Etransportation最新文献

{"title":"Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries in view of graphite recovery: A review","authors":"Zhen Shang ,&nbsp;Wenhao Yu ,&nbsp;Jiahui Zhou ,&nbsp;Xia Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Zeng ,&nbsp;Rabigul Tursun ,&nbsp;Xuegang Liu ,&nbsp;Shengming Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Given the exponential increase in the number of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) used in electric cars and the sizeable quantity of waste produced at the end of their lifespans, efficient recycling of used lithium-ion batteries offers tremendous promise for practical application. While considerable efforts have been devoted to the recycling of cathode materials and other valuable components in spent lithium-ion batteries, sufficient attention has not been directed towards the spent anode graphite. Given the risks associated with limited resource supply and environmental pressure, the regeneration of spent graphite anodes from electric vehicle batteries has become a critical issue. As a preferred option, the direct regeneration strategy has been innovatively proposed to recover targeted graphite materials. To better comprehend this topic, three types of graphite are highlighted and categorized based on the source of the LIBs. Their special features, advantages, and challenges are also summarized and evaluated. More significantly, it is anticipated that the outcomes of this work could emphasize the importance of graphite recycling in the overall recycling of the spent lithium-ion battery industry.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100320"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139966185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental determinations of thermophysical parameters for lithium-ion batteries: A systematic review","authors":"Jinghe Shi ,&nbsp;Hengyun Zhang ,&nbsp;Hong Yu ,&nbsp;Yidong Xu ,&nbsp;Shen Xu ,&nbsp;Lei Sheng ,&nbsp;Xuning Feng ,&nbsp;Xiaolin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Thermophysical parameters, including the specific heat and thermal conductivity of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), are the key parameters for the design of battery thermal management systems in electric vehicles. The evaluations of internal temperature distribution and even the thermal safety characteristics of the batteries depend highly on these thermophysical parameters under either live operation or repose condition. In this paper, the experimental studies of the specific heat and thermal conductivity of LIBs are reviewed and discussed. This review classifies the experimental studies into ex-situ and in-situ measurements. The ex-situ measurements, based on the dissection of the battery, may differ from realistic scenarios and thus the obtained parameters may not be fully applicable for thermal prediction of practical battery systems. Contrarily, in-situ measurements better represent the realistic characteristics without dismantling the battery, which can be further categorized into weighted average method, heat flow method, dedicated equipment including accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC), calibration calorimeter in insulation, self-made calorimeter method, and so on. Due to the short test time and good size adaptability, unsteady-state in-situ measurement techniques, including the calibration calorimeter and quasi-steady state techniques, are becoming the promising research directions in the future, especially for the simultaneous determination of multiple thermal parameters. The large data scatterings are pointed out based on the existing results, and the underlying mechanisms are scrutinized. To guarantee measurement accuracy, it is indispensable to calibrate the heat loss and benchmark with standard sample tests together with rigorous uncertainty analysis. The thermophysical parameters should be determined under different temperatures, states of charge (SOC) and aging conditions to enable accurate prediction of temperature profiles and degradation for LIBs with ever increasing energy density and safety risk.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100321"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139917744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solid electrolyte membranes for all-solid-state rechargeable batteries","authors":"Nini Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaolei Zhao ,&nbsp;Gaozhan Liu ,&nbsp;Zhe Peng ,&nbsp;Jinghua Wu ,&nbsp;Mingyang Men ,&nbsp;Xiayin Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>All-solid-state lithium batteries employing solid electrolyte instead of organic liquid electrolyte and separator have been regarded as one of the most favorable candidates for next generation energy storage devices due to their unparalleled safety and energy density. Recently, significant progresses have been made on developing suitable solid electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium batteries with high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical window and favorable electrode compatibility. Nevertheless, owing to the brittle nature of inorganic solid electrolytes and limited mechanic property of solid polymer electrolytes, the typical thickness of solid electrolyte layers is excessively thick, which prevents further enhancing the energy density of all-solid-state rechargeable batteries. In this short review, we summary recent research progresses on solid electrolyte membranes based on wet coating, frame support and dry film methods. In particular, the critical parameters such as thickness, conductivity and mechanical property are discussed in detail. Finally, the future development directions of the solid electrolyte membranes are proposed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100319"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139917742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance investigation of electric vehicle thermal management system with thermal energy storage and waste heat recovery systems","authors":"Jangpyo Hong ,&nbsp;Jaeho Song ,&nbsp;Ukmin Han ,&nbsp;Hyuntae Kim ,&nbsp;Hongseok Choi ,&nbsp;Hoseong Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2024.100317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the electric vehicle thermal management system performance, utilizing