{"title":"Lithium micro-battery development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory","authors":"W. West, J. Whitacre, E. Brandon, B. Ratnakumar","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905131","url":null,"abstract":"Recent successes in the effort to miniaturize spacecraft components using MEMS technology, integrated passive components, and low power electronics have driven the need for very low power, low profile, low mass micro-power sources for micro/nanospacecraft applications. Recent work at JPL has focused upon developing thin film/micro-batteries compatible with temperature sensitive substrates. A process to prepare crystalline LiCoO/sub 2/ films with RF sputtering and moderate (<700/spl deg/C) annealing temperature has been developed. Thin film batteries with cathode films prepared with this process have specific capacities approaching the practical limit for LiCoO/sub 2/, with acceptable rate capabilities and discharge voltage profiles. Solid state micro-scale batteries have also been fabricated, with feature sizes on the order of 50 microns.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121976600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Singh, J. Rajagopalan, R. Lafollette, C. Fennie, D. Reisner
{"title":"Fuzzy logic-based micro power supply for MEMS applications","authors":"P. Singh, J. Rajagopalan, R. Lafollette, C. Fennie, D. Reisner","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905154","url":null,"abstract":"A severe limitation on the functional capability of remote, autonomous, microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based sensors is the lack of a suitable micro power supply to power these devices. Such sensors often have low power requirements that may be provided by the combination of an energy scavenger (e.g., a solar cell) and a rechargeable microbattery made using integrated circuit fabrication methods. While rechargeable /spl mu/batteries and solar cells have been previously demonstrated, the development of a micro-charge/discharge controller has not. In this paper, the authors present a novel fuzzy logic-based solar charge controller that allows control of the charge/discharge of /spl mu/batteries. A breadboard implementation of the controller and its integration with a solar cell and /spl mu/battery are presented. The circuit topology of the /spl mu/battery controller is based on a buck converter design. During charging, the solar cell's operating point is adjusted by modulating the duty cycle of the buck converter's switching MOSFET using a fuzzy logic control algorithm to optimally charge the /spl mu/battery.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127611619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Battery analysis in CyberSpace. Modern technology enables battery testing and restoration at the service counter","authors":"I. Buchmann","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905136","url":null,"abstract":"This work is in response to the growing problem of battery recycling in an increasingly wireless world. The effective recycling of batteries is important because of the high number of usable batteries being returned \"under warranty\". Several problem solving options are examined, suggesting a combination of Internet and onsite technology as a potential solution.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132640803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. D. Kozlowski, C. Byington, A. Garga, M. Watson, T. A. Hay
{"title":"Model-based predictive diagnostics for primary and secondary batteries","authors":"J. D. Kozlowski, C. Byington, A. Garga, M. Watson, T. A. Hay","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905133","url":null,"abstract":"The model-based effort described here is focused on predictive diagnostics for primary and secondary batteries. However, this novel approach can also be applied to other electrochemical energy sources such as fuel cells. This method is based on accurate parametric modeling of the transport mechanisms within the battery. This system knowledge was used for the careful development of electrochemical and thermal models. These models have been used to extract new features to be used in conjunction with several traditional measured parameters to assess the condition of the battery. The resulting output and any usable information available about the battery is then evaluated using hybrid automated reasoning schemes consisting of neural network and decision theoretic methods. The focus of this paper is on the model identification and data fusion of the monitored and virtual sensor data. The methodology and analysis presented in this paper is applicable to mechanical systems where multiple sensor types are used for diagnostic assessment.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"206 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131439664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advances in air manager technology for zinc-air batteries","authors":"L. Tinker","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905147","url":null,"abstract":"Zinc-air battery technology has been available in the commercial market for many years. Because it is a system that is continuously open to the air during use, its has been traditionally limited to use in continuous discharge applications such as hearing aids, pagers, signal controls and buoys. AER Energy Resources has developed air manager technology to allow the use of zinc-air batteries in intermittent discharge electronic product applications. This paper will discuss AER Energy's recent developments in air manager technology, methods of reducing the size of the air manager system, and incorporation of air manager systems into product designs. All of these developments can lead to the widespread use of disposable zinc-air batteries in consumer products.