Trees, Forests and People最新文献

{"title":"Assisted natural regeneration for tropical forest and landscape restoration in the Philippines: Implementation, motivations, challenges and future directions","authors":"Tomiwa V. Oluwajuwon ,&nbsp;Robin L. Chazdon ,&nbsp;Nestor Gregorio ,&nbsp;Liz Ota ,&nbsp;Rogelio Tripoli ,&nbsp;Arturo Pasa ,&nbsp;John Herbohn","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100896","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100896","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forest degradation and deforestation in the rural uplands of the Philippines threaten biodiversity, ecological functions, and local livelihoods. To address these issues, various Forest and Landscape Restoration (FLR) initiatives have been introduced, including Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR)—a set of low-cost interventions aimed at accelerating natural recovery and enhancing ecological functionality in degraded forest landscapes. However, implementation of ANR remains limited and largely unsustained in FLR projects, undermining its potential impact. Using case studies and a mixed-method qualitative survey approach, we examined ANR implementation across socio-ecological and policy dimensions in the Philippines by interviewing 22 key informants and conducting 5 focus group discussions with multiple stakeholder groups involved in ANR projects across three regions. Seven categories of key drivers influencing stakeholders to adopt ANR were identified, with socioeconomic incentives, particularly income and livelihood opportunities from project participation, being the strongest. These were followed by environmental motivations, including biodiversity conservation, watershed protection, climate change mitigation, and disaster risk reduction. Top-down institutional mandates and intrinsic values related to biodiversity conservation also play a crucial role. Despite its benefits, sustained ANR implementation faces numerous challenges, which we categorized into eight major themes. The most critical obstacles include short-term and insufficient funding, limited livelihood integration, and environmental threats like forest fires and local community pressures. Moreover, weak policy support, governance gaps, lack of sustainable protection and monitoring plans, and rugged terrain substantially hinder ANR's long-term viability. Restrictions on native tree use further constrain opportunities for integrating natural regeneration into FLR strategies. To enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of ANR in FLR initiatives, we recommend extending project timeframes, securing long-term funding, improving site protection and maintenance, integrating sustainable livelihood programs, strengthening policy support and alignment, and promoting evidence-based advocacy. Governments, restoration agencies, and NGOs must foster long-term financing mechanisms and ensure sustained local benefits to scale up ANR’s role in FLR efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100896"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144194708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring forest rehabilitation and restoration: A brief systematic review","authors":"Mthokozisi Ndumiso Mzuzuwentokozo Buthelezi,&nbsp;Romano Trent Lottering,&nbsp;Kabir Yunus Peerbhay,&nbsp;Onisimo Mutanga","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ecosystem services are essential to global environmental policy, highlighting the critical role of forests as providers of these services. However, extensive deforestation threatens access to these vital services. This underscores the urgent need for comprehensive forest management practices, highlighting forest rehabilitation and restoration as essential strategies. These approaches require context-specific planning and consideration of various factors outlined in existing literature. Recognising the critical role of forests and the threats they face, this study analysed existing research on forest rehabilitation and restoration techniques to inform effective global policies and interventions. Using a systematic review methodology, this study investigated trends in forest rehabilitation and restoration efforts without a predefined start date, covering publications up to 2023, examined the utilisation of different practices, and identified opportunities for enhancing the success of efforts globally. An analysis of 117 publications revealed increasing research activity in recent years, with notable peaks between 2019 and 2023, indicating growing interest in the field. Geographic analysis showed regional disparities, with Asian and South American countries leading in research frequency. Policy recommendations underscored the importance of community participation, efficient fire control, and government support in forest rehabilitation efforts. The reviewed publications predominantly focused on tropical forests and reforestation/natural succession/nucleation as primary practices, highlighting the significance of these ecosystems and strategies in current research. Moreover, this review highlighted the complexity of forest rehabilitation and restoration, emphasising the need for global collaboration, interdisciplinary approaches, and strong policy support.