thermal energy storage and waste heat recovery, in response to the imperative shift toward carbon-free electric vehicles to overcome the challenge of low energy efficiency in the thermal management system. The heat generation according to the electrical load on the battery was calculated based on experimental data. The thermal performances of the cabin, power electronic thermal management, and battery thermal management system were explored under various operating conditions at different ambient temperatures. A fully charged thermal energy storage system, including low- and high-temperature phase change materials and waste heat recovery systems, was applied in summer and winter. The total energy consumption for cooling and heating saved to a maximum of 65.9 % in summer and 26.2 % in winter. The mileage extension rate was calculated by distributing the power demand according to the vehicle exterior and motor performance of the battery. Thus, by directly saving the thermal parasitic electrical energy and using it to extend the driving mileage, the electric vehicle achieved a mileage extension of 24.2 % in summer and 18.6 % in winter.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100317"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139744439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sulfonylimide based single lithium-ion conducting polymer electrolytes boosting high-safety and high-energy-density lithium batteries","authors":"Chaojie Chen ,&nbsp;Zulei Li ,&nbsp;Xiaofan Du ,&nbsp;Qian Zhou ,&nbsp;Pengxian Han ,&nbsp;Guanglei Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100318","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100318","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes (SICPEs) have received much attention due to their excellent Li⁺ transference numbers, which can effectively reduce the concentration gradient and inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites. Recently, sulfonimide based SICPEs with superior ionic conductivity have become the most widely studied SICPEs by virtue of their highly delocalized anions and diverse molecular designability. In this review, the molecular design of sulfonimide based SICPEs is summarized in terms of anionic groups and polymer backbones of SICPEs. Then, the potential influence of SICPEs on battery safety is discussed from electrolyte level and interface level, respectively. It is believed that the battery safety and interface compatibility need to be given sufficient attention for SICPEs, in addition to the ion conductivity and Li⁺ transference number. It is hoped that this review can inspire a deeper consideration on SICPEs, which can pave a new pathway for the high-safety and high-energy-density lithium batteries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100318"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139669727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying the impact of V2X operation on electric vehicle battery degradation: An experimental evaluation","authors":"Jingyu Gong ,&nbsp;David Wasylowski ,&nbsp;Jan Figgener ,&nbsp;Stephan Bihn ,&nbsp;Fabian Rücker ,&nbsp;Florian Ringbeck ,&nbsp;Dirk Uwe Sauer","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To further boost electric vehicle adoption, Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technology, including Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) applications, has gained prominence. However, a prevailing concern of owners pertains to the potential acceleration of battery aging associated with V2X deployments. In response to these concerns, this paper presents a systematic approach to quantify EV battery degradation across various charging strategies. We conduct meticulous battery aging experiments under designed conditions reflecting the characteristics of real-world driving and V2X applications. Furthermore, a comprehensive parameter study is carried out to explore the intricate relationships between V2X applications and battery degradation. Our experimental results show that the aging spread between all V2X and reference scenarios of 3.09% SOH after 20 months is lower than the spread caused by cell-to-cell manufacturing variation under identical conditions reported in the literature. The results of the parameter study reveal that adopting V2X applications, in addition to primary mobility prospects, does not significantly increase battery degradation and can even reduce capacity loss compared to the conventional uncontrolled charging strategy if properly configured.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100316"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139559519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling of an all-solid-state battery with a composite positive electrode","authors":"Guoliang Li ,&nbsp;Guodong Fan ,&nbsp;Xi Zhang ,&nbsp;Jingbo Han ,&nbsp;Yansong Wang ,&nbsp;Yisheng Liu ,&nbsp;Linan Jia ,&nbsp;Bangjun Guo ,&nbsp;Chong Zhu ,&nbsp;Minghui He","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>All solid-state batteries are considered as the most promising battery technology due to their safety and high energy density. This study presents an advanced mathematical model that accurately simulates the complex behavior of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries with composite positive electrodes. The partial differential equations of ionic transport and potential dynamics in the electrode and electrolyte are solved and reduced to a low-order system with Padé approximation. Moreover, the imperfect contact and the electrical double layers at the solid-solid interface are also taken into consideration. Subsequent experiments are conducted for the blocked cell and half-cells to extract parameters. Next, the parameterized model is validated with extensive experimental data from NCM811/LPSC/Li_4.4Si batteries, illustrating the superior capability of predicting cell voltage with an average RMSE of 19.5 mV for the discharging/charging phases and 2.8 mV for the end of relaxation under a total of 15 conditions. From the simulations, it can be concluded that the limiting factors for battery performance are overpotentials caused by concentration polarization within positive particles and interface reactions. Finally, through a parameter sensitivity analysis, we offer strategic guidelines for optimizing battery performance, thus enhancing