Journal of Equine Science最新文献

{"title":"Equine alveolar echinococcosis: a focus on epidemiology, clinical and pathological features, and diagnostics.","authors":"Tatsuro Hifumi, Tetsuya Tanaka, Kohei Akioka, Noriaki Miyoshi","doi":"10.1294/jes.37.61","DOIUrl":"10.1294/jes.37.61","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Here, we review equine alveolar echinococcosis (AE), focusing on its epidemiology, clinical and pathological features, and diagnostic challenges, through comparisons with AE in other host species. AE is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval form of the <i>Echinococcus multilocularis</i> tapeworm. Horses are considered dead-end hosts, in which AE infection can be detected at slaughter, highlighting their potential as sentinel animals in endemic areas. Equine AE is typically asymptomatic and is generally only found incidentally during meat inspection or necropsy. Standard diagnosis involves histopathology and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Epidemiological surveys in Japan, Poland, and Canada have reported larval <i>E. multiloculari</i>s detection rates ranging from 1.5-18.8%, where infections manifest as macroscopic grayish-white solid liver nodules in slaughtered horses. Molecular phylogenetic analysis targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome <i>b(cob)</i> gene has revealed that parasites isolated from horses in Japan and Canada belong to distinct haplogroups, indicating utility for elucidating the geographical genetic characteristics of larval <i>E. multilocularis</i> infection in horses. Isothermal amplification techniques such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) have demonstrated equivalent or superior sensitivity and specificity for detecting equine AE and may represent novel rapid genetic diagnostic tools as alternatives to PCR testing for rapid gene-based detection. These techniques will contribute to early detection of AE, especially in locations where specialized laboratory equipment is limited (e.g., abattoirs). Continued research on equine AE will thus greatly contribute to elucidating the environmental distribution of <i>E. multilocularis</i> and supporting the control of zoonotic disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":35701,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Science","volume":"37 3","pages":"61-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13593599/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149026112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the estrous status in Thoroughbred mares coming to a stud farm for breeding.","authors":"Yuko Toishi, Nobuo Tsunoda","doi":"10.1294/jes.37.95","DOIUrl":"10.1294/jes.37.95","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the Thoroughbred industry, artificial insemination is prohibited. Veterinarians examine mares to determine the time to breed; however, some mares refuse breeding at the stud farm. Estrous status was investigated at breeding in 12,388 mares by measuring blood progesterone (P4) concentrations, and conception rates between mares in estrus and in the luteal phase were compared. Mares that refused breeding were examined by rectal palpation and P4 measurement to identify the causes of non-receptiveness. Mares with high P4 concentrations (≥2.0 ng/m<i>l</i>) showed lower conception rates, and 124 mares of the 177 mares that could not be bred had high P4. Measuring P4 concentrations is useful for evaluating mare estrous status and contributes to the safety of live cover in Thoroughbreds.</p>","PeriodicalId":35701,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Science","volume":"37 3","pages":"95-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13593600/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149026173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic diversity and genomic inbreeding trends in the Japanese Thoroughbred population.","authors":"Taichiro Ishige, Koki Kawate, Mio Kikuchi, Risako Furukawa, Teruaki Tozaki, Hironaga Kakoi","doi":"10.1294/jes.37.77","DOIUrl":"10.1294/jes.37.77","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thoroughbreds are maintained under a closed studbook and have undergone intense selection for racing performance, potentially reducing genetic diversity and increasing inbreeding. As inbreeding can adversely affect fitness, monitoring inbreeding levels and conserving genetic diversity are essential. In this study, we assessed the temporal changes in genomic diversity and genomic inbreeding in Japanese Thoroughbreds using high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping. We genotyped 96 foals born in each of the years 2000, 2018, and 2022 using a 670 K Axiom Equine Genotyping Array, excluding two samples due to insufficient genotypic information. After quality control, we retained 363,301 autosomal SNPs for downstream analysis. Per-locus expected heterozygosity (mean ± standard deviation [SD]) revealed only a slight decline across the cohorts: 0.309 ± 0.156, 0.305 ± 0.158, and 0.304 ± 0.159 for 2000, 2018, and 2022, respectively, with a statistically significant but negligible effect size (η²=0.00019). Runs of homozygosity (ROH) covered approximately 27.5%, 28.5%, and 29.0% of the autosomal genome in the three cohorts. Genomic