Etransportation最新文献

{"title":"Lithium-ion battery sudden death: Safety degradation and failure mechanism","authors":"Guangxu Zhang ,&nbsp;Xuezhe Wei ,&nbsp;Xueyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Jiangong Zhu ,&nbsp;Siqi Chen ,&nbsp;Gang Wei ,&nbsp;Xiaopeng Tang ,&nbsp;Xin Lai ,&nbsp;Haifeng Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2024.100333","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Environmental pollution and energy scarcity have acted as catalysts for the energy revolution, particularly driving the rapid progression of vehicle electrification. Lithium-ion batteries play a fundamental role as the pivotal components in electric vehicles. Nevertheless, battery sudden death poses substantial challenges to battery design and management. This work comprehensively investigates the failure mechanism of cell sudden death under different degradation paths and its impact on cell performances. Multi-angle characterization analysis shows that lithium plating is the primary failure mechanism of battery sudden death under different degradation paths. However, the formation mechanisms of lithium plating differ in various degradation paths. In the path-L and path-F, the limited lithium intercalation rate in graphite leads to lithium plating, while localized anode drying and uneven potential distribution are the causes in the path-H and path-R. Furthermore, sudden death significantly reduces the cell electrochemical performances and thermal safety, but the cell performance evolution varies under different degradation paths. Sudden death primarily affects the anode interface polarization process in the path-L and path-F, with a more severe impact on cell thermal safety. However, sudden death mainly affects the charge transfer process, with a relatively milder impact on cell thermal safety. These findings can provide valuable insights for optimizing battery design and management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100333"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140606626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How does room temperature cycling ageing affect lithium-ion battery behaviors under extreme indentation?","authors":"Yunlong Qu,&nbsp;Bobin Xing,&nbsp;Yong Xia,&nbsp;Qing Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2024.100331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Safety of lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells throughout the whole lifecycle has drawn enormous research interest. Understanding how cycling ageing affects the mechanical-electrical-thermal responses of LIB cells under mechanical abuse is meaningful for more considerate safety design. In the present study, impact of room temperature ageing on morphology of lithium-ion pouch cell was experimentally explored at first, which clearly identified the deposition phenomenon on electrodes induced by electrolyte consumption. Spherical indentation along out-of-plane direction was carried out on both pristine and aged cells, in which the mechanical-electrical-thermal responses were all monitored. Test results indicate that the mechanical response of the aged cells is quite distinct from the pristine ones, characterized by a rightward shift of the force-displacement curve. Electrical and thermal responses of the aged cells were comparatively less severe. It is inferred that those deposits generated during the ageing process postpone the failure of cells. The short circuit of aged cells behaves relatively tenderly as short contact is alleviated by deposits on the surface of electrodes. By combining the present results with previous researches, correlation between the ageing mechanism and the mechanical abuse failure was sorted for different cells subjected to different ageing processes. It is recognized that changes in mechanical, electrical, and thermal responses of aged cells are highly dependent on both ageing condition and battery configuration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100331"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140558477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive study of various carbon-free vehicle propulsion systems utilizing ammonia-hydrogen synergy fuel","authors":"Nuo Lei,&nbsp;Hao Zhang,&nbsp;Hu Chen,&nbsp;Zhi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2024.100332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ammonia and hydrogen, as carbon-free clean energy, can be converted and applied in various scenarios. They can also be mixed to achieve synergistic efficiency. To promote the carbon-neutral development of heavy-duty vehicles, this paper studies an ammonia-hydrogen powertrain equipped with both a fuel cell and an engine (FCEAP). This powertrain efficiently allocates energy between multiple power sources and exploits the potential of ammonia-hydrogen synergy fuel. The modeling of FCEAP is based on experimental data obtained from engine bench tests, and the control strategy enables real-time control. Additionally, FCEAP undergoes multi-objective co-optimization using the non-dominated sorting algorithm-III (NSGA-III). By optimizing ammonia consumption, acceleration time, and manufacturing cost, Pareto solutions for the configuration and control strategy parameters are obtained. Furthermore, FCEAP is compared to ammonia-hydrogen powertrains equipped with either a fuel cell (FCAP) or an engine (EAP). The trade-off solutions indicate that FCEAP effectively balances energy consumption and manufacturing cost compared with FCAP and EAP. A comprehensive analysis of the energy flow distribution within various ammonia-hydrogen powertrains is conducted, revealing the operational processes and details of each component. The proposed ammonia-hydrogen powertrain represents an important technological pathway for achieving carbon neutrality in the future heavy-duty long-haul trucks industry.