{"title":"Perception-Based Analysis of Climate Change Impacts on the Forest-Dependent A'chik Community around Nokrek Biosphere Reserve, North-Eastern Himalayan region of India","authors":"Colleen Ch. Marak , Biplov Chandra Sarkar , Aman Dabral , Khulakpam Apshahana , Gopal Shukla , Bishal Gurung , C.P. Suresh , Sumit Chakravarty","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100960","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100960","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Public perception plays a key role in shaping climate-resilient policies, especially among forest-dependent communities. This study analyses climate change awareness and perceptions among the <em>A’chik</em> (Garo) community in the transitional zone of the Nokrek Biosphere Reserve, West Garo Hills, Meghalaya, North-east India. A total of 100 respondents, predominantly female (77%) with a mean age of 53.94 years, were selected through multi-stage random sampling and interviewed with a semi-structured schedule. Significant associations were found between climate change awareness and age, education and occupation, while gender showed non-significant association. Less than half of respondents were aware of climate change but even lesser respondents than this were aware on global warming and greenhouse gases. The indicators through which the community perceived climate change were rising temperatures, shortened winters, unpredictable and reduced rainfall, which matched the trends of climatic from climate data (1981–2022). Temperature increases were significant, while precipitation trends were non-significant. Respondents reported environmental degradation including forest cover loss, decline in biodiversity, reduced availability of non-timber forest products (NTFPs), drying water bodies, and increased droughts and landslides. Farming impacts were evident with reduced crop yields, pest outbreaks, soil degradation, and water scarcity, threatening livelihoods and increasing health vulnerabilities. Unsustainable land-use practices such as shifting cultivation (<em>jhum)</em> and deforestation intensified these impacts. This study highlights the need to integrate indigenous perceptions with scientific data to develop adaptive, culturally appropriate policies. Community-based conservation and alternative livelihood promotion are essential for sustaining the livelihoods of the Garo people and protecting the fragile Himalayan ecosystem amid ongoing climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100960"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144766836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaoqing Zhao , Jiajia He , Shijie Zhou , Pei Huang , Junwei Pu , Yanlin Wang , Min Feng
{"title":"Spatial zoning for sustainable eucalyptus plantations: Optimizing land use via ecosystem service supply-demand matching","authors":"Xiaoqing Zhao , Jiajia He , Shijie Zhou , Pei Huang , Junwei Pu , Yanlin Wang , Min Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100962","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100962","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extensive eucalyptus introduction alters land use patterns and ecosystem services (ES). Understanding ecosystem service supply-demand (SDES) relationships is therefore crucial for regional sustainability. Focusing on Lancang County, a key eucalyptus planting area, this study employed a framework integrating land use change analysis, SDES assessment, optimization, and zoning. We evaluated ES supply/demand, analyzed SDES dynamics under different land uses, simulated natural development and optimal scenarios for land use optimization, and proposed zoning strategies to enhance SDES alignment. Key findings: (1) Dominated by forest and dry land, Lancang experienced significant land use shifts, notably dryland-to-forest conversions (∼50 %), heavily influenced by large-scale eucalyptus introduction. (2) Overall ES supply exceeded demand, but spatial mismatches existed; SDES relationships varied significantly with land use. (3) Based on SDES relationships and FLUS modeling, land was zoned into Conservation and Development, Priority Transfer, and Restricted Transfer areas. Optimization identified dry land, shrubland, and unused land as suitable for future eucalyptus cultivation under zoning regulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100962"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Anthony Gabourel-Landaverde , Susanne Schnabel , J. Francisco Lavado-Contador , Jo Smith , João H.N. Palma
{"title":"Identifying target areas for agroforestry in European agricultural landscapes based on environmental pressures and socioeconomic contexts","authors":"V. Anthony Gabourel-Landaverde , Susanne Schnabel , J. Francisco Lavado-Contador , Jo Smith , João H.N. Palma","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100961","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100961","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Agroforestry is a practice where the intentional combination of trees and shrubs, crops and livestock occur on the same land to generate environmental, economic and social benefits. This study identifies target areas in the European Union 27 Member States, United Kingdom, and Switzerland where introducing agroforestry can further enhance environmental benefits and climate change resilience. Using a spatial approach, the methodology involved four steps: selecting suitable agricultural areas, analysing environmental pressures, defining target areas for agroforestry introduction, and characterising the socio-economic context. Fourteen environmental indicators across soil, biodiversity, water, and climate change were analysed