Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health最新文献

{"title":"Factors Associated with Stress among Healthcare Personnel after COVID-19 in Northeast Thailand: A Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Pornpimon Chupanich, Pratoomrat Aotprapai, Sakda Seesophon, Pokkamol Laoraksawong","doi":"10.2174/0117450179327231240924054645","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0117450179327231240924054645","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has affected people psychologically worldwide, particularly healthcare personnel. Even though the COVID-19 pandemic situation has eased, healthcare personnel must still perform their duties, which has resulted in psychological impacts, particularly stress.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to examine the risk factors associated with stress among healthcare personnel post-COVID-19 pandemic in northeast Thailand.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional analytic design was conducted from January to April 2023. One thousand and three hundred healthcare workers were selected from primary, secondary, and tertiary hospitals across 16 districts within Chaiyaphum province. The questionnaires were used to collect data, and the stress test 5 (ST-5) questionnaire was used to investigate stress among healthcare personnel.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall stress rate for healthcare workers was 15.47%, including very severe (8.85%) and severe (6.62%). The factors associated with stress consisted of work position, environment of work, personal life such as education level and income, and responsibility for taking care of family members, in addition to experiencing quarantine from COVID-19 were more likely to have a high risk of stress problems among healthcare workers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This result highlighted that the mental health of personnel should be in critical situations, and those found severely afflicted should undergo professional care. To prevent psychological issues, particularly stress, health organizations should be concerned with strong organizational management, which includes supporting bonuses and providing high-quality personal protective equipment (PPE) to healthcare staff.</p>","PeriodicalId":35447,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health","volume":"20 ","pages":"e17450179327231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11755378/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143029711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression in Palestinian Women in the Hebron Governorate, Palestine.","authors":"Ibtisam Titi, Muna Ahmead, Yehia Abed, Nuha El-Sharif","doi":"10.2174/0117450179338712240909153229","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0117450179338712240909153229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite the increased interest from researchers in Postpartum depression (PPD) globally, related studies are limited in Palestine and do not provide a comprehensive understanding of PPD.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We examined the factors that determine post-partum depression among Palestinian mothers in Hebron governorate.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted in 122 governmental primary healthcare clinics in Hebron Governorate. A convenient sampling method was used to collect data from 435 using a self-administered questionnaire using the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean EPDS scale score was 10.56 (SD 5.273), and 36.1% had a score of ≥13, indicating moderate to severe depression symptoms. The study results revealed that psychosocial factors were significantly associated with PPDS and play a crucial role in the development of PPD, such as the history of depression, being exposed to domestic violence before and during pregnancy, poor husband support, unplanned pregnancy, fear of infant's gender, and in addition to anemia than other factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A high prevalence of PPD was found among Palestinian women in this study. The study proposes screening women for trauma or domestic violence and assessing their social support, inquiring about pregnancy intention, and discussing family planning. Delivering iron supplements to pregnant or postpartum anemic women is important. Women who have a history of depression, domestic abuse, or lack social support should receive psychological and medical treatment. Mental health services must be included in the after-birth care protocol to train primary health clinic staff to recognize and treat PPD.</p>","PeriodicalId":35447,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health","volume":"20 ","pages":"e17450179338712"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11755379/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143029769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep Disturbances and Depression Levels among General Indonesian Population: A National Survey.","authors":"Sofa D Alfian, Jihan N Thurfah, Meliana Griselda, Irma M Puspitasari","doi":"10.2174/0117450179326359240903045716","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0117450179326359240903045716","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The correlation between sleep disturbance and depression is widely recognized in developed countries but relevant evidence is lacking in developing countries.