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100332"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140552384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in separator design for lithium metal batteries without dendrite formation: Implications for electric vehicles","authors":"Yu Lei ,&nbsp;Lulu Xu ,&nbsp;Qing Nian Chan ,&nbsp;Ao Li ,&nbsp;Anthony Chun Yin Yuen ,&nbsp;Yao Yuan ,&nbsp;Guan Heng Yeoh ,&nbsp;Wei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2024.100330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Electric vehicle (EV) technology addresses the challenge of reducing carbon and greenhouse gas emissions. The power battery, which serves as the energy source for EVs, directly impacts their driving range, maximum speed, and service life. Considering the high energy density requirements for future EVs, lithium metal anodes possess several advantages such as high theoretical capacity, high energy and power density, and low electrochemical reduction potential which enable them to be a promising material for next-generation batteries. However, lithium metal anodes suffer from short cycle life and safety concerns due to the formation of dendritic and moss-like metal deposits that impede battery performance and reliability. This review will feature the recent advancement of functional separators to tackle these challenges. Firstly, this review presents a comprehensive review of the growth mechanism of lithium dendrites and delineates the underlying processes leading to battery failure. This aims to deepen understanding, which serves as a fundamental basis for classifying separators. Then, according to the growth of lithium dendrites and the failure process of lithium metal batteries, namely lithium-ion nucleation, growth of lithium dendrites, penetration of lithium dendrites into the separator, thermal runaway and even failure of the battery, four types of functional separators for different stages are proposed. The functions of these types of separators are to prevent the nucleation of lithium ions and regulate the uniform deposition of lithium ions, detect and eliminate dendrites, increase the mechanical strength of the separator and enhance the thermal stability and flame-retardancy of the separators, respectively. Finally, the recent advances of the above strategies are reviewed and discussed, existing critical problems are identified, and the future perspective of functional separators for the safety of lithium metal batteries is also discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100330"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590116824000201/pdfft?md5=3539b65fc39a5d7928a0176ed21acf0f&pid=1-s2.0-S2590116824000201-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140552383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding range variability in electric vehicles: Unravelling the influence of cell-to-cell parameter variation and pack configuration","authors":"Sourabh Singh ,&nbsp;Sarbani Mandal ,&nbsp;Sai Krishna Mulpuri ,&nbsp;Bikash Sah ,&nbsp;Praveen Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2024.100329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study addresses the common occurrence of cell-to-cell variations arising from manufacturing tolerances and their implications during battery production. The focus is on assessing the impact of these inherent differences in cells and exploring diverse cell and module connection methods on battery pack performance and their subsequent influence on the driving range of electric vehicles (EVs). The analysis spans three battery pack sizes, encompassing various constant discharge rates and nine distinct drive cycles representative of driving behaviours across different regions of India. Two interconnection topologies, categorised as “string” and “cross”, are examined. The findings reveal that cross-connected packs exhibit reduced energy output compared to string-connected configurations, which is reflected in the driving range outcomes observed during drive cycle simulations. Additionally, the study investigates the effects of standard deviation in cell parameters, concluding that an increased standard deviation (SD) leads to decreased energy output from the packs. Notably, string-connected packs demonstrate superior performance in terms of extractable energy under such conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100329"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590116824000195/pdfft?md5=95f9f4099b650810285e13132b2d7ba7&pid=1-s2.0-S2590116824000195-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140540281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multidimensional fire propagation of lithium-ion phosphate batteries for energy storage","authors":"Qinzheng Wang ,&nbsp;Huaibin Wang ,&nbsp;Chengshan Xu ,&nbsp;Changyong Jin ,&nbsp;Shilin Wang ,&nbsp;Lejun Xu ,&nbsp;Jiting Ouyang ,&nbsp;Xuning Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2024.100328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In electrochemical energy storage stations, battery modules are stacked layer by layer on the racks. During the thermal runaway process of the battery, combustible mixture gases are vented. Once ignited by high-temperature surfaces or arcing, the resulting intense jet fire can cause the spread of both the same-layer and upper-layer battery modules. The direction of thermal runaway propagation of the battery involves both horizontal and vertical dimensions. Currently, there is a lack of quantitative research on the multidimensional fire propagation mechanism and heat flow patterns of the “thermal runaway-spontaneous heating-flaming” process in lithium-ion phosphate batteries. This paper conducts multidimensional fire propagation experiments on lithium-ion phosphate batteries in a realistic electrochemical energy storage station scenario. It investigates the propagation characteristics of lithium-ion phosphate batteries in both horizontal and vertical directions, the heat flow patterns during multidimensional propagation, and elucidates the influence mechanism of flame radiation heat transfer on thermal runaway propagation. Research indicates that when the heat transfer reaches 56.6 kJ, it triggers the fire propagation of cell. The heat required to trigger the fire propagation of a battery module is 35.99 kJ. In vertical fire propagation, the thermal runaway propagation time of the upper module is shorter (reduced from 122.3 s to 62.3 s), the temperature is higher (increased from 610.6 °C to 645 °C), the heat release is greater (increased from 205.69 kJ to 221.05 kJ), and the combustion is more intense. The research results of this paper can provide a theoretical basis and technical guidance for the fire safety design of energy storage stations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100328"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140350845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring local oxygen transport in low-Pt loading proton exchange membrane fuel cells: A comprehensive review","authors":"Fengman Sun ,&nbsp;Qian Di ,&nbsp;Ming Chen ,&nbsp;Haijun Liu ,&nbsp;Haijiang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In light of the widespread commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) on a global scale, the expeditious resolution of challenges pertaining to cost and performance has become imperative. The strategy of fabricating cathode featuring ultralow Pt loading stands out as a pivotal technical avenue for enhancing the cost competitiveness of PEMFCs. Whereas, within low-Pt electrode, local oxygen transport resistance (<em>R</em>_Local), emanated from the oxygen transport process through the ionomer film positioned on Pt surface, assumes a paramount role in the manifestation of concentration polarization losses. This comprehensive review encapsulates the latest strides in understanding and addressing <em>R</em>_Local, while concurrently delineating prospective for future research endeavors in this domain. Commencing with an elucidation of the genesis of <em>R</em>_Local, the micro-characterization technologies in discerning Pt/ionomer interface structure are systematically scrutinized. Subsequently, a retrospect of methodologies and theoretical models for quantifying <em>R</em>_Local is presented, encompassing both experimental test and numerical simulation. After that, we critically examine a spectrum of innovative and efficacious strategies aimed at mitigating <em>R</em>_Local, including modifying Pt surface, designing carbon support, tuning ionomer, optimizing solvent, and constructing catalyst layer. Finally, this review proffers forward-looking viewpoints on the research orientation and methods of <em>R</em>_Local in future investigations, which significantly contribute to the cognition of local oxygen transport and, concomitantly, design of high-performance fuel cell electrodes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100327"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140182096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced EV charging algorithm considering data-driven workplace chargers categorization with multiple vehicle types","authors":"Cesar Diaz-Londono ,&nbsp;Gabriele Fambri ,&nbsp;Paolo Maffezzoni ,&nbsp;Giambattista Gruosso","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2024.100326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The increasing penetration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) presents significant challenges in integrating EV chargers. To address this, precise smart EV charging strategies are imperative to prevent a surge in peak power demand and ensure seamless charger integration. In this article, a smart EV charging pool algorithm employing optimal control is proposed. The main objective is to minimize the charge point operator’s cost while maximizing its EV chargers’ flexibility. The algorithm adeptly manages the charger pilot signal standard and accommodates the non-ideal behavior of EV batteries across various vehicle types. It ensures the fulfillment of vehicle owners’ preferences regarding the departure state of charge. Additionally, we develop a data-driven characterization of EV workplace chargers, considering power levels and estimated battery capacities. A novel methodology for computing the EV battery’s arrival state of charge is also introduced. The efficacy of the EV charging algorithm is evaluated through multiple simulation campaigns, ranging from individual charger responses to comprehensive charging pool analyses. Simulation results are compared with those of a typical minimum-time strategy, revealing cost reductions and significant power savings based on the flexibility of EV chargers. This novel algorithm emerges as a valuable tool for accurately managing the power demanded by an EV charging station, offering flexible services to the electrical grid.