Trees, Forests and People最新文献

{"title":"Tree structural traits as a key element for ensuring socio-economic equitable access to ecosystem services","authors":"Ángel Ruiz-Valero,&nbsp;Pablo Cozano-Pérez,&nbsp;Jaime Francisco Pereña-Ortiz,&nbsp;Pedro Miguel Guerrero-Serrano,&nbsp;Ángel Enrique Salvo-Tierra","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100899","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100899","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving Sustainable Development Goal 11, which focuses on developing safe, resilient, and sustainable human settlements, requires addressing inequities in access to green spaces and urban tree cover to ensure the fair distribution of environmental benefits across socioeconomic groups. The literature consistently demonstrates that tree structural traits are key elements mediating differences in their contribution to urban well-being, as well as potential disservices. In this study, an extension to the Cooling Capacity Index (CCIT) to evaluate the cooling capacity of urban trees primarily in terms of their ability to provide shade is proposed. Bayesian Hierarchical Models were employed to comprehensively analyze disparities in access to multiple ecosystem services and exposure to biogenic volatile organic compounds emitted by urban trees by socioeconomic groups in three municipal districts of Málaga. The estimation relies on the municipal urban tree inventory, i-Tree Eco, and aerial LiDAR data. Spatial distribution patterns are intrinsically dependent on the presence of urban trees. However, certain areas with a high supply of specific ecosystem services exhibit lower availability of others, likely due to differences in tree traits. No inequities in exposure to biogenic volatile organic compounds were found between socioeconomic groups. However, inequities were identified based on income levels, the Gini index, ethnicity, and age groups, varying according to the ecosystem service assessed. These findings are essential for urban planners, providing guidance to address equity issues in future tree-planting strategies while considering that species selection and tree traits play a central role in shaping both access to benefits and exposure to disservices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100899"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144280984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does fertilization help or hinder? Nutrient inputs shape competition dynamics","authors":"Fillipe Vieira de Araújo ,&nbsp;Wander Gladson Amaral ,&nbsp;Naiane Maria Corrêa dos Santos ,&nbsp;Enilson de Barros Silva ,&nbsp;Evander Alves Ferreira ,&nbsp;Israel Marinho Pereira ,&nbsp;José Barbosa dos Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100887","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100887","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Invasive grasses such as Urochloa brizantha pose a major challenge to tropical forest restoration, often outcompeting native species and altering successional dynamics. Success in forest restoration often depends on initial cultivation practices and the competitive dynamics between native species and invasive grasses. This study evaluated the interaction between Senegalia polyphylla, a native tree species recommended for restoration, and Urochloa brizantha, an invasive grass, under different mineral and organic fertilization regimes. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement involving three cultivation types (monocultures of each species and interspecific competition), six fertilization treatments combining different proportions of mineral and organic fertilizers and a control without fertilization, and four replicates. Biomass production, nutrient content, and nutrient use efficiency were assessed.Our results indicate that, in the absence of fertilization, S. polyphylla facilitates the growth of U. brizantha, promoting a 96 % increase in grass biomass production. However, nutrient addition transforms facilitation into competition, particularly with organic fertilization. Although S. polyphylla showed near-optimal phosphorus uptake even without fertilization, competition with U. brizantha limited its efficient use of nutrients, particularly P and K. Moreover, the invasive grass demonstrated more efficient nitrogen use across all fertilization regimes, highlighting its competitive potential. S. polyphylla biomass was not significantly redistributed aboveground as a strategy to overcome light competition, suggesting that belowground competition was equally intense. We conclude that fertilization, while beneficial for initial revegetation, must be carefully planned in restoration projects, as it may favor invasive grasses and hinder native tree growth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100887"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest fire risk under climate change in Austria and comparable European regions","authors":"Dagmar N. Henner ,&nbsp;Gottfried Kirchengast","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100889","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100889","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forest fires in the European Alpine region tend to increase under current climate change. This research assesses the degree of increase since the 1990s, the causes of the forest fires and the implications for the affected areas. European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) data were used to identify the number of fires, and past and current periods were compared based on the data since 1993. A qualitative multi-criteria framework analysis and impact assessment were used to compile the causes of the forest fires. Climate change indicators were used to help frame causes and link them to climate conditions and the likelihood of fires. The assessment was done for Austria, Slovenia, and Slovakia, which have comparable sizes and topography but somewhat different climates. The main ignition causes for forest fires in all these study regions are human-made (open fires, cigarettes, exhausts from cars), followed by lightning and storms that cause electricity lines to break down. Both the severity (size of fires/burnt area) and the frequency of occurrence have been found to increase under recent climate change. Inherent fire danger was found to increase as well. This underpins the conclusion that climate change will negatively affect forest safety in Austria and the adjacent regions. Their impacts on humans and ecosystems will become more severe, and by decreasing the forested area and increasing the greenhouse gas emissions from burning, climate change itself is further enhanced.