Etransportation最新文献

{"title":"Early warning strategy for overheating-induced thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries based on fast impedance measurement","authors":"Bingbing Hu ,&nbsp;Qi Zhang ,&nbsp;Dafang Wang ,&nbsp;Ziwei Hao ,&nbsp;Xuan Liang ,&nbsp;Kai Xiong ,&nbsp;Dianbo Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reliable early warning of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) thermal runaway (TR) remains a pivotal yet unresolved challenge in battery safety research. Given the escalating risks of LIB fire hazards, developing timely and reliable early-stage TR detection methods holds significant practical importance. In this study, we conducted TR experiments triggered by overheating on pouch cells at varying states of charge (SOC). A rapid impedance testing platform was established to monitor real-time impedance at five characteristic frequency points during TR progression. Concurrently, parameters including temperature, voltage, and impedance were analyzed throughout the process. The TR event was divided into four distinct phases based on the evolution of impedance: heat conduction-dominated phase, gas generation-dominated phase, partial internal short circuit-dominated phase, and thermal runaway phase. Based on impedance characteristics at specified frequencies and their corresponding TR mechanisms, a two-level early warning strategy was developed. This method successfully achieved TR warning and demonstrated a 93.1 % alert time ahead of significant voltage drop or intense temperature rise in validation experiments using an NCA cell. These findings provide critical insights for enhancing the monitoring capabilities of battery management systems (BMS) and improving LIB safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100498"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"External pressure effects on thermal runaway in prismatic LiFePO4 batteries: Mechanistic insights for safer battery systems in electric vehicles","authors":"Haipeng Chen ,&nbsp;Yingying Xu ,&nbsp;Yaobo Wu ,&nbsp;Zongrong Wang ,&nbsp;Yuqi Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100488","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100488","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>External pressure significantly influences the thermal runaway (TR) behavior of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the underlying mechanisms by which external pressure affects exothermic reactions, heat transfer, and gas generation during TR remain to be fully clarified. In this study, the mechanistic effects of external pressure on TR in prismatic lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries were systematically investigated through thermal analysis, time-resolved gas chromatography, and postmortem material characterization. Results indicate that external pressures of 0.1 and 0.2 MPa enhance interfacial contact within the battery, thereby increasing internal thermal conductivity. This improvement results in a more uniform temperature distribution, which raises the TR initiation temperature and shifts the initial TR location inward from the battery edge toward the center. However, external pressure accelerates thermal runaway propagation (TRP), with propagation speed at 0.2 MPa increasing by approximately 65 % compared to 0 MPa. Moreover, gas evolution analysis reveals a substantial reduction in total gas yield with increasing external pressure, exhibiting decreases of about 28 % at 0.1 MPa and 53 % at 0.2 MPa relative to 0 MPa. This reduction is primarily attributed to earlier safety venting and prolonged electrolyte evaporation periods. Postmortem characterization highlights intensified exothermic reactions under elevated external pressure, reflecting deeper electrode material degradation. These findings highlight the risk-mitigation effect of external pressure, thereby lowering explosion risk despite the acceleration of TRP, and inform the design and modeling of safer battery systems under realistic mechanical constraints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100488"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing fast-charging protocols with section-based Bayesian optimization for lithium-ion batteries to prevent Li-plating","authors":"Seongho Yoon ,&nbsp;Yoonmo Lee ,&nbsp;Hong-Keun Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a model-based optimization framework for fast-charging protocols in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), combining a physics-based electrochemical model with Bayesian optimization (BO). Two BO-based multi-step constant current (MCC) protocols, namely a single-section and a bi-section strategy, were developed and experimentally validated using a commercial 55.6 Ah pouch-type LIB cell under various conditions. By incorporating physics-informed safety constraints such as Li-plating potential, voltage, and temperature, the proposed BO-MCC protocols reduced charging time by up to 20 percent compared to the conventional constant current constant voltage (CCCV) method, while maintaining