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100898"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144222013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conserving native Kalimantan species: the role of agroforestry in biodiversity conservation and carbon storage","authors":"Amandita Lintang Rumondang ,&nbsp;Yulizah Yulizah ,&nbsp;Joeni Setijo Rahajoe ,&nbsp;Burhanuddin Adman ,&nbsp;Rizki Maharani ,&nbsp;Yaya Rayadin ,&nbsp;Mukhlisi Mukhlisi ,&nbsp;Bayu Arief Pratama ,&nbsp;Kusuma Rahmawati ,&nbsp;Vera Budi Lestari ,&nbsp;Ruliyana Susanti ,&nbsp;Tika Dewi Atikah ,&nbsp;Yohannes Wibisono ,&nbsp;Laode Alhamd","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100891","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100891","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rich biodiversity of Kalimantan is threatened by land use changes, making it essential to adopt conservation strategies. The implementation of agroforestry systems by the local community is a potential conservation strategy to sustainably preserve the biodiversity. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine the role of agroforestry in conserving native species diversity and its potential for storing carbon in the North Penajam Paser and Kutai Kartanegara districts, East Kalimantan. Vegetation analysis and interviews were carried out to identify plant species and agroforestry patterns in this region. Data were analyzed using the Shannon–Wiener index, importance value index, species association tests, Pearson correlation, and principal component analysis, whereas biomass estimates were derived using an allometric model. Results showed that 58.70 % of all cultivated species were native to Kalimantan. Species association analysis revealed positive interactions that facilitated coexistence and resource use efficiency. The agroforestry system integrated native fruit species, economically valuable non native species, high carbon stock species, and species included in the IUCN Red List such as <em>Durio kutejensis, Baccaurea lanceolata</em>, and <em>Aquilaria microcarpa</em>. This approach, exemplified in Sungai Merdeka Village, optimized financial benefits while supporting conservation. The estimated average carbon stock was 33.28 Mg C ha⁻¹, highlighting the contribution of agroforestry systems for carbon storage. Consequently, the agroforestry system provided economic benefits, playing a role in conserving native species by storing and sequestering carbon.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100891"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144194707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling anthropogenic disturbance effects on tropical tree communities: clade-based insights across elevations","authors":"Vitor de Andrade Kamimura ,&nbsp;Priscilla de Paula Loiola ,&nbsp;Danilo Mesquita Neves ,&nbsp;Gabriel Mendes Marcusso ,&nbsp;Gabriel Pavan Sabino ,&nbsp;Marco Antonio Assis ,&nbsp;Carlos Alfredo Joly ,&nbsp;Fábio Pinheiro","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100894","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100894","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Community assemblies in tropical forests are influenced by both environmental filtering and anthropogenic disturbance processes, posing significant challenges in ecological research. To disentangle these complex effects, we applied species-level and phylogenetic approaches to a dataset of 14,500 tree individuals from 310 species across eight communities in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, including both undisturbed and selectively logged plots along an elevational gradient. Using rarefaction and ordination analyses, and node-based assessments of species distributions—with and without tree ferns—we investigated how selective logging influences community assembly across elevations and whether its effects vary among evolutionary lineages. Selective logging had a stronger impact on tree communities at lower elevations, suggesting that their species assembly and phylogenetic structure are more susceptible to the same anthropogenic disturbance in montane communities. Regarding clade-based perspective, Cyatheaceae and Magnoliids were over-represented in montane forests and Fabidae and Myrtaceae in submontane forests, yet disturbance markedly reduced Fabidae in submontane areas, decreased Magnoliids in both forest types, and led to a significant decline of Myrtaceae in disturbed montane forests. In general, we underscore that species clades varied in their responses to environmental and anthropogenic filters, highlighting the necessity for clade-specific analyses to enhance our understanding of community assembly processes and improve conservation strategies. By recognizing the differential responses of tree species clades, conservation efforts can be better tailored to address the unique challenges faced by different species and clades. This approach can contribute to more effective and sustainable management of tropical forest ecosystems in the face of ongoing environmental and anthropogenic changes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100894"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Family forest landowners of the United States: Exploring challenges and opportunities in light of the sustainable forestry paradigm","authors":"Puneet Dwivedi ,&nbsp;Carolina Berget","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100885","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100885","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100885"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into