Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)最新文献_第2页

Examination of VRLA battery cells sampled from the Metlakatla battery energy storage system 从Metlakatla电池储能系统中取样的VRLA电池单体的检测

Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533) Pub Date : 2001-01-09 DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2001.905112

J. Szymborski, G. Hunt, R. Jungst

{"title":"Examination of VRLA battery cells sampled from the Metlakatla battery energy storage system","authors":"J. Szymborski, G. Hunt, R. Jungst","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905112","url":null,"abstract":"One of the principal concerns when a battery energy storage system (BESS) is being considered for utility applications is the ability of the battery to provide the anticipated lifetime on which the project was justified. The reason for this is that the battery is a significant cost element in the overall system; and, in the past, the batteries deployed have not been fully able to demonstrate their projected lifetime in these applications. Even though most of the past demonstrations have utilized flooded lead-acid technology which was considered to be matured, unexpected failure modes were often cited for the reduced lifetime of the battery. Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries are becoming more widely utilized and are displacing flooded lead-acid technology in applications ranging from typical standby usage such as emergency lighting, telecommunications backup and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) to more cyclic usage in photovoltaics and other renewable energy systems and even in electric vehicles. Hence, there is a high probability that future BESS projects will utilize VRLA technology. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the surveillance studies conducted by GNB and Sandia National Laboratories on VRLA cells in a BESS installation to assess their progress, after almost three years of operation, in meeting their projected lifetime.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116205718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Life prediction for valve regulated lead acid batteries from early current/voltage data 从早期电流/电压数据预测阀控铅酸电池的寿命

Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533) Pub Date : 2001-01-09 DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2001.905123

E. Sexton, R. Nelson, J. Olson

{"title":"Life prediction for valve regulated lead acid batteries from early current/voltage data","authors":"E. Sexton, R. Nelson, J. Olson","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905123","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. As valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries age, they demonstrate a predictable drop in end-of-charge voltage and concomitant rise in end-of-charge temperature. This is attributed to the increasing dominance of the oxygen recombination cycle, which results from the negative plate not being fully charged over several cycles. Unchecked, the battery at its end of life experiences a collapse in end of charge voltage, and may even go into thermal runaway. Once the end-of-charge voltage begins to crater, the battery life expectancy is short. Usage of the current interrupt (CI) technique forestalls the inevitable end of life. Nonetheless, there remains the difficult issue of finding an early predictor of battery life. This issue was studied under ALABC Project No. B-007.2. Data from two different algorithms, the Optima-recommended \"normal charge\" consisting of a constant voltage with a constant current overcharge (CV/CC), and a current interrupt (CI) charge were evaluated for signs of an early life predictor. An interesting pattern of an increase then drop in end-of-charge voltage accompanied by a surge then leveling out of capacity was identified 15% to 20% into the cycle life for both CV/CC and CI algorithms. The pattern proved predictive for the CV/CC cycle lives of several batteries, while the voltage surge as a predictor of CI cycle life depended completely on the specific algorithm. Characterization was also hampered by limited replicates. It is not known why this early voltage behavior occurs.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131838969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Corrosion resistant positive grids, novel separators, and negative plate additives for increased VRLA battery life 耐腐蚀的正栅极，新型分离器和负极板添加剂，增加VRLA电池寿命

Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533) Pub Date : 2001-01-09 DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2001.905126

R. Prengaman, A. Siegmund

{"title":"Corrosion resistant positive grids, novel separators, and negative plate additives for increased VRLA battery life","authors":"R. Prengaman, A. Siegmund","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905126","url":null,"abstract":"Valve-regulated batteries suffer several problems not seen in wet batteries. They have a relatively shorter life compared to wet batteries, although the information from the ALABC programs has shown how to significantly extend life. VRLA batteries suffer somewhat reduced capacity compared to flooded batteries although the specific energy may be higher. VRLA batteries are much more difficult to charge correctly and the charging practices generally have to be modified during the life of the battery because of changes within the grids, active material, amount and composition of the electrolyte, as well as the electrochemical potentials of the plates. There are three major problems with VRLA batteries which cause them to fail prematurely. These are the sudden loss of capacity, gradual loss of capacity, and the inability to recharge the negative plate. These conditions have been deemed premature capacity loss by the ALABC. This paper deals with the problems of sealed VRLA batteries and how the ALABC program research results have flowed into battery materials to improve the life and performance of VRLA batteries.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133865290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Inefficiency of the oxygen cycle and parameters on which it depends [VRLA batteries] 氧循环的低效率及其所依赖的参数[VRLA电池]

Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533) Pub Date : 2001-01-09 DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2001.905119

D. Pavlov, S. Ruevski, V. Naidenov

引用次数: 1

Safety tests of lithium 9-Volt batteries for navy applications 海军用9伏锂电池安全测试

Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533) Pub Date : 2001-01-09 DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2001.905150

C. J. Govar, T. Squires

{"title":"Safety tests of lithium 9-Volt batteries for navy applications","authors":"C. J. Govar, T. Squires","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905150","url":null,"abstract":"Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) batteries are relatively inexpensive, readily accessible, and extremely versatile. These attributes allow the military to save time and money during the research and development stages. Of these COTS batteries, a 9-Volt (9V) lithium/manganese dioxide battery is the subject of this paper. This 9V battery has the ability to provide a low magnetic signature, which is very important to the Navy for many applications. Also, it is Underwriters Laboratories (UL) listed at the unit level; however, these UL tests can not be directly related to the safety of these 9V batteries when they are combined in various series and parallel configurations. Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) Carderock was tasked to rate the safety of several such specialized battery packs. It was found that packs consisting of two 9V batteries in parallel were relatively safe, experiencing no violent behavior. Battery packs with six 9Vs in parallel vented and deformed the 9V batteries, but no smoke or names were noticed. A battery pack with thirty 9V batteries, 2 in series with 15 legs, experienced venting, smoke and flames under certain circumstances. After testing, the six and thirty 9V packs were required to include the addition of various safety devices.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126259994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