using defined threshold values to identify areas where sustainability is compromised. Heat maps highlighted high-pressure areas (6–14 accumulated environmental pressures) as target areas. Socio-economic context was described using six indicators related to demography, farmer training and willingness to change, and economy at the NUTS 2 regional level, defining high, medium, and low-profile regions. Results indicated biodiversity and climate change pressures affected larger areas than soil and water pressures, with hotspots in France, Spain, and Romania. Regions facing greater socio-economic challenges (low-profile) also experienced more environmental pressures. The study concludes by defining suitable locations with high environmental pressures, along with their socio-economic contexts, for agroforestry introduction, emphasizing its importance for climate resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100961"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144738119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Does UNESCO designation enhance forest protection? Evidence from the Hyrcanian national forest inventory","authors":"Hormoz Sohrabi","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100956","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100956","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Hyrcanian Forests in the North of Iran, recognized as a UNESCO World Natural Heritage (UNWH) site, represent a globally significant ancient temperate forest ecosystem. This study assessed whether the UNWH designation has influenced anthropogenic pressures and forest recovery. Using data from the Hyrcanian National Forest Inventory (HNFI) across three time points (1996, 2006, and 2023), cumulative link and generalized linear mixed models (CLMM and GLMM) were applied to evaluate trends in grazing intensity and illegal logging (timber smuggling), and a linear mixed-effects model (LMM) was used to assess changes in regeneration density across four growth stages. Results indicate that the likelihood of illegal logging was not significantly different between Reg-UNWH and Non-UNWH sites, although it decreased with increasing altitude. Grazing intensity also did not differ between site types but was also negatively associated with altitude. Regeneration density declined significantly over time in both Reg-UNWH and Non-UNWH sites, particularly in sapling and small pole stages. Altitude had a consistent positive effect on regeneration, and significant interactions between Year and Growth Stage revealed distinct temporal dynamics. Additionally, the study discusses the influence of legislative initiatives, such as the removal of livestock from forests (PEDAF) and the cessation of commercial logging (CHFL), on human-forest interactions. These findings indicate that the UNWH designation has not mitigated anthropogenic pressures. Effective conservation will require strengthened enforcement, better integration of local communities, and consistent monitoring to secure long-term ecological outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100956"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144738201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reinis Cimdins , Tuomas Yrttimaa , Juha Hyyppä , Mikko Vastaranta , Ville Kankare
{"title":"Capturing trends in forest structural complexity development using laser scanning techniques","authors":"Reinis Cimdins , Tuomas Yrttimaa , Juha Hyyppä , Mikko Vastaranta , Ville Kankare","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100954","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100954","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forest structural complexity reflects realized niche occupancy, capturing how effectively the vegetation utilizes available resources and provides habitats for species. This makes it a key indicator of forest ecosystem diversity, and an important characteristic to be monitored to facilitate sustainable forest management and conservation planning. Laser scanning has been recognized as a feasible technology for the characterization of heterogeneity in forest structure, reflecting its structural complexity. However, less is known about the capability of different laser scanning techniques to capture structural complexity development through time, and whether the cross-use of various data types and analysis methods yields consistent observations of the development. We aim to address this knowledge gap by investigating the capability of different laser scanning techniques to assess forest structural complexity development and evaluate whether comparable observations can be obtained regardless of the laser scanning technology used. The experiments were conducted across 49 sample plots within southern boreal forests in Evo, Finland. A 7–10-year monitoring period was captured using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), and airborne laser scanning (ALS) at three different resolutions representing low (0.4-1 pts/m²), medium (15-28 pts/m²), and high (200-3600 pts/m²) point densities. Eight metrics were used for structural complexity characterization: mean canopy height, canopy rugosity, gap fraction, vegetation occupancy, vertical evenness (Shannon entropy), variability in crown area and tree height, and mean fractal dimensions (box-dimension) among trees. Comparison of observations of structural complexity development showed that gap fraction and Shannon entropy exhibited consistent development directions and similar metric change magnitudes across all the investigated laser scanning techniques. In contrast, metrics characterizing three-dimensional complexity, such as vegetation occupancy and mean box-dimension, were