ex situ conservation and MaxEnt-based habitat suitability modeling of Prunus ulmifolia Franch. (Rosaceae Juss.): A Central Asian relict species","authors":"Vitaliy Kirillov ,&nbsp;Velta Massalova ,&nbsp;Ashutosh Pathak ,&nbsp;Anna Ivashchenko ,&nbsp;Svetlana Kabanova ,&nbsp;Alimzhan Rakhimzhanov ,&nbsp;Tamara Stikhareva","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Introduction of rare and endangered plant species is essential for conservation, with Botanical gardens and Arboreta playing a crucial role in ex situ preservation. <em>Prunus ulmifolia</em> Franch. is a valuable ornamental plant with medicinal properties, also recommended for forest reclamation, erosion control, and as a promising candidate for breeding programs and rootstock for stone fruit crops. However, its natural range is limited to the forest and subalpine zones of the Dzhungarian Alatau, the Tien Shan, and the Pamir-Alai. The study aimed to analyze existing literature on distribution of <em>P. ulmifolia</em> and evaluate its adaptation at newly established sites in Northern Kazakhstan. The research drew on data from literature sources, Botanical gardens, Arboreta, experimental stations, and authors' field research conducted from 2020 to 2024 in Kazakhstan and Tajikistan, and their growth and phenological phases were also assessed. <em>P. ulmifolia</em> has been introduced in over 35 cities across 12 countries, from Eastern Europe to Central Asia, showing adaptability to diverse climates, from moderately to sharply continental. The correlation analysis revealed a statistically significant, moderate positive relationship between age and height, providing valuable benchmarks for assessing plant health and development. Additionally, MaxEnt-based species distribution indicated high sensitivity to temperature, especially during the cold season, suggesting a likely northward shift due to global warming; while the core range in Central Asia remains stable across all scenarios. The successful adaptation of <em>P. ulmifolia</em> in Northern Kazakhstan, particularly in Astana, demonstrates its strong potential for use in both urban and rural landscaping, especially in southern regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100901"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144230696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 impacts on Amazon deforestation","authors":"Jerico Fiestas-Flores ,&nbsp;Minoru Higa ,&nbsp;Javier G. Montoya-Zumaeta","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100888","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We leverage spatial variation in the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic across Peru to examine its impacts on deforestation. We find that COVID-19 explains one-third of the increase in deforestation in 2020. We estimate that a 10 % increase in COVID-19 cases increases deforestation by 1.5 %. This impact is exacerbated in districts with coca production or illegal mining. Pandemic-driven deforestation increased <em>CO</em>₂ emissions by over 8 million tons, representing a social cost five times the national budget for forest management. These findings underscore the vulnerability of environmental monitoring and enforcement to external shocks in developing countries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100888"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144222014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevation shapes tree composition, structure and diversity more than soil properties in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal","authors":"Bimal Kumar Yadav ,&nbsp;Kishor Prasad Bhatta ,&nbsp;Santosh Ayer ,&nbsp;Prakash Basnet ,&nbsp;Nabin Dhakal ,&nbsp;Suraj Sharma ,&nbsp;Rabin Kadariya ,&nbsp;Shes Kanta Bhandari","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100902","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100902","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite Nepal's steep elevational gradients and ecological diversity, forest stand dynamics along these gradients remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze how elevation (1500–4000 m) influences forest properties in the Sikles region of the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. We used generalized additive modeling (GAM) to capture nonlinear patterns in tree diversity and structural attributes across the elevation gradient, and structural equation modeling (SEM) to disentangle the direct and indirect relationships among soil, environmental, and tree variables. Transect-based sampling was conducted using 60 rectangular plots (20 × 25 m) across elevation gradients, spaced at 100 m intervals. Within each plot, we recorded dendrometric attributes (DBH &gt; 5 cm, tree height, canopy cover), soil properties (pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium), and environmental variables (slope, aspect, elevation, precipitation, and temperature). Tree diversity and species composition declined with elevation. GAM revealed a significant nonlinear negative effect of elevation on diversity and structural attributes, with a plateau between 2000 and 3000 m and decline above 3000 m. Only organic matter and nitrogen showed weak elevation trends. SEM identified elevation, precipitation and soil nutrients as key drivers of species richness and tree structure. This study recommends habitat protection