plating-free operation and thermal stability. In particular, the bi-section strategy further reduced charging time by up to 11 percent relative to the single-section approach, while effectively suppressing Li-plating and SEI growth. Furthermore, under a high-temperature condition with pre-heated cells at 60 °C, the BO-MCC protocol enabled charging from 0 % to 80 % state of charge within 629 s, thereby satisfying the USABC target for extreme fast charging. Finally, experimental cycling and post-mortem analyses confirmed that the BO-MCC protocols mitigate capacity degradation more effectively than the CCCV method. This work provides a practical and experimentally validated framework for designing efficient and safe fast-charging strategies for electric vehicle(EV) batteries operating under diverse thermal conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100460"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144906872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature-dependent degradation mechanisms of LiFePO4/graphite batteries under multi-step fast charging protocols","authors":"Xi Wang ,&nbsp;Jinyang Dong ,&nbsp;Qi Shi ,&nbsp;Yun Lu ,&nbsp;Kang Yan ,&nbsp;Yibiao Guan ,&nbsp;Xiaolu Yang ,&nbsp;Fangze Zhao ,&nbsp;Ning Li ,&nbsp;Yuefeng Su ,&nbsp;Feng Wu ,&nbsp;Lai Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100455","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100455","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of fast-charging strategies is crucial for advancing lithium-ion battery (LIB) technologies, particularly in applications requiring rapid energy replenishment without compromising long-term durability. This study systematically investigates the temperature-dependent degradation behavior of LiFePO₄/graphite (LFP/Gr) pouch cells under a multi-step fast-charging protocol. A combination of multi-scale non-destructive evaluations and post-mortem structural analyses was employed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Results demonstrate that at moderate temperatures (45 °C), the multi-step charging strategy effectively shortens charging time by approximately one-third compared to conventional methods while maintaining stable cycling performance. However, under elevated temperatures (65 °C), despite the improvement in charging speed, significant acceleration of capacity fading and structural deterioration is observed. Mechanistic insights reveal that active lithium inventory loss, rather than active material degradation, predominantly governs the aging process, with thermal effects exacerbating side reactions, interfacial instability, and lattice disorder. Furthermore, the interplay between lithium-ion transport, polarization effects, and mechanical stress under varying thermal conditions critically impacts electrode integrity. These findings highlight that while multi-step fast charging provides considerable efficiency advantages under controlled conditions, it substantially amplifies degradation at higher temperatures, necessitating temperature-sensitive optimization to balance charging speed with long-term battery stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100455"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grid-friendly operation of EV parking lots: Optimal load management under cluster power and phase unbalance constraints","authors":"Xihai Cao,&nbsp;Jan Engelhardt,&nbsp;Charalampos Ziras,&nbsp;Mattia Marinelli","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The diversity of electric vehicles (EVs), each with distinct charging characteristics, necessitates the evolution of load management strategies. To ensure compliance with grid requirements, these strategies must account for each EV’s charging type (single- or three-phase) and power. This paper proposes an optimal load management method to distribute charging power among EVs in capacity-limited systems, while adhering to power and phase unbalance constraints. The algorithm is complemented with a charging type identification method that determines the characteristics of each EV upon connection. A case study based on real-world charging data from Athens, Greece, examines the impact of varying shares of single- and three-phase EVs and different phase unbalance limits. By utilizing the allowable unbalance level defined by grid regulations, the proposed method ensures grid-compliant operation of EV parking lots while maximizing user satisfaction—achieving an unbalance limit violation rate below 1% and an average energy fulfillment exceeding 98%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100458"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fast reconstruction of non-uniform temperature fields in large-scale blade battery enabled by partitioned equivalent heat generation resistance modeling","authors":"Kai Shen ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Yuan ,&nbsp;Peng Ding ,&nbsp;Bin He ,&nbsp;Gan Song ,&nbsp;Xing Pang ,&nbsp;Yufang Lu ,&nbsp;Xin Lai ,&nbsp;Xiangqi Meng ,&nbsp;Xuning Feng ,&nbsp;Yuejiu Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the