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"239 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115190470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Large lithium ion batteries for aerospace and aircraft applications","authors":"G. Bruce, L. Marcoux","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905114","url":null,"abstract":"Eagle-Picher Energy Products (EPEP) has been manufacturing and testing large lithium ion cells (up to 100 Ah) for several years. Work has focused on testing of different chemistries at variable temperatures and designing and fabricating 100 Ah cylindrical cells. For the aircraft application the largest concern is irreversible capacity loss at elevated temperatures (70/spl deg/C). In contrast, for the aerospace application shelf-life and cycle life is critical. EPEP has found that the major contributor to the loss in low temperature performance due to high temperature testing, was the positive electrode. The authors discuss results of variable temperature cycling and 100 Ah cell performance.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124543636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Eskra, P. Ralston, M. Klein, W. Johnson, J. Erbacher, B. Newman
{"title":"Nickel-metal hydride replacement for VRLA and vented nickel-cadmium aircraft batteries","authors":"M. Eskra, P. Ralston, M. Klein, W. Johnson, J. Erbacher, B. Newman","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905093","url":null,"abstract":"Military aircraft currently use valve regulated lead-acid or nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries to perform a number of auxiliary functions such as; providing electrical power for emergencies, instrumentation, lighting, ground power, auxiliary power unit (APU), and occasionally engine starting. There is increasing interest in developing batteries, which are capable of higher energy density, maintenance free operation and do not contain highly toxic materials. This presentation describes the status of the development of a bipolar nickel-metal hydride battery to fulfil these objectives. The design approach provides batteries with three times the capacity within the same size and weight of the 24 Volt, 7.5 Ah lead-acid battery presently used in the F-18-A-D, F-117 and the H-46 helicopter. These batteries would also be suitable for the F-16-A-D and the F-18-E-F, which require a larger capacity battery with some hardware modifications.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128480210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The affect of battery pack technology and size choices on hybrid electric vehicle performance and fuel economy","authors":"R.C. Balch, A. Burke, A. Frank","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905096","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is a comparative study of three hybrid-electric vehicles, three powertrains per vehicle and three battery technologies to determine the optimum configuration required to maximize fuel economy and vehicle performance. The qualitative analysis discusses various design decisions and sets forth the advantages and disadvantages associated with different hybrid configurations. Numerous computer modeling simulations are performed to investigate the various aspects of the hybrid vehicle design. The simulations generated vehicle performance results including urban and highway fuel economy and acceleration times. Results indicate that nickel metal hydride and lithium ion batteries provide optimum performance. Lithium ion technology is slightly better in the small battery pack charge sustaining hybrid (PO) options and for the SUV. Nickel metal hydride is the best battery choice of charge depleting hybrids with 20 and 60 miles of all electric range (P20, P60) for small and midsize cars. The general trend seen is that vehicles with larger battery packs perform better and are more efficient. In short, the parallel hybrid-electric is a true interim vehicle, on the road to true zero emissions, that appears to be capable of satisfying the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles consortium (PNGV) and the California Air Resources Board's (CARB) LEV II requirements.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128986162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Safety, rate capability, and cycling performance of Moltech prismatic rechargeable cells","authors":"Y.M. Geronov, J.R. Akridge","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905141","url":null,"abstract":"It is shown that the Moltech rechargeable Li/S cells are acceptable under conditions defined in UL 1642. The cells can be charged at 3C charge rates without electronic protection. A specific capacity of 120 Wh/kg is obtained at a power of 1070 W/kg. 200 cycles to 80% of the 5th cycle capacity at varying charge and discharge rates has been obtained.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130750171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Battery system requirements for battery dominant hybrid electric vehicles","authors":"W. Warf, M. Duvall, B. Moran, A. Frank","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.2001.905099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2001.905099","url":null,"abstract":"Battery system design requirements for battery dominant-grid charged hybrid electric vehicles are discussed from a duty cycle and system point of view. The purpose is to capture all of the design considerations relevant to the battery pack, and to estimate the affect of these requirements on the choice of battery pack size and control limits. Data from dynamometer testing of battery dominant prototype vehicles Joule and Coulomb built by UC Davis is compared with theoretical data to provide insight into the system design.","PeriodicalId":360008,"journal":{"name":"Sixteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.01TH8533)","volume":"169 S363","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132906253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}