inbreeding, estimated from the mean ROH-based inbreeding, increased from 0.276 ± 0.021 in 2000 to 0.286 ± 0.023 and 0.290 ± 0.024 in 2018 and 2022, respectively. The per-generation increase (assuming an 11-year generation interval) was higher in 2018-2022 (1.10 percentage points/generation) than in 2000-2018 (0.611 percentage points/generation), driven mainly by increased long ROH (≥5 Mb) length. Our results indicate a modest reduction in genome-wide diversity and recently accelerated genomic inbreeding in the Japanese Thoroughbred population, supporting the need for continued SNP genotyping-based monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":35701,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Science","volume":"37 3","pages":"77-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13593597/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149026081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of sympathomimetic agents on heart rate variability during general anesthesia in Thoroughbred horses.","authors":"Hajime Ohmura, Pedro Boscan, James H Jones, Eugene P Steffey","doi":"10.1294/jes.37.71","DOIUrl":"10.1294/jes.37.71","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heart rate variability (HRV) is widely used as a noninvasive index of autonomic nervous system activity. The objective of this study was to determine whether the administration of sympathomimetic agents alters HRV indices during general anesthesia in Thoroughbred horses. Five healthy Thoroughbred horses were anesthetized with sevoflurane in oxygen. During 2-5 hr of general anesthesia, five treatments were administered to each horse in a randomized order. Two doses (µg·kg^-1·min^-1) of epinephrine (0.1 and 0.5), norepinephrine (0.5 and 1), dobutamine (1 and 5), dopamine (5 and 15), and saline (as a control) were infused for 7 min each. Electrocardiograms were recorded to assess HRV, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured to evaluate hemodynamic responses. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA. During general anesthesia, epinephrine at 0.5 µg·kg^-1·min^-1 significantly increased low-frequency (LF) power, the LF/high-frequency (HF) ratio, and MAP. Norepinephrine at both doses significantly decreased heart rate and increased HF power and MAP. Dobutamine at 5 µg·kg^-1·min^-1 significantly increased heart rate and MAP, without changing HRV indices, whereas dopamine did not induce significant changes in heart rate, MAP, or HRV indices. In conclusion, administration of sympathomimetic agents during general anesthesia induces distinct patterns of autonomic modulation in horses. Increases in LF power and the LF/HF ratio may reflect enhanced sympathetic modulation; however, these indices should be interpreted in the context of baroreflex-mediated autonomic regulation. Understanding the differential autonomic effects of sympathomimetic agents may aid in optimizing cardiovascular support during equine anesthesia.</p>","PeriodicalId":35701,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Science","volume":"37 3","pages":"71-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13593598/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149026136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-wide exploration of coat color-associated loci in Hokkaido Native Horses, with a novel locus implicated in the roan phenotype.","authors":"Riku Tanaka, Honoka Kasuga, Masahito Kawai, Kouichi Shirai, Tomoko Amano","doi":"10.1294/jes.37.85","DOIUrl":"10.1294/jes.37.85","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Genes and loci regulating horse coat color have been investigated in many breeds, but their associations with the 16 coat colors of the Hokkaido Native Horse (HKD) remain unknown. HKDs were classified according to coat-color groups based on pedigree-recorded coat color, and genome-wide association (GWA) analyses were performed. Except for gray and roan, a clear single signal corresponding to the known locus was obtained for each coat color, suggesting that the reported loci are the primary causes of these coat colors. Because gray and roan are difficult to distinguish visually and may therefore have been misclassified, these two phenotypes were re-examined by PCR analysis of the gray-associated locus, and the GWA analyses were repeated. A single significant signal corresponding to the known gray-associated locus was detected for gray in the re-analysis. For roan, two signals were again detected: a signal near the known locus on chromosome 3 and a novel signal on chromosome 8, although only the latter reached statistical significance, suggesting a more complex genetic basis. Among genes with known functions, <i>PIK3C3</i>, which is involved in autophagy, a process associated with melanosome degradation and pigment lightening, was the closest to the chromosome 8 signal. At the chromosome 3 lead SNP, all horses with the GG genotype were roan, but roan and non-roan horses were mixed in the other genotype classes at this SNP and in the genotype classes at the chromosome 8 lead SNP, indicating that genotype-based identification of roan horses is possible only for a subset of animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":35701,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Science","volume":"37 