increasingly trend toward the large-scale batteries, a multitude of new and diverse-shaped large batteries, such as blade battery and 4680 cell, have been applied. Temperature inhomogeneity is a new critical issue that arises during the operation of large-size blade batteries, it can have adverse effects on the performance, life, and safety of both individual cell and battery packs. But the temperature distribution estimation is difficult to be estimated because of uneven electro-thermal coupling effects and heat transfer induced during the Li-ion transport and deintercalation process between the planar electrodes. A new equivalent heat generation internal resistance method was used to construct the thermal model for the blade battery, which includes the pole and body regions. And the heat balance method is employed to establish the differential equation for the temperature distribution in the battery body region. To validate the accuracy and efficiency of the model, tests were conducted under different environmental conditions spanning steady-state and dynamic operating regimes. The results show that blade battery temperature inhomogeneity cannot be ignored. The proposed model can estimate the inhomogeneous temperature distribution of a large-size blade battery in less than 1 s. Under normal temperature steady-state and dynamic operating conditions, the maximum real-time error is controlled within 0.8 °C. Under low-temperature or high-current conditions, the maximum real-time errors are kept within 1.88 °C and 1.35 °C, respectively. This model can quickly and accurately predict the real-time evolution of the temperature distribution for blade batteries. And this approach provides innovative insights into real-time temperature monitoring and management for large-scale battery applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100496"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing the charging behaviors of private BEVs to enhance coordinated charging and V2G in Beijing","authors":"Bowen Tian ,&nbsp;Wei Shen ,&nbsp;Chongyu Zhang ,&nbsp;James E. Anderson ,&nbsp;Michael W. Degner ,&nbsp;Xi Lu ,&nbsp;Sheng Zhao ,&nbsp;Ye Wu ,&nbsp;Shaojun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep electrification of China's transport sector offers CO₂ emission reduction potential but poses reliability challenges to the urban power system. Smart charging strategies for battery electric vehicles (BEVs), including coordinated charging and vehicle-to-grid (V2G), are one of the most promising approaches to realizing the trade-off between decarbonization and stability of the electricity grid. In this study, an integrated model coupling load prediction and unit dispatching was developed to evaluate the multiple impacts of smart charging strategies considering the heterogeneity of individual driving and charging behaviors expected in Beijing in 2030. Compared with previous work, we have further revealed the different impacts of changing drivers' charging preference under uncoordinated charging, coordinated charging and V2G. The lowest operating cost and CO₂ emissions occur in the workplace charging preference (WCP) scenario with uncoordinated charging, but occur in the daily charging (DC) scenario when V2G is applied. It is indicated that smart charging strategies could simultaneously reduce grid operating costs and CO₂ emissions by decreasing the net load (thermal unit power outputs) on the electricity grid. Compared with the uncoordinated charging, using coordinated charging could reduce daily operating cost by 2.67 million RMB and daily CO₂ emissions by 10.23 kt on average, and the adoption of V2G could further increase the reductions to 8.74 million RMB and 24.25 kt CO₂. Annual CO₂ emission reductions enabled by coordinated charging and V2G are estimated to be 3700 kt and 8850 kt, respectively, which are equivalent to 1.2 × and 2.9 × the projected total emissions of the Beijing private BEV fleet. Increases in V2G participation can also smooth the net load profile and improve grid stability. In the DC scenario, the application of V2G reduced the peak net load by almost 30 % compared to the uncoordinated charging. Furthermore, there is a synergy between V2G participation and renewable energy (RE) development. Improving the electricity system and charging technology during future fleet electrification may be facilitated by coordinated charging and V2G opportunities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100470"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hierarchical porous transport layers for enhancing mass transport in proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells","authors":"Jiexin Zou ,&nbsp;Yuanbin Sun ,&nbsp;Xiuyue Wang ,&nbsp;Juntao Chen ,&nbsp;Jingke Mo ,&nbsp;Siguang Wu ,&nbsp;Qiren Chen ,&nbsp;Cenkai Zhao ,&nbsp;Haijiang Wang ,&nbsp;Min Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The performance of proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells (PEMECs) at high current density is constrained by mass transport limitation in conventional porous transport layer (PTL), which is the critical barrier to their large-scale adoption for green hydrogen production. In this paper, a laser-ablated non-penetrating-hole PTL (NP-PTL) with architected pores demonstrates an over 50 % reduction in mass transport overpotential compared to commercial Ti-felt PTL. Through a synergistic combination of in-situ optical diagnostics and two-phase flow modeling, we elucidate the mechanism by which the laser-engineered NP-PTL structure reduces mass transport resistance under high current density operation. Unlike fully perforated designs, the non-penetrating hole architecture maintains optimal contact between the PTL and catalyst layer (CL), minimizing the increase in high-frequency resistance (HFR) and further improving overall electrolyzer efficiency. The NP-PTL not only enhances performance but also exhibits promising initial operational stability, maintaining steady performance during 100-h testing. The laser ablation strategy for fabricating PTL with non-perforated structures offer a novel approach to enhance the performance of PEMECs, thereby accelerating the commercialization of PEMECs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100510"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design parameter optimization for sulfide-based all-solid-state batteries with high energy density","authors":"Jiyoung Kim ,&nbsp;Charles Mish ,&nbsp;Alexandre T.R. Guibert ,&nbsp;Filippo Agnelli ,&nbsp;Marta Vicencio ,&nbsp;So-Yeon Ham ,&nbsp;Min-Sang Song ,&nbsp;Ying Shirley Meng ,&nbsp;Jeong Beom Lee ,&nbsp;H. Alicia Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sulfide-based all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) are promising candidates for applications requiring high energy density and enhanced safety, with the potential to replace conventional Li-ion batteries. Despite significant advances in material design and engineering, the impact of material properties and process variables on cell energy density remains poorly understood. In this study, we employed a validated pseudo-two-dimensional (P2D) model to investigate how volumetric and gravimetric energy densities of ASSBs change as function of various cell design parameters and to perform mathematical optimization to maximize energy densities. Model parameters were derived from pellet cell experiments, incorporating a cathode composite with high-capacity NCM811 and densely packed fine argyrodite, alongside a bulk solid electrolyte separator with high ionic conductivity. The model's accuracy was confirmed by comparing simulation results with experimental voltage profiles, resulting in a root mean square error of 0.028 mV and an energy discrepancy of 0.7 %. Using the validated P2D model, we set energy densities as objective functions and scaled the pellet cell structure to automotive pouch cell dimensions to assess practical energy densities. A comprehensive sensitivity study was conducted on design parameters within the solid electrolyte separator and cathode composite. The weight percentage of the cathode active material was identified as a highly sensitive parameter, with other cathode composite parameters showing strong dependence on it. Employing a gradient-free direct search optimization method, we identified optimal design parameters that improved the volumetric and gravimetric energy densities by 62.5 % and 66.3 %, respectively, relative to reference values based on experimental parameters for a single cell.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100507"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145465943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demystifying data-driven approaches for battery electric transportation: Challenges and future directions","authors":"Boryann Liaw ,&nbsp;Weihan Li ,&nbsp;Luc Raijmakers ,&nbsp;Lisen Yan ,&nbsp;Haider Adel Ali Ali ,&nbsp;Anna Windmüller ,&nbsp;Chih-Long Tsai ,&nbsp;Dirk Uwe Sauer ,&nbsp;Rüdiger-A. Eichel","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Data-driven techniques leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are growing as favorable approaches to overcome challenges in predicting complicated behaviors of battery systems. Yet the data-driven approaches continue to face stiff challenges, including the difficulties in acquiring exhausting resources for data acquisition, managing escalating data quality issues to build robust data-driven capability, and sharing multimodal data from a variety of sources using wide ranges of test and operating conditions, and the lack of a reliable framework to verify and validate data consistency so the accuracy of the heuristic data reductions could be assessed. These challenges undermine the reach of a cost-effective and robust approach to predict battery performance and life with high fidelity for battery management. Here, we look into the root of these challenges and provide exemplified guidance to shed light on future directions, aiming for addressing these issues effectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100501"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}