more sensitive to point cloud data characteristics. These findings provide insights into selecting appropriate laser scanning techniques and analysis methods to monitor forest structural complexity development for applications such as conservation planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100954"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unveiling the spatiotemporal dynamics and severity patterns of pine wilt disease in China: insights from fuzzy logic and data mining","authors":"Hongwei Zhou , Junyu Chen , Yifan Chen , Chengzhe Wang , Siyan Zhang , Kuan Jiang , Wei Yang , Qi Yue","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100957","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100957","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pine wilt disease (PWD), a highly destructive invasive forest pest, has posed a significant threat to forest ecosystems in China since its introduction in 1982. While previous studies have focused primarily on large-scale patterns or specific regional cases, limited attention has been given to the regional dynamics and fine-scale drivers of PWD outbreaks. To address this gap, this study integrates fuzzy logic and data mining techniques to analyze epidemic sub-compartment data—the smallest spatial unit of PWD monitoring—based on nationwide records collected by the Biological Disaster Prevention and Control Center of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration from 2015 to 2023 in China. Our results reveal a clear temporal shift in PWD prevalence toward warmer, more humid regions, especially in ecologically fragile forests such as planted plantations. Fuzzy clustering analysis further highlight spatial heterogeneity in disease severity, and association rule mining uncovers distinct province-specific drivers. For example, climatic suitability emerged as the main driver in Guangdong, while topographic barriers and human activity were more influential in Jiangxi and Zhejiang, respectively. These findings offer a detailed understanding of both the temporal progression and regional complexity of PWD outbreaks, providing valuable insights to inform targeted control strategies, early warning systems, and precision forest management efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100957"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Si Ho Han , Ji Young An , Jonathan O. Hernandez , Jeong Min Seo , Woo Bin Youn , Tomonori Kume , Byung Bae Park
{"title":"Enhancing weeding strategy for Pinus thunbergii plantation in South Korea: Impacts of timing and frequency on the growth parameters","authors":"Si Ho Han , Ji Young An , Jonathan O. Hernandez , Jeong Min Seo , Woo Bin Youn , Tomonori Kume , Byung Bae Park","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100958","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100958","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Weeds significantly affect the survival and growth of seedlings in the early stages of forest plantation. The present study investigated the effects of various schedules of weeding treatments on the survival ratio (SR), height (H), root collar diameter (RCD) growth, and growth modules of <em>Pinus thunbergii</em> seedlings over five years in Korea. The treatments consisted of eleven different weeding schedules employed from 2017 to 2021: control (no treatment), once-a-year weeding in June (W6), July (W7), August (W8), and September (W9), and twice-yearly weeding or combination of the above months with interval of 1, 2, and 3 months (e.g., W6/7, W7/8, W8/9, W6/8, W7/9, W6/9). In 2019 only, the SR of <em>P. thunbergii</em> was significantly higher in the once-yearly (84.7 %) and twice-yearly (83.8 %) weeding treatments, averaging 20.4 % more than the control (63.9 %), with no significant differences across treatments in other years. Similarly, the height for once-yearly (82.7 cm) and twice-yearly (82.3 cm) weeding treatments differed significantly from the control (94.6 cm) only in 2019. A notable increase in RCD over the years across all treatments, with an average annual increase of 55 % (<em>p</em> < 0.001) was observed from 2020. Generally, the annual growth modules of <em>P. thunbergii</em> seedlings were differed significantly over the years, while all weeding treatments had no significant effect. While weeding effects were not consistently significant across the study period, the accumulation of subtle growth differences over time suggests that early growth stages may play a critical role in the long-term structural stability of <em>P. thunbergii</em> seedlings. Therefore, long-term monitoring is required to better understand delayed weeding responses and refine plantation management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100958"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144810656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yan To Choi , Majid Nazeer , Man Sing Wong , Janet Elizabeth Nichol , Shao-Yuan Leu , Jin Wu , Amos P.K. Tai
