Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)最新文献

{"title":"Advanced materials for next generation high energy and power nickel-metal hydride portable batteries","authors":"S. Dhar, M. Fetcenko, S. Ovshinsky","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905149","url":null,"abstract":"Nickel-metal hydride batteries are in high volume commercial production for mass market portable applications due to an excellent cost to performance ratio, application to a versatile product mix and environmental acceptability. Ovonic Battery Company Inc. (OBC) a subsidiary of Energy Conversion Devices Inc. (ECD) has established the dominant position in Ni-MH batteries by establishing a fundamental patent portfolio, a network of licensees and business affiliates, and continued product improvement based upon its atomic engineering approach. The largest opportunities for Ni-MH market growth are portable power tools, EV, HEV and fuel cell electric vehicles. These applications benefit from improvements in specific energy, cycle life, high temperature performance, activation/formation, and in particular specific power. Advances in materials technology have enabled performance improvements in specific energy (100 Wh/kg), specific power (1000 W/kg), high temperature operation, charge retention, cycle life and voltage stability. While electrode configuration and packaging are important factors in cell design, at the core of next generation Ni-MH technology are the continuing fundamental improvements to the metal hydride and nickel hydroxide active materials. In this paper, advances in performance, applications and cost reduction are discussed with particular emphasis on the improved proprietary metal hydride and nickel hydroxide materials that make such advances possible.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121756954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of gas propagation and ventilation in battery rooms","authors":"F. Vaccaro, J. Rhoades, J. Timmons, B. Le","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905110","url":null,"abstract":"There has been a proliferation of application-sensitive, normally gas efficient recombining VRLA batteries. In many applications this product is housed in relatively small rooms with minimal control of ambient temperature or battery charge current. At less than extreme excesses of these variables the recombination of the hydrogen and oxygen evolving from the battery becomes inefficient. Under these conditions potentially explosive mixtures of hydrogen in air develop and the battery room is no longer a safe environment. A thorough understanding of the properties of hydrogen transport and its ventilation is essential to prevent a dangerous buildup of hydrogen. We have tested the parameters necessary to provide efficient hydrogen ventilation and have found the following: a H/sub 2/ diffusion coefficient that is approximately a fifth of the literature value; the vent path length association to the hydrogen concentration in the battery room is not one to one, as indicated by the classical diffusion equations; hydrogen ventilation calculations and methods are presented for simple diffusion and forced air convection (fans); and it is experimentally demonstrated that the friction and turbulence of air flow when using fans needs to be determined by direct measurement.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129656953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A simpler multiple battery architecture for notebooks","authors":"M. Schneider","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905144","url":null,"abstract":"The IBA (intelligent battery architecture) multiple battery architecture is simpler and less expensive than an SBS version 1.1 multiple battery implementation. Selector, charger, charge balance, fuel gauge, and protector are all within the pack. Each battery has an individual address on the SM-Bus allowing up to eight batteries in a system.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"34 7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125720439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increasing the specific energy of deep-cycle VRLA batteries by improving material-utilization efficiencies","authors":"J. L. Arias, D. Boughn, J. Rowlette, E. Drake","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905128","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing the utilization efficiency of the active materials offers the greatest opportunity for improving the specific energy of deep-cycle VRLA batteries. Bipolar Power International (BPI) has been developing lead-sulfate-based high-utilization paste formulations for the past decade, as part of its bipolar-battery R&D program, Previous experiments with these pastes on both flat lead sheets (for bipolar plates) and cast grids have shown substantial improvements in material utilization efficiencies over traditional oxide-based pastes, together with good cycling performance. Recently, BPI has begun investigating the performance of its sulfate-based paste in reticulated Pb-metal foams as a means of further increasing utilization efficiency. The results of these preliminary experiments show improvements in positive-material utilization of at least 30% to 44% at the 1/2 -hour to 10-hour rates, respectively, compared to traditional lead-oxide-based pastes on grids.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133597909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New and novel lithium imide electrolytes and copolymers: synthesis and characterization for lithium rechargeable batteries","authors":"H.V. Venkatasetty","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905140","url":null,"abstract":"Several new and novel lithium imide salts were synthesized and characterized for their conductivities and electrochemical stabilities in nonaqueous solvent mixtures. Many copolymers and diblock copolymers using monomers such as polyethylene glycol methacrylate of different molecular weights and/or poly (lauryl methacrylate) were synthesized and characterized. Solid polymer electrolytes with promising lithium salts and copolymers were prepared with different Li/O ratios and varying ratios of copolymers and polyethylene oxide with inert additives. Their conductivities and electrochemical stabilities were measured. All lithium imide salts and copolymer based solid polymer electrolyte films are found to be stable from 0 to 4.5 V versus lithium. The solubilities and the conductivities of Lithium imide salts are found to depend on their structure. The physical properties of copolymers are known to depend on the type and the molecular weight of the monomer used and the polymerization process. The solid polymer electrolyte films containing a large fraction of the copolymers in the mixture with polyethylene oxide and lithium salts show much improved conductivity at room temperature. Both the solid polymer electrolyte films and the lithium imide salt solutions have been used in lithium cells to evaluate their performance. The performance data of cells with these electrolytes are discussed in terms of their structures and compositions.