Environmental and Sustainability Indicators最新文献

{"title":"Spatial-temporal variation characteristics of ecosystem service bundles in the Wei river basin based on the SOFM model","authors":"Jiankun Chen ,&nbsp;Dongmei Zhou ,&nbsp;Yajuan Gao ,&nbsp;Jun Zhang ,&nbsp;Jing Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.101080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.101080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research focuses on the Weihe River Basin (WRB) as the study area and quantified five key ESs (Habitat Quality-HQ, Water Yield-WY, Carbon Sequestration-CA, Soil Conservation-SD, Food Provision -FP) from 2000 to 2020 using multisource remote sensing and the InVEST model. Spearman correlation and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) analyzed ES trade-offs/synergies, while a Self-Organizing Feature Map (SOFM) neural network identified spatial bundles. The results are presented as follows: (1) The ESs in the WRB exhibited significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Between 2000 and 2020, the total amounts of HQ, WY, SD, and FP increased by 5.34 %, 45.03 %, 9.20 %, and 32.08 %, respectively, while CA decreased by 0.38 %, primarily due to the decline in vegetation carbon sequestration resulting from land use changes. (2) HQ and CA exhibited significant synergistic relationships at both basin and spatial scales (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01), with other pairs showing pronounced spatial heterogeneity. (3) Four ecosystem service bundles were identified via the SOFM model: Ecological protection bundle (A), dominated by WY, was distributed in forest ecosystems such as the Qinling Mountains, Liupan Mountains, and Ziwuling Forest, accounting for 27.04 % of the total area. The food supply bundle (B), which is located primarily in the agricultural region of the Loess Plateau, covered the largest area (82,564.74 km², 61.24 %). Ecological fragile bundle (C); and Urban Development bundle (D) (smallest at 829.58 km², Guanzhong Plain), defined by trade-offs among HQ, CA, and SD. These findings provide a foundation for optimizing regional ecological zoning and promoting sustainable development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 101080"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wetland hydrologic dynamics and duck productivity are declining in the Prairie Pothole Region, and they are linked","authors":"Michael J. Anteau ,&nbsp;Michael L. Szymanski ,&nbsp;Aaron T. Pearse","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.101073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.101073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of North America is a globally important area hosting &gt;50 % of North America’s breeding ducks. Ducks in the PPR depend on wetlands and grasslands which have experienced accelerated losses in extent and quality due to agriculture. While other bird populations have declined, duck abundance reached record highs recently (2013–2017). We explored this discontinuity by examining monitoring data for trends in pond numbers (wetlands with ponded water) and interannual dynamics (water-level dynamics indexed by interannual change in pond numbers) and how those factors influenced duck productivity in the PPR during 1976–2019. Over time, pond numbers increased but their interannual dynamics declined, indicating stabilization of an ecosystem evolved with a dynamic climate. Our models accounted for 67 and 71 % of variation in productivity of PPR-obligate gadwall (<em>Mareca strepera</em>) and redheads (<em>Aythya americana</em>), respectively. Breeding productivity of these sentinel species was positively correlated with pond abundance and dynamics, and systematically declined. Accordingly, our analyses revealed sensitivity of breeding ducks to systematic change in the PPR previously obscured by increasingly abundant pond numbers. Interannual pond dynamics improved duck productivity and pond dynamics have declined indicating a <em>de facto</em> 44-year decline in duck productivity which is likely driven by water-level stabilization decreasing quality of brood-rearing wetlands. Residual temporal effects indicated that productivity has also declined for other reasons, such as agricultural land use changes. While mechanisms behind these correlations are speculative, they demonstrate the importance of further understanding land use and climate changes in the PPR for conservation of these important species and ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 101073"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Survival: A wellbeing-centric indicator for assessing rural individuals’ resilience to climate change","authors":"Marzieh Keshavarz ,&nbsp;Ehsan Masoomi","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.101078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.101078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rural resilience to climate change is shaped by interacting material, institutional, and psychosocial processes; however, measurement efforts have tended to prioritize household assets and community-capital indices, thereby under-representing individual subjective experience. This study develops a theory-driven, wellbeing-centric indicator to assess individual-level resilience among rural inhabitants. Grounded in in-depth qualitative interviews (purposive, maximum-variation sampling; n = 66) and triangulated with key-informant input and participatory observation, three interrelated dimensions were identified— livelihood and life structure, relational belonging and sense of place, and psychological wellbeing and adaptive agency—comprising nine