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to assess the correlation between sleep disturbance and depression levels among the general Indonesian population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This national cross-sectional survey was conducted using the Indonesian Family Life Survey. Sleep disturbance was assessed based on the questions related to sleeping experience. Depression levels were assessed with a modified Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale. Sociodemographic factors as confounders were obtained from the self-reported data. Logistic regression was performed after adjusting for confounders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 22,024 respondents were included. Respondents with severe, moderate, and mild sleep disturbance were associated with depression compared to those with none or slight sleep disturbance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Respondents with sleep disturbance had a higher possibility of experiencing depression. Screening of sleep quality among the general population is important to reduce the risk of depression.</p>","PeriodicalId":35447,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health","volume":"20 ","pages":"e17450179326359"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11755380/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143029825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to: Mood Disorder Questionnaire Positivity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Other Chronic Diseases.","authors":"Diego Primavera, Michele Fornaro, Giuseppe Carrà, Ferdinando Romano, Cesar Ivan Aviles Gonzales, Antonio Preti, Federica Sancassiani, Giulia Cossu, Antonio Egidio Nardi, Alessandra Scano, Germano Orrù, Elisabetta Chessa, Alberto Floris, Matteo Piga, Alberto Cauli, Mauro Giovanni Carta","doi":"10.2174/0117450179303653240702409021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0117450179303653240702409021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article on p. e17450179303653 in vol. 20 PMC11318155.].</p>","PeriodicalId":35447,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health","volume":"20 ","pages":"e17450172409021"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11497163/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Internet Gaming Disorder and Sleep Quality among Jordanian University Students: A Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Mahmoud Abdallat, Mohammad Al-Sanouri, Suhayb Al-Salaymeh, Mohammad Zoubi, Tamer Barakat, Ahmad Badwan, Abdallah Alzubi, Rand Murshidi","doi":"10.2174/0117450179310269240820042452","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0117450179310269240820042452","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Internet gaming disorder is defined as \"Persistent and recurrent use of the internet to engage in games, often with other players, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress.\" It is a new evolving disorder that affects many life aspects; therefore, it needs further investigation among different population groups. IGD was introduced for the first time in 2013 in the fifth edition of the <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</i>, and it suggested carrying out further research among different populations. In 2018, Gaming Disorder (GD) has officially become a type of addiction as the World Health Organization released the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11).</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>The objective of this study is to investigate the prevalence of internet gaming disorder (IGD) and its association with sleep quality and academic performance among Jordanian university students aged 18-26. Our literature review revealed a lack of research on this topic concerning this specific population and culture. Therefore, our study aims to contribute to the existing literature and to provide insights that can inform prevention, assessment, and treatment strategies for those affected.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study design was used by employing convenience and snowball sampling; a total of 2473 participants completed an electronic self-administered questionnaire that included the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-SF (IGDS9-SF) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Of these, 432 were excluded based on our criteria. Our inclusion criteria required participants to be Jordanian university students between the ages of 18 and 26, enrolled as undergraduates at Jordanian universities, and free of neurological or psychiatric conditions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of IGD in this study was 15.2% and was more prevalent among males compared to females (p= <0.001). Poor sleep quality was reported by 64.6% of the study population and was more frequently observed in females. Age and academic achievements (GPA) were not associated with having IGD. When binary logistic regression was used, IGD (OR=1.882) positively predicted poor sleep quality.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Internet gaming disorder is common among Jordanian university students and is associated with poor sleep quality, and our findings have significant implications for policymakers, educators, and healthcare providers in raising awareness about the IGD and its impact on sleep quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":35447,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health","volume":"20 ","pages":"e17450179310269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11748057/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceived Burden and Quality of Life in Caregivers of Patients with Schizophrenia in Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province: A Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Feras Al-Awad","doi":"10.2174/0117450179314013240417105321","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0117450179314013240417105321","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Family Caregivers (FCGs) of patients with schizophrenia (PwS) may face unanticipated sources of stress and responsibility, which can negatively impact their quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to assess FCGs' QoL and the impact of clinical characteristics of patients and sociodemographic factors on their QoL.