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100889"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144148106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change reduces and shifts suitable habitats of Uapaca kirkiana Müll. Arg. to higher altitudes in Malawi","authors":"Bruno Kokouvi Kokou ,&nbsp;Msiska Ulemu ,&nbsp;Wouyo Atakpama ,&nbsp;Séverin Biaou ,&nbsp;Soloum Clément Teteli ,&nbsp;Kouagou Raoul Sambieni ,&nbsp;Frank Mnthambala ,&nbsp;Tembo Mavuto ,&nbsp;Paul Munyenyembe ,&nbsp;Florent Noulèkoun","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change is expected to affect the distribution of species worldwide. Understanding how these changes impact species distribution is essential for designing conservation strategies and sustainable management approaches. <em>Uapaca kirkiana</em> Müll. Arg. holds significant ecological and socio-economic importance in Malawi but is highly threatened in its natural habitat. We investigated the impact of climate change on the ecological niche of <em>U. kirkiana</em> and identify both suitable and priority habitats for its conservation and cultivation in Malawi. The maximum entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm was used to model the current and future distribution of the species based on 21 environmental variables and 480 species occurrences. Habitat prioritization was performed using Zonation software. Our results showed that only temperature-related variables including isothermality (percent contribution of 15 %), mean temperature of the coldest quarter (12 %), mean temperature of the driest quarter (10 %), and maximum temperature of the warmest month (8 %) determined the current distribution of <em>U. kirkiana</em>. Overall, 9.29 % of Malawi was predicted as highly suitable for <em>U. kirkiana</em> occurrence, 17.39 % moderately suitable and 25.20 % poorly suitable. This suitable habitat is projected to decrease in the future climate scenarios, from 9.29 % under the current conditions to 8.01 % under the SSP3-7.0 scenario and to 6.21 % under the SSP5-8.5, respectively, by 2055. Priority areas for the conservation and cultivation of <em>U. kirkiana</em> were mainly located in the northern (21 %) and central (13 %) regions. Our findings suggest that climate change will lead to a reduction in the species' suitable habitat and a shift along the South-North gradient toward higher elevations. Our study further highlights the urgent need to incorporate climate change projections into conservation planning for the species. Effective conservation and sustainability efforts should prioritize suitable habitats in the northern and central regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100884"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144131254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An investigation on the local community's traditional knowledge of Iranian mountain forests using a qualitative assessment","authors":"Mehdi Zandebasiri ,&nbsp;Mehdi Pourhashemi ,&nbsp;Chabi A.M.S. Djagoun ,&nbsp;Sayed Vahid Sayedena ,&nbsp;Zohreh Mosleh Ghahfarokhi ,&nbsp;Hossein Azadi ,&nbsp;Frank Witlox","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Identifying the role and position of local communities in forest management, both in terms of different forms of harvesting and indigenous knowledge, is essential for proper forest planning. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate the role of local communities in the management of mountain forests in the Zagros region of Iran that local communities are the most important factor in forest planning. In forests that have public ownership and simultaneously local communities are highly dependent on forest resources, it is necessary to consider the role of local communities in goal-setting for forest management. Concepts and principles of social or community-based forestry can be used for such situations in forests that have public ownership. In this condition, local communities try to manage the ecosystem with their indigenous knowledge. Accordingly, a traditional system for forest management needs to be formed in these ecosystems. This study examines the evidence of forest management in the Zagros forests of Iran which have mountainous heights with traditional knowledge of local communities. Participatory rural appraisal and interties with critical informants of local communities are applied in this study. Systematic analysis and PEST (Political, Economic, Social, Technological) framework strengthened these methods. Indigenous knowledge of resource management was registered for policy-making in forest management. Results show this indigenous knowledge has the capability of cooperative planning by the forest managers so that local community benefit from the ecosystems with some controls and adjustments in their relationship with the ecosystems, and the sustainability of the ecosystems is also maintained. Setting goals in managing such forests should be subject to both the demands of the public sector