components and multiple empirically derived psychological anchors (e.g., financial security, role continuity, place attachment, self-efficacy, and emotion regulation). We argue that wellbeing plays a dual role in resilience: as a normative outcome that resilient systems seek to protect and as a psychosocial resource that mediates adaptive behavior. Framed within a multilevel model that explicitly recognizes governmental, community, and market determinants, the indicator is designed to complement existing measures of resilience to climate change. The wellbeing-centric indicator is offered as a complementary tool to existing material and community measures to render individual psychosocial pathways to adaptation both visible and actionable in rural settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 101078"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the impacts of wetland degradation on watershed hydrology: Implications for Eco-hydrological Restoration of Gojeb River sub basin, Ethiopia","authors":"Wakjira Takala Dibaba ,&nbsp;Eyasu Tafese Mekuria ,&nbsp;Bereket Abera Bedada ,&nbsp;Bikila Takala Dibaba ,&nbsp;Wakene Negassa","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.101103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.101103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Combined human and climate pressures have led to significant changes in the spatial distribution and extent of wetlands, disrupting associated ecosystem services in Ethiopia. Nonetheless, the hydrological effects of wetland loss are still poorly understood across most of Ethiopia's river basins. This study aimed to analyse the long-term hydrological impacts of wetland loss in the Gojeb River sub-basin and evaluate wetland management interventions in restoring key eco-hydrological processes using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Following the calibration and validation of historical streamflow records, the SWAT model was used to examine three primary scenarios: land use/land cover (LU/LC), wetland loss, and wetland restoration scenarios. The decline in wetland area between 2000 and 2024, led to a 2.3 % decline of groundwater recharge, while surface runoff and sediment yield increased by 8.5 % and 27.7 %, respectively. An extreme flow study revealed a flashier regime with greater peak flows at the same exceedance probability, implying a higher flood risk. Wetland degradation represented a significant trade-off, sacrificing short-term land gain for long-term vulnerability to flooding, erosion, and groundwater depletion. In contrast, wetland restoration has been shown to restore hydrological systems while decreasing sediment output. Wetland restoration, therefore, is an important strategy not only for ecological conservation but also for long-term water resource management, climate change adaptation, and local livelihood protection. The results highlight the importance of wetlands in maintaining hydrological stability, reducing the danger of erosion and floods, and supporting several other ecosystem services.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 101103"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoupling effects and driving factors of economic development and resource environment in arid areas: Evidence from Xinjiang, China","authors":"Beizi Chen ,&nbsp;Haijun Liu ,&nbsp;Junai Zhang ,&nbsp;Yisha Ma ,&nbsp;Haijun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.101096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.101096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The economic development of a region is contingent upon the availability of resources and the state of the environment. The exploration of the asset value of resources, the adjustment of the coordination between economic development and resource-environmental sustainability, and the promotion of regional human-land harmony are of vital theoretical and practical significance for achieving high-quality development and ecological sustainability. The present study examines the Xinjiang region, analysing the overall characteristics and spatio-temporal evolution of regional ED and RE from 2001 to 2022. The Tapio decoupling elasticity model is utilised to evaluate the decoupling status between ED and RE. This is complemented by spatial autocorrelation and centre of gravity-standard deviation ellipse analyses, which are employed to explore their spatial evolution. Furthermore, Tobit regression is employed to identify the key driving factors. The findings indicate a substantial \"Matthew effect\" in the patterns of regional economic development. The bivariate spatial relationship between ED and RE has transitioned from a negative correlation to a positive correlation. The decoupling states are predominantly comprised of weak decoupling, strong negative decoupling, and strong decoupling, with developmental modes transitioning from developmental retardation to intensive expansion type. It is evident that factors such as economic level and technological innovation have a significant positive effect on the decoupling between ED and RE. The findings of this study provide theoretical support and empirical evidence for regional sustainable development under resource and environmental constraints in arid oasis areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 101096"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Threshold indicator trait analysis uncovers functional shifts in macrobenthos across stress gradients: Insights from two adjacent yet contrasting bays","authors":"Wanhong Han ,&nbsp;Weiwei Zhou ,&nbsp;Yushu Yang ,&nbsp;Aoxiang Huang ,&nbsp;Yong Xu ,&nbsp;Anguo Zhang ,&nbsp;Qingxi