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study surveyed 340 FCGs from outpatient clinics of PwS in two large psychiatric hospitals in Saudi Arabia's eastern province using a convenience sampling approach. We used the Adult Carer Quality of Life (AC-QoL) scale, which has eight subscales and 40 items, to assess QoL. AC-QoL is translated into Arabic in this study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 216 FCGs, with 127 (58.8%) being men, 117 (54.2%) being over 45 years old, 91 (42.1%) being a sibling of a PwS, and 82 (38%) being a parent of a PwS. The mean score in our sample was 78.2 ± 21.24 out of 120, indicating mid-range QoL. Lower QoL was associated with more time spent in caregiving per day, a lower educational level of FCG, and recent admission of PwS to an inpatient unit.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PwS FCGs have a mid-range QoL. FCGs reported a moderate financial burden and low levels of support from healthcare professionals. FCG's QoL and stress can be reduced through healthcare providers, participation in a community support group, and addressing an FCG's in an individual setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":35447,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health","volume":"20 ","pages":"e17450179314013"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11443458/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142362216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning Techniques to Predict Mental Health Diagnoses: A Systematic Literature Review.","authors":"Ujunwa Madububambachu, Augustine Ukpebor, Urenna Ihezue","doi":"10.2174/0117450179315688240607052117","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0117450179315688240607052117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study aims to investigate the potential of machine learning in predicting mental health conditions among college students by analyzing existing literature on mental health diagnoses using various machine learning algorithms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The research employed a systematic literature review methodology to investigate the application of deep learning techniques in predicting mental health diagnoses among students from 2011 to 2024. The search strategy involved key terms, such as \"deep learning,\" \"mental health,\" and related terms, conducted on reputable repositories like IEEE, Xplore, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, PLOS, and Elsevier. Papers published between January, 2011, and May, 2024, specifically focusing on deep learning models for mental health diagnoses, were considered. The selection process adhered to PRISMA guidelines and resulted in 30 relevant studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study highlights Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Deep Neural Networks, and Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) as prominent models for predicting mental health conditions. Among these, CNN demonstrated exceptional accuracy compared to other models in diagnosing bipolar disorder. However, challenges persist, including the need for more extensive and diverse datasets, consideration of heterogeneity in mental health condition, and inclusion of longitudinal data to capture temporal dynamics.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study offers valuable insights into the potential and challenges of machine learning in predicting mental health conditions among college students. While deep learning models like CNN show promise, addressing data limitations and incorporating temporal dynamics are crucial for further advancements.</p>","PeriodicalId":35447,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health","volume":"20 ","pages":"e17450179315688"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11443461/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142362215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Associated Factors of Nomophobia Amongst the General Population in Makkah Province and Al-Madinah Province, Saudi Arabia: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Bashar W Sheikh, Nahla H Hariri, Muath A Alqahtani, Abdulkarim A Aljabri, Abdullah S Eterji, Saud M Almutawa, Rahaf M Aljohani, Sultan A Metair, Tala A Rawas, Nizar S Bawahab, Alaa J Alhejaili","doi":"10.2174/0117450179311620240508105100","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0117450179311620240508105100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nomophobia is a public health issue that involves the fear of being without a mobile phone. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of nomophobia and its relation to psychological factors, including depression and insomnia, among the general population in Makkah Province and Al-Madinah Province, Saudi Arabia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted and data were obtained through a self-administered online questionnaire using the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) for depression, the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1022 participants completed the questionnaire. The prevalence of nomophobia was 96.7%. Moderate nomophobia was prevalent (47.8%). Based on the PHQ-2, possible depression was identified in 47.3% of the respondents. 37.1% had sub-threshold insomnia. In terms of personal psychiatric history, the most common mental disorders in the participants included generalized anxiety disorder (9.9%) and major depressive disorder (9.7%). 61.6% of them used mobile devices for more than four hours per day.