3","pages":"85-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13593601/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149026171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study of dental age estimation methods against known chronological age in Nigerian local horses.","authors":"Olumide Odunayo Akinniyi, Dorcas Oluwadara Afolabi, Philip Wayuta Mshelia, Tolulope Ademola Olakojo, Iskiil Oladehinde Oyenekan, Osereime Adah, Dideolu Osunkoya, Sunday Charles Olaogun, Olalekan Taiwo Jeremiah, Temidayo Olutayo Omobowale","doi":"10.1294/jes.37.9","DOIUrl":"10.1294/jes.37.9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dental age estimation in horses is very important in the context of quality healthcare, breeding programs, and welfare management. However, information on the most suitable dental age estimation methods for Nigerian local horses is not available in the literature. We evaluated and compared dental age estimates based on six dental age estimation methods with known chronological ages of Nigerian local horses to establish the most accurate techniques for this population. A cross-sectional study of 180 Nigerian local horses was conducted in Ibadan, Nigeria. Six dental age estimation methods (eruption patterns, grinding surface, cups, dental stars, angle of incidence, and Galvayne's groove) were applied by three blinded veterinarians to independent groups of 30 horses each. Data analyses included t-tests, Pearson correlation coefficients, and Bland-Altman plots. None of the estimated ages based on the estimation methods showed significant differences from the chronological age (<i>P</i>>0.05). The angle of incidence method showed perfect alignment with chronological age (11.9 ± 5.4 years) and the highest correlation (r=0.988, <i>P</i><0.001). The eruption pattern method showed the smallest variation in estimates (range of agreement: 2.3 years), while Galvayne's groove exhibited the largest variation (range of agreement: 9.9 years). Strong correlations were also observed for the grinding surface shape and dental stars assessments (both r=0.955, <i>P</i><0.001). The angle of incidence method showed the highest correlation with chronological age for Nigerian local horses (between 5 and 30 years, r=0.988), though it provides age estimates in broad categories rather than precise years. The eruption pattern method demonstrated the highest precision for younger horses (between 3 and 5 years), with the smallest range of agreement (2.3 years). Veterinarians and horse owners in Nigeria should prioritize these methods for reliable age determination, while exercising caution when using Galvayne's groove method due to its higher variability.</p>","PeriodicalId":35701,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Science","volume":"37 1","pages":"9-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12995547/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147487683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping from whole blood without DNA extraction.","authors":"Risako Furukawa, Teruaki Tozaki, Koki Kawate, Mio Kikuchi, Taichiro Ishige, Emiko Fukui, Hironaga Kakoi","doi":"10.1294/jes.37.35","DOIUrl":"10.1294/jes.37.35","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A subset of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with various phenotypes, including diseases, coat colour, and athletic performance, and are widely used in medical and veterinary fields. In this study, we developed a novel method for direct SNP genotyping from whole blood without DNA extraction. Thoroughbred blood samples were diluted 100-fold with Milli-Q water and analysed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with hydrolysis probes. Specificity and sensitivity were improved by increasing the annealing temperature and number of PCR cycles. Genotyping results for SNPs in <i>MSTN</i> and <i>LCORL</i> showed complete concordance with conventional real-time PCR using the extracted DNA. This method is simple, low-cost, highly versatile, and applicable to other genetic targets, such as <i>CDH13</i> and <i>MAOA</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":35701,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Science","volume":"37 1","pages":"35-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12995552/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147487617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic background and phenotypic features of the endangered Miyako horse.","authors":"Mioko Masuda, Teruaki Tozaki, Koki Kawate, Risako Furukawa, Mio Kikuchi, Taichiro Ishige, Hironaga Kakoi","doi":"10.1294/jes.37.27","DOIUrl":"10.1294/jes.37.27","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Miyako horse is one of the eight Japanese native horse breeds and is scarce in terms of population size. Japanese native horses are believed to be descended from Mongolian horses and represent a precious lineage that has preserved its traits for over a thousand years in Japan. Genetic analysis of the endangered Miyako horse is useful for preserving its original phenotypic traits. This study analysed the genetic variation in trait-related genes for coat colour (<i>ASIP, MC1R</i>), body composition (<i>MSTN, LCORL</i>), gait (<i>DMRT3</i>), and temperament (<i>HTR1A</i>) in 46 