Journal of Global Ethics最新文献

{"title":"Foreign aid and discourses of National Social Responsibility: evidence from South Korea","authors":"Juliette Schwak","doi":"10.1080/17449626.2021.1946126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17449626.2021.1946126","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article analyses a recent discourse of responsibility that accompanies states’ foreign aid provision. States adopt this discourse of National Social Responsibility (NSR) to show their compliance with globally accepted ethical standards by providing aid. This ethical behavior is underpinned by a political-economic logic, which derives from the promotional literature exhorting states to maintain national competitiveness by mimicking firms’ behaviors. While discourses of aid responsibility are not new, in the NSR discourse, the state communicates its ethical compliance with aid norms to promote economic competitiveness. This discourse is not a benign rhetorical device; it reproduces development inequalities and leads to the marketization of development policies. The article’s theoretical arguments are then used to analyze South Korea’s communication of its foreign aid. The case of South Korea exemplifies the patterns and tensions highlighted in the discussion of the NSR discourse.","PeriodicalId":35191,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17449626.2021.1946126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47738824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why some defenders of positive duties serve a bad theoretical cocktail","authors":"J. Sønderholm, J. Mainz","doi":"10.1080/17449626.2021.1949377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17449626.2021.1949377","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the literature on global justice, there has been a lengthy debate about what the world’s rich owe to the world’s poor. Some have argued that rich individuals have positive duties of beneficence to help the poor, while others have argued that rich individuals only have negative duties not to harm them. A common objection to the former view is that once it is accepted that positive duties exist, fulfilling these duties will be overdemanding since rich individuals can almost always help a little more. Some have tried to overcome this overdemandingness objection by setting cut-off points for how demanding morality is. In this article, we aim to show that it is problematic to be committed to the following propositions: (1) Positive duties to aid exist; (2) The overdemandingness objection is a serious challenge for anyone who accepts that positive duties to aid exist; and (3) Setting cut-off points for how demanding morality is constitutes a plausible way to overcome the overdemandingness objection. Showing that a commitment to (1), (2) and (3) is problematic is of interest given that several influential theorists are committed to this set of views. This set of views is simply a bad theoretical cocktail.","PeriodicalId":35191,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17449626.2021.1949377","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47934435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subsidiarity, wicked problems and the matter of failing states","authors":"M. Aßländer","doi":"10.1080/17449626.2021.1933137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17449626.2021.1933137","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the political context, the tenet of subsidiarity states that societal tasks should be solved by subordinate entities in society if these entities have the competencies to solve such problems without governmental assistance. Transferred to the business context the tenet of subsidiarity describes the assignment of co-responsibilities to corporate actors in the process of corporate-governmental task sharing. However, in a recently published article Tempels, Blok, and Verweij [2017. “Understanding Political Responsibility in Corporate Citizenship: Towards a Shared Responsibility for the Common Good.” Journal of Global Ethics 13 (1): 90–108. doi: 10.1080/17449626.2017.1320577.] doubt that subsidiarity might function as a governance principle for the corporate-governmental task-sharing especially in the context of wicked problems and in cases of failing nation-states. Wicked problems are typical in the social context since solving societal problems often requires efforts from various actors and does not allow for assigning responsibilities to clearly defined authorities, especially in cases where nation-states as guarantor of the political order fail to provide adequate political conditions for the subsidiary task-sharing in society. However, as we will outline in our contribution, a deeper analysis of the tenet of subsidiarity reveals that subsidiarity, at least partially, may function as a structuring principle for societal task-sharing even in the context of wicked problems and in the absence of a well-ordered nation-state since it allows for decentralized task-related decision-making.","PeriodicalId":35191,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17449626.2021.1933137","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44563134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lebret’s method and epistemological perspective for ‘human economy’ and ‘harmonized human development’","authors":"Jorge Arturo Chaves-Ortiz, Jonathan Cordero-Bonilla, María Leonela Artavia-Jiménez, Marcelo Valverde-Morales","doi":"10.1080/17449626.2021.1973065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17449626.2021.1973065","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 This article discusses L.