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133801515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of bipolar lead acid batteries with cladded materials","authors":"J. Wertz","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905108","url":null,"abstract":"In work carried out at Trojan Battery Company, cladded lead and nonlead metals were used to form electrodes for incorporation into a bipolar battery design. A bipolar battery construction offers advantages in power capability due to low internal resistance, high specific energy due to the removal of passive lead parts and more efficient battery assembly through simplified construction. A bipolar lead acid battery may provide the best power source in meeting the needs of hybrid electric vehicles as well powering 42 V automotive systems in a cost-effective manner.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132383056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal characteristics of selected EV and HEV batteries","authors":"A. Pesaran, M. Keyser","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905129","url":null,"abstract":"Battery management is essential for achieving desired performance and life cycle from a particular battery pack in electric and hybrid electric vehicles (EV and HEV). The batteries must be thermally managed in addition to the electrical control. In order to design battery pack management systems, the designers need to know the thermal characteristics of modules and batteries. Thermal characteristics that are needed include heat capacity of modules, temperature distribution and heat generation from modules under various charge/discharge profiles. In the last few years, the authors have been investigating thermal management of batteries and conducting tests to obtain thermal characteristics of various EV and HEV batteries. They used a calorimeter to measure heat capacity and heat generation from batteries and infrared equipment to obtain thermal images of battery modules under load. In this paper, they present their approach for thermal characterization of batteries (heat generation, heat capacity, and thermal images) by providing selected data on valve regulated lead acid, lithium ion, and nickel zinc battery modules/cells. For each battery type, the heat generation rate depends on the initial state of charge, initial temperature, and charge/discharge profile. Thermal imaging indicated that the temperature distribution in modules/cells depends on their design.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127636519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smart battery adaptive algorithms-system gain calibration elimination by use of adaptive learn cycle in integrated VFC measurement circuit","authors":"W.B. Bonnett","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905145","url":null,"abstract":"Factory calibration is eliminated for system level voltage to charge conversion gain for available charge estimation systems used in rechargeable battery applications, by taking advantage of normalized capacity learning methods. These methods allow the use of state of charge modeling techniques to predict remaining time for portable electronics applications such as talk time on cellular phones or remaining use time on computers, and eliminates the need for absolute units such as amp-hours. One such algorithm is discussed showing how this calibration can be eliminated. Time-of-use estimates are compared and analyzed against laboratory data.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"178 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132133419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Semi-suspension technology for preparation of tetrabasic pastes for positive lead-acid battery plates","authors":"D. Pavlov, S. Ruevski","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905125","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given, as follows. A new technology for production of 4BS pastes for the positive (lead dioxide) plates of lead-acid batteries has been developed based on an Eirich Evactherm(R) mixer. The basic principle of this new technology is that 4BS crystals with dimensions between 20 and 25 /spl mu/m are formed first from a semi-suspension at a temperature higher than 90/spl deg/C and then the excess water is removed from the semi-suspension under vacuum until the desired paste density is obtained. During the vacuum treatment, the temperature of the paste decreases and small 4BS and PbO crystals are formed. During the paste formation procedure, the large 4BS crystals build up the PbO/sub 2/ skeleton of the PAM, whereas the small crystals form the energetic PbO/sub 2/ structure, which participates in the charge-discharge processes on cycling of the battery. It has been found, through XRD and thermo-gravitational analysis, that the 4BS particles comprise crystal and amorphous zones. The crystal zones contain water molecules part of which can be easily removed from the particles under vacuum treatment and curing as a result of which the crystallinity of the 4BS particles decreases. Another part of the bound water remains in the 4BS particles after curing of the pastes and can leave them only after heating to 250/spl deg/C. The ability of water to leave the particles depends on the density of the semi-suspension used for preparation of the paste. The higher the H/sub 2/O content in the semi-suspension the easier it leaves the 4BS crystals on vacuum treatment. Experimental tests have shown that the best battery performance is obtained when the paste is prepared under the following conditions: degree of lead oxidation in the leady oxide (LO) 85% PbO/LO, H/sub 2/SO/sub 4//LO ratio 5-6%, liquid content (H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/+H/sub 2/O) in tile semi-suspension 240-260 ml/kg LO, temperature of the semi-suspension equal to or higher than 90/spl deg/C, duration of paste mixing about 15 min. The new semi-suspension technology of 4BS paste preparation facilitates the formation of stable PAM structure that ensures high capacity and long cycle life of the positive plates of lead-acid batteries.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123143438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance and characteristic of a large lithium ion cell with low temperature electrolyte for US Army application","authors":"G. Au, L. Locke, J. Rafferty","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905094","url":null,"abstract":"The US Army and Saft has developed a large lithium ion battery to replace the BB-622 silver zinc battery for application for ITAS System (improved target acquisitions system). The Army has discovered using the 1M LiPF6 1EC:1EMC:1DMC electrolyte can meet ITAS low temperature requirement at -40/spl deg/C and still provides 71% of the room temperature capacity, this is about 40 percent better than silver zinc at low temperature.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127785695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}