and local communities. We conclude appropriate policies to forest resources such as making contracts between forest management and local communities as well as modifying the social demands of local communities towards sustainable resource management in these forests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100883"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eucalyptus plantations and gender dynamics: Analyzing Women's empowerment in Northwest Ethiopia","authors":"Fasika Belay ,&nbsp;Messay Mulugeta ,&nbsp;Teferee Makonnen","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100881","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100881","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Men and women often play distinct roles in forest management, each experiencing varying levels of empowerment. This study investigates the effect of eucalyptus plantations on women's empowerment in the Senan District of Northwest Ethiopia. It employed a mixed approach and a multistage sampling method. The data were collected using questionnaire surveys administered to 328 households, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and observations. The Abbreviated Women Empowerment in Agriculture Index (A-WEAI) and the Abbreviated Women Empowerment in Eucalyptus plantations Index (A-WEEI) questionnaires were administered to both men and women within the same households. A probit model was used to identify the major determinants of women’s empowerment. The findings reveal significant disparities in empowerment levels between households with eucalyptus plantations and those without. While women across both types of households experience considerable disempowerment, those in eucalyptus-owning households face greater challenges, marked by heightened inadequacy and reduced empowerment. Lack of control over income (27.4 % for owners, 24.1 % for non-owners) is identified as the leading contributor to women's disempowerment in both household types, with a greater impact in eucalyptus-owning households. The estimated probit model found that women's age, residential area, and educational levels (including their husbands’ educational attainment), and mobile phone ownership positively and significantly affect women's empowerment. In contrast, the age difference between spouses and the academic disparity between them negatively and significantly affect women's empowerment. Thus, interventions must prioritize empowering women's income control by promoting individual savings accounts with competitive interest rates, alongside mandatory gender-responsive capacity-building programs (financial literacy, leadership, and negotiation training) at local and regional levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100881"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144099156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SFI fiber sourcing certification associated with suspended sediment load reductions in Georgia, USA","authors":"Catherine Cooper ,&nbsp;Parag Kadam ,&nbsp;C. Rhett Jackson ,&nbsp;Gary L. Hawkins ,&nbsp;Puneet Dwivedi","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100880","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100880","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Sustainable Forestry Initiative Fiber Sourcing Standard (SFI-FSS) is a market-based certification that promotes responsible forestry by requiring certified mills to procure wood only from trained loggers and suppliers who are implementing Best Management Practices (BMPs) across the supply chain. None of the previous studies have analyzed the association of the degree of SFI-FSS adoption with improved water quality. This study examines the impact of increased coverage of SFI-FSS certified mill sourcing areas (wood baskets) on suspended sediment concentration (SSC, mg/L) and sediment load (kg/ha/yr) in watersheds across Georgia, USA. Using a spatially explicit methodology, we analyzed data from 28 United States Geological Survey (USGS) monitoring stations, incorporating information on mill certification status, land cover (forest/crop), and hydrological discharge (cubic feet per second, cfs) over a 19-year period (2001–2019). A multiple linear regression model with area and time-fixed effects was used to assess the relationship between SFI-FSS mill presence and sediment load in watersheds overlapping the mill wood baskets. A 1 % increase in SFI-FSS certified mill sourcing area within a watershed is associated with a 3.5 kg/ha/yr reduction in median suspended sediment load (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01). This relationship indicates that increasing SFI-FSS certification coverage correlates with improved water quality by reducing sedimentation. Forest cover (%) also exhibited a significant inverse relationship with sediment load, reinforcing the well-documented role of forests in water filtration and sediment retention. These findings provide empirical support for the role of SFI-FSS certification programs in promoting water quality benefits. As certification programs continue to expand, their potential to contribute to sustainable watershed management should be further explored.