3300 mAh zinc-air batteries for portable consumer products 用于便携式消费产品的3300毫安时锌空气电池

Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533) Pub Date : 2001-01-09 DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2001.905146

B. Koretz, N. Naimer

{"title":"3300 mAh zinc-air batteries for portable consumer products","authors":"B. Koretz, N. Naimer","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905146","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given, as follows. Electric Fuel has introduced its line of Instant Power/sup TM/ brand batteries, configured as disposable replacement batteries for cellular telephones, and as portable chargers for rechargeable cellphones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and other portable consumer products. All of the products to date are built using the company's 3300 mAh, 1.4 V zinc-air cell. The cells are assembled in series to provide the required voltage. Generally, four cells are used to provide voltage sufficient for emulating or charging a 3.6 V lithium-ion battery, although some models are comprised of five, or even six, cells, in order to obtain a higher total voltage. Electric Fuel's patented cell is a prismatic cell constructed from two roughly rectangular metal case components, an oxygen reduction cathode, and a zinc gel anode. The metal casing is perforated on the cathode side to allow air access to the cathode. Cells are fabricated on automated equipment capable of producing more than one million cells per month. The Instant Power batteries are optimized for all modes of cellular operation, including digital modes such as GSM which require pulses of up to 2 A, and analog modes which require continuous current draw of up to 500 mA. Batteries used as chargers can support simultaneously charging and operating the device. The batteries deliver at least 3300 mAh in all of these modes, although in the charger some energy is lost due to the relative inefficiency of the power electronics and of the rechargeable battery itself. The paper discusses additional details of the cell and battery construction, applications and performance.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122196002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

A novel online measurement technique for AC impedance of batteries and other electrochemical systems 一种新型的电池及其他电化学系统交流阻抗在线测量技术

Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533) Pub Date : 2001-01-09 DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2001.905134

J. D. Kozlowski

{"title":"A novel online measurement technique for AC impedance of batteries and other electrochemical systems","authors":"J. D. Kozlowski","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905134","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional impedance measurement techniques rely heavily on taking voltage measurements to obtain the internal impedance of batteries. Because of the very low impedance, voltage output signals will be very low as well. These voltage sources require high gain amplification and, with the combination of low volt signals and low input impedance to the amplifier, there is a high susceptibility to noise and EMI. Also, sensitivity of the measurement is directly related to the impedance of the battery. As battery cells get larger and larger, the internal impedance gets smaller and smaller. The voltage measurements in turn get smaller as well as reducing the sensitivity of the measuring circuit. Increasing the input current is one way of improving the output signal but this would require moving from amps to tens of amps of current to drive the circuit. Frequently occurring online measurements at such high current not only puts a higher power requirement on the circuit but injects more energy into the battery. This potentially contributes to heating and disrupting normal cell reactions and in turn distorts the measurement accuracy. The technique presented in this paper uses only current measurements and very low excitation current (patent pending). A description of the technique is given and compared to other common configurations. Experimental data was collected using the novel circuit design along with the 4-wire method. This data was collected from two different battery sizes and chemistries (lead-acid, nickel-cadmium). Different tests were conducted: in the presents of EMI, offline, and online under various loading conditions.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133938637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12

Proposed amendments to the UN Recommendations on the transport of lithium batteries 对联合国关于锂电池运输的建议提出修正案

Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533) Pub Date : 2001-01-09 DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2001.905155

P.W. Krehl, E. Takeuchi

引用次数: 2

Electrochemical energy conversion by-passes second law of thermodynamics 电化学能量转换绕过热力学第二定律

Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533) Pub Date : 2001-01-09 DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2001.905132

H. Oman

{"title":"Electrochemical energy conversion by-passes second law of thermodynamics","authors":"H. Oman","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905132","url":null,"abstract":"New spacecraft will explore the outer regions of the solar system where sunlight is too weak for generating the required electric power. Europa, the orbiter of Jupiter's moon, will require 210 watts of power for its six years of post-launch lifetime. Low-power radioisotope-heated thermoelectric generators have powered 26 spacecraft on deep-space missions, but their efficiency is only around 6%. Developing a larger radioisotope general-purpose heat-source (GPHS) for the new missions is not feasible in today's social environment. One candidate for converting heat to electric power from the existing radioisotope heater is the alkali-metal-electrochemical (AMTEC) converter. With its heat source it would weigh 18 kg and deliver 210-watts with an efficiency of 21.6%. Lifetimes in test are now over 60000 hours. The alternative energy converter is the free-piston Stirling engine in which the pistons are precisely supported with flexing diaphragms so that pistons do not have any moving contact with cylinder surfaces. Maintenance-free operating lifetimes of 100000 hours have been demonstrated. A 210-watt Stirling-cycle converter and its GPHS would weigh 16.1 kg and have an efficiency of 26%. An interesting new approach could be a combined-cycle power source in which the Stirling engine is topped by an AMTEC converter.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126907398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Segmented battery charger for high energy 28 V lithium ion battery 分体式电池充电器，适用于高能28v锂离子电池

Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533) Pub Date : 2001-01-09 DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.2001.905116

T. Sack, J. Tice, R. Reynolds

引用次数: 14