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100326"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259011682400016X/pdfft?md5=512c291d2886f490b86aaa946e1f9ef3&pid=1-s2.0-S259011682400016X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140138463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High flame retardant composite phase change materials with triphenyl phosphate for thermal safety system of power battery module","authors":"Wensheng Yang ,&nbsp;Canbing Li ,&nbsp;Xinxi Li ,&nbsp;Hewu Wang ,&nbsp;Jian Deng ,&nbsp;Tieqiang Fu ,&nbsp;Yunjun Luo ,&nbsp;Yan Wang ,&nbsp;Kunlong Xue ,&nbsp;Guoqing Zhang ,&nbsp;Dequan Zhou ,&nbsp;Yaoxiang Du ,&nbsp;Xuxiong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2024.100325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The thermal safety of battery pack has attracted much attention accompany with the growth in electric vehicles (EVs) in recent years. Although various battery thermal management systems (BTMS) are investigated by many research, the thermal runaway propagation (TRP) of battery packs under extremely abused conditions is just at the level of structural design and theoretical model. How to explore an innovative technology to improve the integrated thermal safety including the BTMS and TRP is still a great challenge. In this study, a multifunctional flame-retardant paraffin (PA)/styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)/expanded graphite (EG)/methylphenyl silicone resin (MPS)/triphenyl phosphate (TPP) composite phase change material (PSEMT) has successfully prepared. Besides, it has applied in 26650 ternary power battery modules. When the proportion of MPS and TPP is 1:2, the experimental results reveal that PSEMT possesses high thermal stability, and excellent flame-retardant properties owing to synergistic flame-retardant effect with phosphorus and silicon. Further, the cylindrical 26650 battery module with PSEMT exhibits optimum thermal management performance. Even at 2C discharge rate after ten cycles, the maximum operating temperature of battery module can still be maintained below 50 °C, and the maximum temperature difference is controlled within 4.6 °C. Additionally, it displays an excellent thermal runaway suppression through triggering by multiple heat sources. What's more, the battery with PSEMT can suppress the peak temperature and delay the occurrence time of thermal runaway. Therefore, it can be induced that the battery module with PSEMT can effectively avoid heat accumulation and significantly reduce its thermal safety risk. This study offers a new solution with promising prospects from the perspectives of energy storage and EVs, for balancing the temperature inconsistencies in batteries and suppressing thermal runaway in the battery packs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100325"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140067405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the electrochemical and mechanical properties of lithium-ion batteries in salt spray environments","authors":"Jiaying Chen ,&nbsp;Binqi Li ,&nbsp;Jianping Li ,&nbsp;You Gao ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Hao ,&nbsp;Lubing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the pressing need to expedite the transition toward a greener marine industry, energy-efficient and eco-friendly lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are increasingly favored. However, compared to land applications, marine environments pose unique challenges to the utilization of LIBs, thereby necessitating targeted safety measures. In this study, prismatic LIBs (PLIBs) are subjected to standard salt spray tests to emulate marine environments, and the resultant morphological changes and external voltage response of the batteries under the corrosion behavior are analyzed. Subsequently, the impacts of the salt spray environment on the electrochemical performance of PLIBs are assessed through a range of characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and charge-discharge test. Finally, quasi-static ball indentation tests are carried out on the corroded batteries to study the behaviors under mechanical abusive loading scenarios. Results reveal that the most prominent effect of the salt spray environment on the batteries is the occurrence of swelling, attributable to the imperfect sealing of the battery tabs. This study represents an innovative exploration of the viability of LIBs in the marine environments, providing fundamental theoretical guidance for early detection of battery corrosion and collision risks, as well as facilitating protective design considerations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100324"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140057513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}