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Nomophobia is prevalent in the Makkah and Al-Madinah provinces in Saudi Arabia. The risk of nomophobia was significantly higher for participants who spent more hours using mobile devices, those with possible depression, and those having irritable bowel syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":35447,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health","volume":"20 ","pages":"e17450179311620"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11311797/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141917529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Verbal Auditory Hallucinations in Influencing and Retrospectively Predicting Physical Harm Prevalence in Early Psychosis.","authors":"Cassie M Hazell, Sophia Hasapopoulos, Jennifer McGowan, Roman Hamza, Zareena Ahmed, Ben Gaughan, Monica Huerga Malillos, Amber Gill, Amber Nomani, Emily Hickson, Anjeza Koruni, Faaisa Islam, Jonathan Souray, David Raune","doi":"10.2174/0117450179286452240520070533","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0117450179286452240520070533","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Research has established a relationship between psychosis and physical harm in the early course of psychosis. However, little is known about the relationship between specific psychosis symptoms, such as hearing voices, and physical harm.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to determine the prevalence and typology of physical harm related to hearing voices, as well as what aspects of the voice-hearing experience retrospectively predicted incidents of harm within an Early Intervention in Psychosis Service (EIPS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a quality improvement project in a single EIPS. We reviewed case notes of patients and extracted information on the cognitive-phenomenological features of the voices patients heard, as well as any incidents of physical harm that were causally linked to these voices.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was found that 32.2% of EI patients had an actual incident of physical harm in their case notes that was causally linked to hearing voices. The most common type of physical harm was neglect. In terms of cognitive phenomenological binary correlations that retrospectively predicted physical harm in the case notes, patients were 20 and 7 times more likely to have harmed themselves if they heard self-harm commands (<i>i.e</i>., directions to harm themselves physically) and perceived the voice as omnipotent, respectively. Patients were 6 times more likely to have harmed someone else if they heard violent commands.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Verbal auditory hallucinations commonly influence physical harm in the early course of psychosis. Hearing commands and/or believing the voice to be omnipotent are strong retrospective-correlative predictors that may aid in the assessment and therapeutic intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":35447,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health","volume":"20 ","pages":"e17450179286452"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11311800/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141917530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trajectory Analysis for Identifying Classes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children of the United States.","authors":"Yu-Sheng Lee, Matthew Evan Sprong, Junu Shrestha, Matthew P Smeltzer, Heaven Hollender","doi":"10.2174/0117450179298863240516070510","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0117450179298863240516070510","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a mental health disorder that affects attention and behavior. People with ADHD frequently encounter challenges in social interactions, facing issues, like social rejection and difficulties in interpersonal relationships, due to their inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) database was employed to identify patterns of ADHD symptoms. The children who were born to women in the NLSY study between 1986 and 2014 were included. A total of 1,847 children in the NLSY 1979 cohort whose hyperactivity/inattention score was calculated when they were four years old were eligible for this study. A trajectory modeling method was used to evaluate the trajectory classes. Sex, baseline antisocial score, baseline anxiety score, and baseline depression score were adjusted to build the trajectory model. We used stepwise multivariate logistic regression models to select the risk factors for the identified trajectories.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The trajectory analysis identified six classes for ADHD, including (1) no sign class, (2) few signs since preschool being persistent class, (3) few signs in preschool but no signs later class, (4) few signs in preschool that magnified in elementary school class, (5) few signs in preschool that diminished later class, and (6) many signs since preschool being persistent class. The sensitivity analysis resulted in a similar trajectory pattern, except for the few signs since preschool that magnified later class. Children's race, breastfeeding status, headstrong score, immature dependent score, peer conflict score, educational level of the mother, baseline antisocial score, baseline anxious/depressed score, and smoking status 12 months prior to the birth of the child were found to be risk factors in the ADHD trajectory classes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The trajectory classes findings obtained in the current study can (a) assist a researcher in evaluating an intervention (or combination of interventions) that best decreases the long-term impact of ADHD symptoms and (b) allow clinicians to better assess as to which class a child with ADHD belongs so that appropriate intervention can be employed.</p>","PeriodicalId":35447,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health","volume":"20 ","pages":"e17450179298863"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11311732/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141917531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}