extant Miyako horses. In addition, because numerous Miyako horses have vertical stripes on their backs, we analysed the genes associated with the dorsal stripe (<i>TBX3</i>), a characteristic of primitive horses. Until now, Miyako horses were believed to comprise only bays and chestnuts, but genetic analysis revealed that two individuals were black. No mutations were detected in <i>MSTN</i> g.66619237delinsSINE, <i>LCORL</i>, or <i>DMRT3</i>, whereas polymorphisms were observed in <i>MSTN</i> g.66608679T>C and <i>HTR1A</i>. Furthermore, <i>TBX3</i> analysis suggested that the patterns observed on the backs of Miyako horses could be genetically classified as dorsal stripes. Using the information on trait-related genes obtained in this study as a foundation for breeding plans is expected to contribute significantly to the production of individuals that maintain the phenotype traditionally preserved in Miyako horses. Furthermore, genetic confirmation of the Miyako horse dorsal stripe pattern could provide significant clues regarding similar markings in other Japanese native horses.</p>","PeriodicalId":35701,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Science","volume":"37 1","pages":"27-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12995546/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147487688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of plasma anti-Müllerian hormone concentrations before and after ovum pick-up in pure and crossbred Hokkaido native ponies.","authors":"Dorb Wudamu, M A Hannan, Hiroyuki Watanabe, Akiko Takeyama, Sakura Yoshida, Narangerel Lkhagvasuren, Tharinda Dhilshan Siriwardana, Kenichi Urata, Shingo Haneda, Yasuo Nambo","doi":"10.1294/jes.37.1","DOIUrl":"10.1294/jes.37.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a stable endocrine marker of the ovarian reserve in mares and correlates positively with the follicular population. This study aimed to examine plasma AMH concentration dynamics during ovum pick-up (OPU) and evaluate their relationship with follicular responses in purebred and crossbred Hokkaido native pony mares. Ten mares underwent 26 OPU sessions, with blood collected at multiple time points ranging from 1 hr before OPU to 4 weeks after OPU. Plasma AMH concentrations were measured using a chemiluminescence immunoassay. AMH concentrations declined significantly (<i>P</i><0.01) at 24 hr (1.94 ng/ml), 72 hr (1.48 ng/ml), 1 week (nadir, 1.27 ng/ml), and 2 weeks (1.54 ng/ml) post-OPU compared with the pre-OPU levels (2.25 ng/ml). The levels started to increase gradually after 2 weeks. Pre-OPU AMH positively correlated with the number of aspirated follicles (<i>r</i>=0.48, <i>P</i><0.05). This study is the first to identify a significant reduction in plasma AMH levels after OPU, followed by recovery within 3 weeks in pure and crossbred Hokkaido native ponies.</p>","PeriodicalId":35701,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Science","volume":"37 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12995545/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147487699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in the prevalence of Gidoh at Japan Racing Association Training Centers in 2020.","authors":"Atsutoshi Kuwano, Kanichi Kusano, Hiroshi Mita, Norihisa Tamura, Hirotaka Tokushige, Mai Iimori, Shinjiro Kurimoto, Masato Kawabata, Masato Ueno, Yuji Okada, Kazuhiro Kamiya, Kazuhisa Tanaka","doi":"10.1294/jes.37.21","DOIUrl":"10.1294/jes.37.21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pathological hoof-wall cavities unrelated to nailing (so called \"Gidoh\" in Japan) often occur in the feet of horses. In 2001, in facilities managed by the Japan Racing Association (JRA), Gidoh was found to occur most frequently in the toe of the fore-hoof, with no gender predilection, and was more prevalent in older horses. However, it remains unclear whether this trend has continued in recent years, which pathological type of Gidoh predominates, and whether there are differences in prevalence among seasons. Therefore, in spring (April) and autumn (October) of 2020, we surveyed all racehorses stabled at the JRA training centers (TCs) regarding age, gender, lesion location, disease type, lesion severity, and prevalence of Gidoh. We reaffirmed that this foot problem occurred most frequently in horses aged 6 years or older, with no gender predilection. It occurred preferentially in the toe of the fore-hoof. White-line-fissure-type Gidoh was predominant, and about 80% of cases were mild. The prevalence was significantly lower in October than in April (<i>P</i>=0.02). The recent trend in the prevalence of Gidoh at the JRA TCs was similar to that in the 2001 survey, suggesting that routine hoof management at the JRA facilities has been stable for the past 19 years. In addition, the new finding of a lack of a difference in prevalence between the two JRA TCs indicated that hoof-care techniques at the two TCs have become more closely aligned over the past 19 years.</p>","PeriodicalId":35701,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Equine Science","volume":"37 1","pages":"21-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12995548/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147487643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}