Han","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.101084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.101084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bay ecosystems are highly sensitive to anthropogenic stress, requiring precise ecological monitoring and management. This study investigated Xiangshan Bay (semi-enclosed) and Sanmen Bay (open bay) using macrobenthic data from 2018 to 2022. A combination of ecological indices (AMBI, M-AMBI, bAMBI, M-bAMBI, and CWM) and Threshold Indicator Taxa Analysis (TITAN) was applied to evaluate ecological quality and identify trait-based thresholds. Results showed that Sanmen Bay exhibited higher ecological quality and clearer functional trait thresholds than Xiangshan Bay. In Sanmen Bay, AMBI (0.50–2.13) and bAMBI (0.42–1.60) indicated undisturbed to slightly disturbed conditions, while M-AMBI (0.45–0.72) and M-bAMBI (0.42–0.52) corresponded to moderate to good status. Trait thresholds (AMBI = 0.74–1.85; bAMBI = 0.60–1.45) revealed gradual replacement of sensitive taxa by tolerant ones along increasing stress gradients. In contrast, Xiangshan Bay showed higher disturbance levels (AMBI = 1.30–2.38; M-AMBI = 0.36–0.46) and evident functional convergence, reflecting an “adaptive locking” effect where long-term eutrophication constrained community resilience. The open hydrodynamics of Sanmen Bay maintained higher functional diversity, whereas the semi-enclosed Xiangshan Bay experienced stronger human-induced stress. These results suggest that restocking species with negative trait responses in highly stressed areas could enhance ecosystem resilience. Overall, the trait-based TITAN framework reveals critical thresholds of macrobenthic functional responses to environmental stress, offering new insights for the refined assessment and adaptive management of coastal bay ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 101084"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do countries with similar environmental impact share values? An integrated analysis to inform environmental education","authors":"Ana Fernández-Aballí Altamirano ,&nbsp;Carlos Fernández-Aballí Altamirano","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.101068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.101068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding which values associate with sustainable outcomes is essential for rethinking environmental education (EE). This study investigates whether countries with high human development but low environmental impact share distinctive value patterns that could inform EE frameworks. Using an integrative approach, we combined data from two sustainability databases –the Global Footprint Network and the Sustainable Development Index– with the European Values Study/World Values Survey (2017–2022). A total of 591 categorical variables were analysed using Cramér's V to identify significant differences between low, medium, and high environmental impact country groups, selected among countries with high and very high human development.</div><div>Results show that religiosity, spirituality, and intergenerational household structures associate with lower environmental impact, while secular-rational and individualistic orientations align with higher impact. Non-denominational spirituality also emerges as significant across contexts, suggesting that spiritual and relational worldviews may be overlooked resources for sustainability policy and education. By contrast, pro-environmental attitudes and indicators of subjective well-being, such as happiness, freedom, and health, do not consistently differentiate between impact groups. Additional factors such as insularity and average national temperature further relate to sustainability outcomes, highlighting the interplay of cultural and structural dimensions.</div><div>These findings suggest that current EE frameworks may be too narrowly focused on cognitive and attitudinal factors. To be effective, EE must incorporate spiritual, moral, and communal dimensions, engaging with the plurality of worldviews that guide human–environment relations. More nuanced sustainability indicators, sensitive to cultural and contextual diversity, are needed to better understand and foster comprehensive pathways towards sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 101068"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevation and management-induced vegetation and soil carbon shift in Eastern Himalayan forests: Advancing nature-based sustainability solutions (NbS)","authors":"Shri Kant Tripathi,&nbsp;Rajdeep Chanda,&nbsp;Aosanen Ao,&nbsp;Basanta Moirangthem,&nbsp;Santosh Chauhan,&nbsp;Lianhmingthanga Mizo,&nbsp;Salam Suresh Singh,&nbsp;Ngangbam Somen Singh,&nbsp;Keshav Kumar Upadhyay,&nbsp;David C. Vanlalfakawma,&nbsp;Lalnunmawia","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.101082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.101082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tropical montane forests are essential carbon sinks that significantly contribute to climate regulation; however, their biomass and carbon dynamics remain underexplored in Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot of the Eastern Himalaya. With this motive, we quantified tree diversity, above- and below-ground biomass, and soil organic carbon across five forest sites in Mizoram, Northeast India, encompassing three protected areas and two community-managed forests distributed along an elevational gradient (70–1900 m amsl). A total of 192 tree species, belonging to 132 genera and 65 families, were recorded, with higher tree richness and density in community