IET Smart Grid最新文献

{"title":"Smart grid security: Attacks and defence techniques","authors":"Yoonjib Kim,&nbsp;Saqib Hakak,&nbsp;Ali Ghorbani","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12090","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.12090","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The smart grid (SG) consists of three main components, that is, Information Technology (IT), Operational Technology (OT), and Advanced Metring Infrastructure (AMI). Due to the integration of these components, electricity is efficiently managed and transmitted. Over the past few years, cyberattacks on the SG have risen. Several studies are being conducted to mitigate these attacks. A survey on cyberattacks on IT, OT, and AMI is conducted. We have also identified new research challenges and explored future research directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"6 2","pages":"103-123"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46534591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal operation of virtual power plants with shared energy storage","authors":"Wenxule Chen,&nbsp;Yue Xiang,&nbsp;Junyong Liu","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12084","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.12084","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The emergence of the shared energy storage mode provides a solution for promoting renewable energy utilization. However, how establishing a multi-agent optimal operation model in dealing with benefit distribution under the shared energy storage is still a challenge. Considering the multi-agent integrated virtual power plant (VPP) taking part in the electricity market, an energy trading model based on the sharing mechanism is proposed to explore the effect of the shared energy storage on multiple virtual power plants (MVPPs). To analyse the relationship among MVPPs in the shared energy storage system (SESS), a game-theoretic method is introduced to simulate the bidding behaviour of VPP. Furthermore, the benefit distribution problem of the virtual power plant operator (VPPO) is formulated based on the Nash bargaining theory. In the case study, the proposed method is conducted in four VPPs with different resource endowments in terms of techno-economic and operation efficiency. Results verify that the multiple virtual power plants with a shared energy storage system interconnection system based on the sharing mechanism not only can achieve a win-win situation between the VPPO and the SESS on an operation cost but also obtain the optimal allocation scheme and improves the operation efficiency of the VPPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"6 2","pages":"147-157"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48704309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Siamese Sigmoid Networks for the open classification of grid disturbances in power transmission systems","authors":"André Kummerow,&nbsp;Mohammad Dirbas,&nbsp;Cristian Monsalve,&nbsp;Peter Bretschneider","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12083","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.12083","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The online classification of grid disturbances is an important prerequisite for an automated and reliable operation of power transmission systems. Most of the state-of-the-art approaches assume that all classes are already known in the training phase and cannot handle new disturbance events, which appear in the application phase and lead to severe misclassifications. To mitigate this shortcoming, the disturbance detection is investigated as an open classification task and a novel recurrent Siamese neural network architecture is introduced to identify and locate known and unknown disturbance events from phasor measurements. Extending preliminary work, a probabilistic distance-based classification approach with an integrated rejection mechanism is presented, which enables to learn class-dependent decision boundaries and margins to reduce the open-set risk. A detailed performance analysis is presented including multiple benchmark methods in different closed-set and open-set classification tasks for a simulated power transmission system. Additionally, a limited and full observability of the grid with phasor measurements are addressed in the experiments.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"6 2","pages":"136-146"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47309416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blockchain technologies empowering peer-to-peer trading in multi-energy systems: From advanced technologies towards applications","authors":"Weiqi Hua,&nbsp;Fengji Luo,&nbsp;Liang Du,&nbsp;Sijie Chen,&nbsp;Taesic Kim,&nbsp;Thomas Morstyn,&nbsp;Valentin Robu,&nbsp;Yue Zhou","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12081","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.12081","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;In efforts to decarbonise electricity, transport, and heating sectors, policy makers facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources and demand side management in multi-energy systems. With the support of the smart grid, an increasing number of consumers start to produce, store, and consume energy using zero-carbon electricity and heating sources, for example, solar panels, electric vehicles, and air source heat pumps, giving them the new role of multi-energy prosumers. A flexible local energy market structure and intelligent operations of smart grid are crucial factors for accommodating the role of multi-energy prosumers. The blockchain technologies, for example, smart contracts and hypothetical technology, pave the path for the peer-to-peer (P2P) energy markets, which are open and accessible to prosumers with enhanced automation, security, and privacy. The state-of-the-art research and scientific innovations bring these advanced blockchain technologies towards applications into multi-energy systems.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This special issue aims to solicit the innovative research on the blockchain empowering peer-to-peer trading in multi-energy systems. The scope of the research includes a single (multiple) energy vector(s) (e.g., electricity, gas, or heat), technologies (e.g., blockchain, smart contracts, or machine learning), theories (e.g., P2P trading mechanisms, pricing schemes, communication protocols, or consensus mechanisms) and applications (e.g., blockchain platforms or prosumer-centric energy scheduling).