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100880"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the impacts of converting commercial Eucalyptus woodlots into cropland on rural households’ income and income diversification in Northwestern Ethiopia","authors":"Messie Assefa Teka ,&nbsp;Asmamaw Alemu Abtew ,&nbsp;Tefera Berihun Taw ,&nbsp;Demamu Mesfin","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100879","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100879","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Farmers in the Northwestern highlands of Ethiopia have begun converting commercial <em>Eucalyptus</em> woodlots into cropland. However, the impact of this transition on rural households' income and income diversification remains unclear. To fill this gap, this study investigates the impacts of this shift on farmers' income and income diversification level with the endogenous switching regression model and Simpson’s diversification index (SDI) approach, respectively. Data were collected through household interviews (n = 362), key informant interviews (n = 36), and focus group discussions (n = 7). A multistage sampling method was employed to select households, while snowball and purposive sampling techniques were used for FGDs and KIIs. Endogenous switching regression analysis shows that shifting woodlots into cropland has a significant income difference between woodlot converters, who earn an average annual income of $4313.45, compared to $2564.42 for non-converters. The income gap ($1744.98) is significant at a t-value of 10.6. Simpson’s Index of Diversity (SID) also reveals that converters exhibit higher income diversification (SID = 0.7611) compared to non-converters (SID = 0.6602), reflecting a strategic shift toward a multi-sectoral livelihood portfolio. Converters' income increased significantly, influenced by several factors, including gender (p = 0.049), landholding size (p = 0.000), total livestock units (p = 0.001), negative perception of <em>Eucalyptus</em> commercialization (p = 0.001), market access (p = 0.019), comparative benefits of crop farming (p = 0.006), and cropland size (p = 0.017). Although this conversion has positive benefits for increasing income and serves as a diversified livelihood strategy, it also presents ecological trade-offs. Findings emphasize the need for context-specific strategies and provide a framework for sustainable land use conversion in Ethiopia. Further research should focus on interdisciplinary research to assess sustainability, explore alternative land-use models, and examine market dynamics and policy incentives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100879"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144106041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors influencing low-income households in substituting traditional charcoal with alternative energy sources for cooking in Northwestern and Lusaka Province, Zambia","authors":"Chilombo Mulima ,&nbsp;Amekawa Yuichiro ,&nbsp;Girma Gezimu Gebre ,&nbsp;Stefan Sieber","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100876","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100876","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A study analyzed data from 324 households in Zambia from Lusaka and Northwestern provinces to understand factors influencing the shift from traditional fuels like firewood and traditional charcoal to alternative energy sources. In rural areas of Northwestern Province, the education level of the household head and cooking duration significantly impacted energy choices. Conversely, in urban areas of Lusaka Province, wealthier and more educated households showed a higher propensity to adopt cleaner cooking fuels. However, despite higher income levels and access to grid electricity, many urban households in Lusaka continued using traditional charcoal. Beyond income, factors such as load shedding and cooking time considerations also influenced energy decisions. The study recommends promoting diverse cooking energy options—such as solar energy, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), and briquettes or pellets—especially in urban areas with higher incomes, to serve as backups during electricity crises or complement fuelwood. Additionally, it emphasizes considering location-specific factors when advocating for these alternatives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100876"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144105973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding peat swamp forest transitions: sustainability strategies and livelihood adaptation in Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, South Sumatra, Indonesia","authors":"Nur Arifatul Ulya ,&nbsp;Ari Nurlia ,&nbsp;Bambang Tejo Premono ,&nbsp;Efendi Agus Waluyo ,&nbsp;Syafrul Yunardy ,&nbsp;Edwin Martin","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Peat swamp forests (PSF) are vital natural resources for local livelihood dynamics, which are impacted by both natural and policy factors. In order to manage vulnerabilities and maintain their standard of living, rural communities surrounding PSF adapt by making use of the available capital. This article uses a case study in Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI) Regency, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia, to explore how the PSF shift has affected the livelihoods of nearby villagers. To accomplish these goals, we conducted a narrative review in order to collect data and information. Natural resource extraction, cultivation, and product processing occur across a range of time spans, with variations in the quantity and kind of commodities, as well as PSF deterioration and company management. The livelihood diversification and agriculture intensification strategies are typically combined by the local population in PSF areas. We contend that the key to diversifying livelihoods is ownership and access to financial and natural wealth. For community groups that lack access to cash, migration is a calculated choice. Strengthening the knowledge base through capacity-building initiatives is necessary to intensify the blending of traditional and non-traditional livelihood methods. In order to manage PSF in a cooperative and inclusive manner, the government must encourage community involvement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100869"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143927858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}