forests. Total tree carbon stock ranged from 182.9 to 297.4 Mg C ha⁻¹ and increased as a function of elevation, explaining 57 % of the variability in above-ground biomass. Sentinel-2–derived vegetation indices demonstrated strong correlations with field-measured biomass, particularly modified soil-adjusted indices such as MSAVI (R² = 0.71) and SAVI (R² = 0.70). A multivariate regression model integrating multiple indices achieved high predictive accuracy (R² = 0.87). High-elevation forests, such as Phawngpui National Park (PNP) and Hmuifang Community Forest (HCF), exhibited greater carbon storage, reflecting lower disturbance and favourable microclimatic conditions. Community-managed forests stored carbon amounts comparable to or exceeding those of protected areas, highlighting the effectiveness of participatory governance in the region. Integrating remote sensing with field-based data provides robust, scalable framework for monitoring carbon dynamics in mountainous regions. These findings emphasise that community forestry represents effective Nature-based Solutions (NbS) for enhancing carbon sequestration, strengthening ecosystem resilience, and advancing India's climate commitments under NDCs and REDD + frameworks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 101082"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asymmetric effects of environmental taxes, growth, and renewable energy on consumption-based CO2 emissions in Italy","authors":"Seyed Alireza Athari ,&nbsp;Eric Tieku Agyemang ,&nbsp;Dervis Kirikkaleli","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.101086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.101086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The reduction of consumption-based carbon dioxide emissions (CO₂) is crucial to attaining sustainable development goals, protecting the ecosystem, combating global warming, and preserving biodiversity for a better future. Based on this purpose, the current study aims to investigate the impact of environmental taxes, economic growth, and renewable energy on CO₂ emissions in Italy, using the nonlinear ARDL bounds test. The findings of the study reveal that (i) CO₂ emissions, environmental taxes, economic growth, and renewable energy variables are cointegrated; (ii) a 1 % increase in environmental taxes is equivalent to about a 0.08 million metric tonnes decrease in emissions, but a negative shock insignificantly affects CO₂. (iii) There is an increase in CO₂ by 1.84 million metric tonnes for every 1 US dollar increase in GDP, but a negative shock insignificantly affects CO₂; (iv) For every 1 % increase in renewable energy, CO₂ decreases by 0.007 million metric tonnes. In line with empirical findings, Italy should strategically increase environmental taxes to consistently curb CO₂ emissions. Decouple economic growth from environmental damage by incentivizing green investment and innovation. Accelerate the renewable energy transition through subsidies and infrastructure to ensure it permanently reduces emissions, even during economic downturns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 101086"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variations and drivers of biomass and soil carbon stocks in planted forests across India","authors":"Jintu Kumar Bania ,&nbsp;Amitabha Nath ,&nbsp;Gudeta W. Sileshi ,&nbsp;Arnab Paul ,&nbsp;Tara Kumari ,&nbsp;Ashesh Kumar Das ,&nbsp;Arun Jyoti Nath","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.101101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.101101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plantation forestry in India is aims to sustain forest cover, rehabilitation of degraded land and support the forestry industry in providing timber, fuelwood and other products. However, the effect of soil and climatic factors on aboveground and belowground biomass carbon (AGB and BGB) as well as soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics under plantation management remains poorly understood. Therefore, the objectives of the present study are to: (i) evaluate differences in root to shoot ratios, and tree biomass and biomass carbon stocks, (ii) measure SOC stocks among different plantation types and stand age, (iii) quantify variation of SOC stock, and (iv) identify key bioclimatic drivers of carbon storage. Published data on biomass, biomass carbon and soil carbon stock were collected from 53 peer-reviewed studies encompassing 205 different plantation sites across India, covering stand ages of 1–50 years. Bioclimatic variables were obtained from WorldClim 2.1 based on geo-locations of the plantations. Biomass carbon and SOC stocks significantly differed among soil types. The lowest mean aboveground biomass carbon stock (21.8 Mg C ha⁻¹) was recorded on Fluvisols and the highest (93.8 Mg C ha⁻¹) on Acrisols. Similarly, the lowest mean belowground biomass carbon stock (5 Mg C ha⁻¹) was found on Fluvisols and the highest (25.8 Mg C ha⁻¹) on Acrisols. The mean SOC stock was lowest (24.7 Mg C ha⁻¹) on Xerosols and highest (96.5 Mg C ha⁻¹) on Regosols. Ensemble machine learning models identified precipitation and temperature as key factors influencing the soil organic carbon (SOC); however, the models failed to identify the most influential predictor for AGBC and BGBC. The XGBoost model provided the best prediction for SOC stocks (R² = 0.85). The results show that soil type and precipitation strongly influence carbon accumulation, underscoring the need to integrate soil–climate interactions into plantation-based carbon management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 101101"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}