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;There are in total six papers accepted for publication in this Special Issue after the careful peer-review and revision process. The selected papers are broadly categorised into three topics, with details provided as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;‘Research on Key Technologies of P2P Transaction in Virtual Power Plant Based on Blockchain’ proposed by Li &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; analysed the consensus mechanism and smart contract of the blockchain technology in order to support the transaction interaction between internal resources of virtual power plants. The interactions of multiple energy sources within the virtual power plants, including the solar photovoltaic, hydro power, wind power, storage equipment, and electric car, were modelled by the game theory. These energy sources optimally complement each other in a manner of the P2P energy trading under the designed blockchain networks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;‘Evaluating the Added Value of Blockchains to Local Energy Markets–Comparing the Performance of Blockchain-Based and Centralized Implementations’ proposed by Zade &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; investigated the potential applications of blockchain technologies on the local energy markets. A comparative performance analysis between a blockchain-based and a central local energy market was performed to highlight the requirement of local energy markets for blockchain technologies. A periodic double auction and settlement mechanism was designed to support the operation of blockchain-based loca","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"5 4","pages":"219-222"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12081","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44362316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cloud data center participation in smart demand response programs for energy cost minimisation","authors":"Seyed Mohammad Sheikholeslami,&nbsp;Amir Masoud Rabiei,&nbsp;Mahmoud Mohammad-Taheri,&nbsp;Jamshid Abouei","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12082","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.12082","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Demand Response Programs (DRPs) in Smart Grid (SG) are designed to encourage consumers to shift their loads to regions and hours with less load stress by alternating the price of electricity. On the other hand, with the emergence of cloud computing, the demand for cloud data centres increases resulting in high energy costs. In this paper, we address the problem of cloud data centre demand response in an SG area in presence of utility companies which compete to attract more customers. We formulate two optimization problems for cloud and data centres to minimise their costs by changing their energy demand. These problems are shown to be convex and can be readily solved by standard convex optimization techniques. We also propose an algorithm for cloud and data centres to participate in DRPs by concurrently performing regional and temporal workload management. The uncertainty of renewable energy generation in data centres is treated by training a multilayer perceptron to predict the generated energy. Numerical results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms other existing algorithms in terms of the energy cost. In addition, our algorithm flattens the energy demand profile of utility companies and balances the electric load across different locations.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"5 5","pages":"380-394"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12082","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45572874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decentralised strategy for energy management of collaborative microgrids using multi-agent system","authors":"Abdallah El Zerk,&nbsp;Mohammed Ouassaid,&nbsp;Youssef Zidani","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12077","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.12077","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, the concept of collaborative microgrids (MGs) with shareable resources is introduced. The developed concept enables the householders of an isolated district or neighbourhood to cooperate and communicate intelligently in order to establish a reliable and proprietary MG. Therefore, a multi-agent system solution for a distributed energy management system is designed. The proposed approach should first supply households while maintaining MG stability. Second, it offers designers decent programing flexibility and ensures system adaptability when households are added or removed. Three agents are developed, the nanogrid (NG) agent which handles the centralised energy management of the NG and messages the Master agent with the necessary information. The Master agent is responsible for the decentralised management of energy over the microgrid and controls the switches. The management strategy using multi-agent systems aims to encourage customers considered as NG to contribute energy to the MG. The strategy relies on the implementation of a point-based remuneration model in which the collected points depend on the contribution. The results highlight the importance of the proposed approach, which can be exploited to connect and supply isolated facilities intelligently.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"5 6","pages":"440-462"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42737920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intelligent energy management of low carbon hybrid energy system with solid oxide fuel cell and accurate battery model","authors":"Tao Chen,&nbsp;Ciwei Gao,&nbsp;Zhengqin Wang,&nbsp;Hao Ming,&nbsp;Meng Song,&nbsp;Xingyu Yan","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12080","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.12080","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, an intelligent energy management method is introduced to deal with the hydrogen-dominant hybrid energy system with low carbon consideration. Specially, both the new type fuel cell, solid oxide fuel cell, and chemical battery are subtly modelled to construct a high-efficient hybrid energy system, in which the thermodynamics feature and accurate battery model characteristics, as well as low carbon effect, are considered. Because the hybrid energy system incorporates various complex dynamic operation features that are hard to capture via conventional operation strategy, an energy management method based on deep reinforcement learning techniques is proposed to guide the intelligent operation with self-adaptive performance. In the simulation, it is observed that highly efficient use of hydrogen in the hybrid energy system with the aid of chemical battery could achieve good economic benefit, as well as low carbon advantages. Powered by the gas and chemical energy coupling storage effect and state-of-the-art machine learning methods, the proposed intelligent energy management strategy can benefit more renewable energy adoption and guarantee the ultimate environmental friendly low carbon ecosystem in the long-term future.