and sustainable forest management in mid-elevation forests (2000–3000 m) where diversity is highest, and restoration strategies above 3000 m such as assisted regeneration, enrichment planting, and introduction of climate-resilient native species to mitigate ongoing degradation and climate risks. These findings support elevation-based forest management in Nepal’s mountain forests and contribute to global climate-resilient conservation efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100902"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144254424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutritional composition and ruminant feed potential of black pod by-products from tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr.) in Southern Thailand","authors":"Eaknarin Ruangrak ,&nbsp;Arraya Jeanmas ,&nbsp;Thaintip Kraiprom ,&nbsp;Khaem Longnapa ,&nbsp;Somnuek Sornnok ,&nbsp;Nang Myint Phyu Sin Htwe","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100890","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100890","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Parkia timoriana</em> (DC.) Merr., or tree bean, is a forest tree commonly cultivated in southern Thailand as an intercrop in rubber plantations, agroforestry systems, and home gardens, mainly for seed production. However, its black pod by-products are often discarded despite possible nutritional value. This research analyzed the chemical composition, energy values, and mineral content of three size-based types of black pod by-products: small-type (&lt;2.0 mm), medium-type (2.0–10.0 mm), and large-type (&gt;10.0 mm). The small-type was superior in terms of nutritional quality, having significantly higher levels of moisture, crude protein, ether extract, crude ash, nitrogen-free extract, non-structural carbohydrates, digestible energy, metabolizable energy, net energy for maintenance, net energy for gain, net energy for lactation, and key minerals, including calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium, qualifying them as Prime forage. Medium-type showed a higher percentage of fiber constituents (neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin), gross energy and was rated as Fair quality. Large-type exhibited the highest amount of structural carbohydrates (crude fiber, hemicellulose, cellulose, total carbohydrates) earning a Good forage rating. Dry matter content was not statistically significantly different among medium to large-types. This is the first report highlighting the nutritional potential of tree bean black pod by-products, particularly the small type, as a promising ruminant feed resource. For future research, we recommend to investigate <em>in vivo</em> or <em>in vitro</em> digestibility assessments for a more accurate determination of nutrient bioavailability and the practical nutritional value of the black pod by-products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100890"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144254357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tree structural traits as a key element for ensuring socio-economic equitable access to ecosystem services","authors":"Ángel Ruiz-Valero,&nbsp;Pablo Cozano-Pérez,&nbsp;Jaime Francisco Pereña-Ortiz,&nbsp;Pedro Miguel Guerrero-Serrano,&nbsp;Ángel Enrique Salvo-Tierra","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100899","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100899","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving Sustainable Development Goal 11, which focuses on developing safe, resilient, and sustainable human settlements, requires addressing inequities in access to green spaces and urban tree cover to ensure the fair distribution of environmental benefits across socioeconomic groups. The literature consistently demonstrates that tree structural traits are key elements mediating differences in their contribution to urban well-being, as well as potential disservices. In this study, an extension to the Cooling Capacity Index (CCIT) to evaluate the cooling capacity of urban trees primarily in terms of their ability to provide shade is proposed. Bayesian Hierarchical Models were employed to comprehensively analyze disparities in access to multiple ecosystem services and exposure to biogenic volatile organic compounds emitted by urban trees by socioeconomic groups in three municipal districts of Málaga. The estimation relies on the municipal urban tree inventory, i-Tree Eco, and aerial LiDAR data. Spatial distribution patterns are intrinsically dependent on the presence of urban trees. However, certain areas with a high supply of specific ecosystem services exhibit lower availability of others, likely due to differences in tree traits. No inequities in exposure to biogenic volatile organic compounds were found between socioeconomic groups. However, inequities were identified based on income levels, the Gini index, ethnicity, and age groups, varying according to the ecosystem service assessed. These findings are essential for urban planners, providing guidance to address equity issues in future tree-planting strategies while considering that species selection and tree traits play a central role in shaping both access to benefits and exposure to disservices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100899"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144280984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}