the development efficiency of ASSBs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100315"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139507143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current challenges and progress in anode/electrolyte interfaces of all-solid-state lithium batteries","authors":"Liang Ma ,&nbsp;Yu Dong ,&nbsp;Ning Li ,&nbsp;Wengang Yan ,&nbsp;Siyuan Ma ,&nbsp;Youyou Fang ,&nbsp;Yongjian Li ,&nbsp;Lifeng Xu ,&nbsp;Cai Liu ,&nbsp;Sheng Chen ,&nbsp;Renchao Feng ,&nbsp;Lai Chen ,&nbsp;Duanyun Cao ,&nbsp;Yun Lu ,&nbsp;Qing Huang ,&nbsp;Yuefeng Su ,&nbsp;Feng Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Owing to their high energy density<span>, wide operating temperature range, and excellent safety, all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) have emerged as ones of the most promising next-generation energy storage devices. With the development of highly conductive solid-state electrolytes, ASSBs are no longer mainly limited by the Li-ion diffusion within the electrolyte, and instead, the current bottlenecks are their low coulombic efficiency (CE) and short cycling life, which are caused by the high resistance at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces. The high chemical/electrochemical reactivity of the Li metal or the Si anodes and the large volume change during the charge-discharge cycle can exacerbate the physical and chemical instability of the interface. Here, we present the distinctive features of the typical high-capacity anode/electrolyte interfaces in ASSBs and summarize the recent works on identifying, probing, understanding, and engineering them. The complex but important characteristics of high-capacity anode/electrolyte interfaces are highlighted, namely the composition, mechanical, electronic, and ionic properties of the electrode particle-electrolyte particle and plate electrode-electrolyte particle interfaces. Additionally, the advanced characterization strategies for effective interfacial analysis are discussed. Finally, combining the electrode interface characteristics of different structures, the strategies for upgrading two different types of high-capacity anode/electrolyte interfaces are summarized, and some perspectives are provided for better understanding and design of the high-performance ASSBs.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100312"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139507355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban-scale energy matching optimization with smart EV charging and V2G in a net-zero energy city powered by wind and solar energy","authors":"Reza Fachrizal ,&nbsp;Kun Qian ,&nbsp;Oskar Lindberg ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Shepero ,&nbsp;Rebecca Adam ,&nbsp;Joakim Widén ,&nbsp;Joakim Munkhammar","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Renewable energy and electric vehicles (EVs) are crucial technologies for achieving sustainable cities. However, intermittent power generation from renewable energy sources and increased peak load due to EV charging can pose technical challenges for the power systems. Improved load matching through energy system optimization can minimize these challenges. This paper assesses the optimal urban-scale energy matching potentials in a net-zero energy city powered by wind and solar energy, considering three EV charging scenarios: opportunistic charging, smart charging, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G). A city on the west coast of Sweden is used as a case study. The smart charging and V2G schemes aim to minimize the mismatch between generation and load, and are formulated as quadratic programming problems. The simulation results show that the optimal load matching performance is achieved in a net-zero energy city with the V2G scheme and a wind-PV electricity production share of 70:30. The load matching performance in the optimal net-zero energy city is increased from 68% with opportunistic charging to 73% with smart charging and further to 84% with V2G. It is also shown that a 2.4 GWh EV battery participating in the V2G scheme equals 1.4 GWh stationary energy storage in improving urban-scale load matching performance. The findings indicate that EVs have a high potential to provide flexibility to urban energy systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100314"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590116824000043/pdfft?md5=26390e8a364a9477e2f177c632d59922&pid=1-s2.0-S2590116824000043-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139507147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the second-life potential of the first-generation Nissan Leaf battery packs in energy storage systems","authors":"Wei Gao,&nbsp;Zhi Cao,&nbsp;Naser Vosoughi Kurdkandi,&nbsp;Yuhong Fu,&nbsp;Chirs Mi","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nissan Leaf was the first mass-produced electric vehicles (EV) using lithium-ion batteries (LiB). Most of the first generation (Gen 1) battery packs have been retired after approximately 10 years of operation, and some of them are repurposed to build battery energy storage systems (BESS). However, the health condition of the battery packs at the time of retirement, the battery aging trajectory, and the service life in second-life application are unclear. To answer these questions, this paper conducts a comprehensive study on the retired Nissan Leaf Gen 1 batteries. First, over 100 retired battery packs were investigated to evaluate their state of health (SOH). Secondly, a battery aging test was conducted on two battery cells which completed 7380 aging cycles. Lastly, the battery aging trajectory was analyzed. The result shows that although most retired Nissan Leaf Gen 1 battery packs have only 60 %–67 % remaining capacity, they can operate 12–20 years in second life. Whole-battery-pack utilization is preferable due to good battery consistency. A retired battery pack with a cost of $1000 can generate a $16,200 value in its second life, suggesting a good return on investment (ROI).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100313"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590116824000031/pdfft?md5=e710755afe404fc240ae9286bebfa16c&pid=1-s2.0-S2590116824000031-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139507315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}