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"6 1","pages":"28-37"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42809932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A uber-airbnb mixture flexibility peer-to-peer market in integrated TSO-DSO architecture","authors":"Lanqing Shan,&nbsp;Chenghong Gu,&nbsp;Furong Li","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12076","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.12076","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the launch of global decarbonisation, the infiltration of low-carbon distributed energy resources (DERs) is increasing. The future transaction platforms for those flexibilities are considered to be peer-to-peer (P2P) ones conforming to resources' characteristics of small-scale and independence. This research reviews current flexibility-related topics and proposes one P2P flexibility market filling in the gaps. The contribution of this research includes: (1) it constructs a flexibility market combining pricing strategy and matching strategy of the mature and successful real-world P2P business models, accommodating the penetration of DERs. The proposed automatic trading market could mobilise the enthusiasm of market participants and satisfy individuals' needs for a convenient market. (2) it proposes a dynamic pricing strategy where prices fluctuate with the features and portfolios of market participants. More adequate market signals are provided with the promotion of market equity. (3) it discusses the segmentation tendency of the flexibility market when considering energy products as pure commodities following the disintegration from the transmission system operator to the distribution system operator. The feasibility of the proposed market under future energy scenarios is thus explored.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"6 1","pages":"48-66"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12076","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46267673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rental strategy for energy storage to participate in frequency regulation market","authors":"Xiaorong Wang,&nbsp;Yundong Yu,&nbsp;Xiaohe Yan,&nbsp;Nian Liu","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12079","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.12079","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Energy storage (ES) can help the renewable energy sources to smooth their output and enhance their profits, which promotes the installation of ES. However, it is inappropriate for small-scale renewable energy communities (REC) to invest costly ES, which requests a new business model to explore the possibility to rent ES for more returns. This paper proposes an ES rental strategy for REC to participate in the frequency regulation market (FRM). Firstly, the FRM is modelled considering the regulation capacity and mileage price. Then, the rental model for REC is built considering capacity rental costs and ES using costs. The correlation of rental capacity with reserved capacity and mileage is built through rental costs and revenue in FRM. The operation method for ES is carried out to maximise the total profits of REC. Finally, the whole model is demonstrated with a REC which has 35 MW photovoltaic and 113 MW wind turbine. The results show that under different rental and market prices, the REC can effectively choose the optimal rental strategy and its profits can mostly be raised by 19.63%.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"6 1","pages":"38-47"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12079","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43946396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prototypical communication systems for electrical distribution system analysis: Design basis and exemplification through co-simulation","authors":"Bishnu Bhattarai,&nbsp;Laurentiu Marinovici,&nbsp;Francis Tuffner,&nbsp;Kevin Schneider,&nbsp;Xiaoyuan Fan,&nbsp;Frederick Rutz,&nbsp;Gowtham Kandaperumal","doi":"10.1049/stg2.12075","DOIUrl":"10.1049/stg2.12075","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper develops prototypical communication system (PCS) models to support the analysis of electric distribution systems dependency on communication. Though there exist representative and prototypical distribution test systems, i.e., IEEE test feeders and the taxonomy of prototypical feeders, there are no standard definitions of communication systems appropriate for studies of system interdependence. To accurately represent the impact communication systems have on electric distribution system operations, the paper introduces the design basis for developing PCS models highlighting key characteristics of communication systems architectures and commonly-deployed technologies. It follows with functional definitions, implementations, and an example of how PCSs can be used for system analysis. The approach leverages existing open-source modeling and simulation tools. Co-simulation is achieved with ns-3 for PCSs, GridLAB-Dtextsuperscript{texttrademark} for distribution systems, and Pythontextsuperscript{texttrademark} for distribution system control centers. The Hierarchical Engine for Large-Scale Infrastructure Co-simulation (HELICS) environment is used to federate these individual simulators. It allows for different PCSs to be integrated with distribution systems and analyzed in different scenarios. This underlines the importance of correctly identifying network topologies and technologies and their impact on the system control strategies. Though this work uses specific tools development and implementation, the PCS models can be used in other simulation environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":36490,"journal":{"name":"IET Smart Grid","volume":"5 5","pages":"363-379"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/stg2.12075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48530468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}