Yang
{"title":"A Rapid Resilient Critical Load Recovery of Microgrid Network Using Floyd-Based Particle Swarm Optimisation","authors":"Wei Xiao, Qiongyan Fang, Ting Li, Wangyan Li, Fuwen Yang","doi":"10.1049/stg2.70030","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extreme weather events pose a significant threat to customer safety by exacerbating the ageing and obsolescence of power distribution infrastructure, resulting in prolonged power outages and disruptions of critical services. Therefore, there is a pressing need for the rapid recovery of critical loads during disasters to strengthen the resilience of the distribution system. To this end, combining the theories of <i>weighted average consensus</i> (WAC) and <i>particle swarm optimisation</i> (PSO) based on Floyd algorithm, a rapid <i>resilient critical load recovery architecture</i> (RCLRA) with two-level architecture is proposed. At the consensus level, the WAC is employed to promptly detect and isolate the faulty nodes, maintaining the stability and reliability of the system. At the <i>microgrid</i> (MG) formation level, the PSO based on Floyd algorithm is introduced to optimise MG formations under the shortest path, thereby maximising the resilience of the grid recovery after malfunctions and ensuring the connectivity of critical loads. The simulations utilise a standard IEEE 123-node feeder comprising 5 <i>distributed energy resources</i> (DERs) and 11 critical loads. The results verify that the RCLRA can significantly enhances the resilience of the distribution system in terms of the reserve capacity of DERs, maximum weighted load loss rate, and relative load recovery rate.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.70030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145128993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IET Smart GridPub Date : 2025-07-25DOI: 10.1049/stg2.70027
Sheroze Liaquat, Tanveer Hussain, Fadi Agha Kassab, Arshid Ali, Berk Celik, Robert Fourney, Timothy M. Hansen
{"title":"An Integrated Two-Stage Hybrid P2P-DR Transactive Energy Trading Platform Using Iterative Distributed-Mixed Integer Linear Optimisation","authors":"Sheroze Liaquat, Tanveer Hussain, Fadi Agha Kassab, Arshid Ali, Berk Celik, Robert Fourney, Timothy M. Hansen","doi":"10.1049/stg2.70027","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Transactive energy frameworks, such as demand response (DR) and peer-to-peer (P2P) trading, can enhance the welfare of electricity market participants by fully utilising distributed energy resources. This research proposes an iterative two-stage DR-P2P framework using a combined alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) and mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) approach to capture the inter-stage dependence of the individual DR and P2P frameworks. MILP solves the DR schedule of the market participants based on the input of the P2P platform, whereas the trading behaviour of the customers is optimised using the ADMM approach during the P2P stage. An iterative two-stage approach is designed to find the combined optimal solution for both P2P and DR stages. In addition to the DR and P2P constraints, the power transfer distribution factor-based method is suggested to formulate the trading losses and network utilisation fee models for the combined framework trading over the physical distribution network. Additionally, the voltage variations in the network are determined using the voltage sensitivity coefficients. The combined P2P-DR platform is tested for IEEE-13 bus distribution system for different test scenarios. It is shown that the suggested P2P-DR network increases the savings of the market participants by 7.8% compared to the individual P2P and DR stages. Additionally, using the combined P2P-DR network, the welfare of the market participants is increased by approximately 14.32%.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.70027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144705549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IET Smart GridPub Date : 2025-07-16DOI: 10.1049/stg2.70016
Binbin Zhang, Cong Li, Chaobo Chen, Kun Wang
{"title":"Research on Sub-Synchronous Oscillation Suppression Strategy of Direct-Drive Wind Turbine Based on Fuzzy Active Disturbance Rejection Control","authors":"Binbin Zhang, Cong Li, Chaobo Chen, Kun Wang","doi":"10.1049/stg2.70016","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<p>For the sub-synchronous oscillation (SSO) phenomenon that occurs during the grid-connection process of direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine (D-PMSG), the traditional PI controller is less effective. For this reason, this paper proposes a SSO suppression strategy based on a fuzzy active disturbance rejection control (fuzzy-ADRC). The strategy replaces the PI controller with ADRC by optimising the control structure of the wind turbine grid-side converter and combines the fuzzy algorithm to self-tune the ADRC parameters and dynamically adjust the nonlinear error feedback coefficients to cope with the complexity and uncertainty of the grid-connected wind power system. The simulation results show that fuzzy-ADRC can effectively suppress the SSO within 0.25 s, which is significantly better than the traditional PI controller (unable to suppress) and SSDC (suppression time of 0.3 s), and the suppression time is shortened by 0.75 s compared with the sliding mode control (suppression time of 1 s). In addition, it can maintain system stability under different string complement levels and different wind speeds as well as under system faults and grid disturbances.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.70016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144647022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}