{"title":"Individual tree above-ground biomass estimation by integrating LiDAR and machine learning","authors":"Yan To Choi , Majid Nazeer , Man Sing Wong , Janet Elizabeth Nichol , Shao-Yuan Leu , Jin Wu , Amos P.K. Tai","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100955","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100955","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global warming represents a critical challenge globally, while tree carbon sequestration is essential for achieving carbon neutrality. The existing global allometric models face challenges in accurately modelling local trees’ biomass. To develop a localized allometric model using a small dataset, this study proposes an innovative framework for estimating tree above-ground biomass (AGB) that involves local tree felling data collection, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) implementation, and the development of a machine learning-based allometric model. During the data collection period, 100 trees were felled in Hong Kong from March 2023 to April 2024, encompassing 31 tree species and 17 tree families. Point-cloud models of the felled trees were collected using a LiDAR backpack. Each felled tree’s AGB was measured by integrating point-cloud technology and oven drying of samples. A data augmentation method was developed with a proposed tree point-cloud ‘degrowth’ algorithm to address the challenge of data limitation in allometric model development. The allometric models in this study were trained using advanced tree parameters measured by TreeQSM and tree family parameters. The best-performing allometric model developed by XGBoost, scored an accuracy of R<sup>2</sup> = 0.82, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) = 40.70 %, and mean absolute error (MAE) = 214.37 kg. To summarize, this study enhanced AGB estimation in the local region by incorporating LiDAR, tree data augmentation, and machine learning for allometric model development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100955"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144724741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shaojie Lai , Risu Na , Li Na , Yin Shan , Mingxing Li , Jisiguleng Wu , Jiarong Wang
{"title":"Impact of the interaction between drought and wildfires on the gross primary productivity (GPP) of boreal forest exhibit time-scale dependence on time scales","authors":"Shaojie Lai , Risu Na , Li Na , Yin Shan , Mingxing Li , Jisiguleng Wu , Jiarong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Changes in forest gross primary productivity (GPP) are essential for understanding the dynamics of the global carbon cycle and impacts of climate change. Given the increasing frequency of droughts and wildfires due to climate change, assessing their impact on GPP in boreal forests has become increasingly important. This study utilized remote sensing data, including GPP data, the standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI), and burned area data from 2001 to 2022, and employed trend analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, and Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP values) to examine the spatiotemporal characteristics of GPP in boreal forests and their response mechanisms to drought and wildfires. The results were as follows. (1). GPP in boreal forests exhibited a spatial pattern of being higher in the south and lower in the north, with approximately 54.14 % of the area exhibiting an increasing trend in GPP and approximately 41.0 % showing a decreasing trend. (2) Areas with a declining GPP highly overlapped with regions that experienced intense drought. The SPEI primarily showed a negative correlation with GPP; however, the proportion of positively correlated areas increased with longer SPEI time scales. (3) Wildfires generally exerted a negative impact on vegetation GPP, as burned areas typically decreased in productivity compared to unburned regions; however, most affected areas demonstrated a basic recovery in GPP within five years. (4) Shrublands, grasslands, and savannas exhibited a higher GPP sensitivity to drought and wildfires, whereas forest communities demonstrated greater ecological resilience. (5) The interaction between drought and wildfires exacerbated negative impacts on GPP over short-term time scales; however, a gradual weakening influence was observed over medium- to long-term timescales. This study offers novel insights into and a theoretical foundation for assessing and understanding the impacts of drought and wildfires on the GPP of boreal forests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100953"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Qualitative scenarios analysis for upgrading timber value chains: A case study in Thua Thien Hue province, central Vietnam","authors":"La Thi Tham","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The forest transition in Vietnam is moving to the next step: to substantially improve the quality of plantation forests and enhance their economic achievement, social benefits and environmental services. To achieve these goals, the Vietnamese government has issued a number of policies, for example, to promote the domestic furniture processing industry and develop timber value chains (VCs). However, the further development of the timber industry remains uncertain under the impacts of influence factors. This study presents the findings from qualitative scenario analysis conducted to identify and evaluate different pathways of Acacia timber VCs in Thua Thien Hue province, where the species has been cultivated for >20 years. Contextual condition analysis and 15 key informant interviews facilitated the identification of three development scenarios based on the level of forest transition interventions and the reactions of key VC actors. The main criteria for VC assessment were justified according to the three pillars of sustainable development encompassing economic potential, social benefits and environmental improvement. Findings indicate a low level of effective implementation prospects of a <em>fast transition model</em> under the current situation. A <em>slow transition scenario</em> with a co-management model, instead, serves as a suitable development pathway.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100952"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144721648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}