-J. Lebret’s methodological and epistemological approach for the elaboration of the concepts of ‘human economy’ and ‘harmonized human development’. Both concepts were very important for Lebretian theory and practice, in the decades of the forties through sixties of the last century, because they redirected economics towards placing the human person at the center of the economy. Significant as they were, the concepts were understandably conditioned by the political and cultural traits of the time, as was Father Lebret himself. This leads us to put our main emphasis on Lebret’s method and his epistemological perspective, in order to show the continuing relevance of his contribution to the scientific analysis of society, as opposed to contributions to very concrete and particular issues. Lebret’s continuous insistence on knowledge of the real conditions of life of the population in a territory sets the starting point for his method of analysis and transformative action. The approach lies far distanced from attempts that privilege abstract models over real-life economics to understand socioeconomic problems.","PeriodicalId":35191,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49321962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing two pioneers of development ethics: Louis-Joseph Lebret and Denis Goulet","authors":"Montserrat Culebro Juárez, D. Gasper","doi":"10.1080/17449626.2021.1954053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17449626.2021.1954053","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper discusses the respective contributions to development ethics made by Louis-Joseph Lebret (1897–1966) and his pupil and successor Denis Goulet (1931–2006). Sections 2 and 3 present steps in the emergence of a field of development ethics, and introduce the work of Lebret and Goulet, noting similarities and contrasts. Sections 4 and 5 clarify different senses and forms of ‘development ethics’, to then discuss who might be called ‘father of development ethics’. Lebret had devised a field of human economics and in the 1950s called for an ethics of development, which he began to sketch. His work made significant advances, especially if development ethics is seen as an interdisciplinary policy-oriented field rather than as a subdiscipline in philosophical ethics. In the 1960s, Goulet went on to outline development ethics as a philosophical subdiscipline and to articulate various themes. In his later work though, while always speaking of a ‘discipline’ of development ethics but mostly meaning disciplined investigation, Goulet largely pursued, as had Lebret, a path toward a policy-oriented field of ‘practical ethics’, not a (sub)disciplinary path in a conventional academic sense.","PeriodicalId":35191,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47560751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Abidjan School and Louis-Joseph Lebret: marrying empirical research and development ethics","authors":"J. Ballet, J. Dubois, Alice Kouadio","doi":"10.1080/17449626.2021.1954050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17449626.2021.1954050","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Abidjan School is a school of thought that developed in the 1980s and 1990s in the Côte d'Ivoire inspired by the work of Louis-Joseph Lebret and Amartya Sen. It follows the empirical approach initiated by Lebret, aimed at better understanding people’s living conditions in order to ethically influence public policies. The Abidjan School has aimed to renew this tradition of empirical analyses of living conditions and better address the ethics of development. A key feature is the combination of economic and anthropological approaches. The School contributed to the redesign of household survey questionnaires, into formats now used in several African countries. It is also part of the renewal of analyses of the person, going beyond Lebret’s personalism.","PeriodicalId":35191,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47243767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating L.-J. Lebret as a pioneer of human development thinking and global development ethics","authors":"D. Gasper, Lori Keleher","doi":"10.1080/17449626.2021.1973539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17449626.2021.1973539","url":null,"abstract":"Louis-Joseph Lebret (1897–1966) was a progenitor and co-founder of ‘development ethics’ as a self-declared field of research, public conversation and activism. He comprehensively articulated the fundamental notion that development should be conceived in terms of human values and that it differs from economic growth. Although the notion that development is notmerely economic growth had been sketched earlier by, for example,Marx or J.S. Mill (see, e.g. Lebret 1961, 447), Lebret went considerably further. He was explicit, for example, that American levels of income were neither feasible nor desirable globally and that ‘One can live humanly with much less’ (1957, 91). He warned that the term ‘development’ was being used in a grossly confused fashion: it was equated to economic growth, which was being treated as magical and that supposedly should never end. To counteract this, decades before the Human Development Reports, Lebret reviewed living conditions globally, for example, grouping the world into ten zones and describing them using radar diagrams to show a wide range of value-guided ‘output’ indicators such as undernourishment, sickness, illiteracy and (in his list) per capita income; plus what he considered negative indicators, like suicide and atheism. He reviewed also ‘input’ indicators like agricultural and financial organization, physical infrastructure, levels of industrialization, levels of training, etc. (Lebret 1958, 1961). He was guided by a theory of being human that provided criteria for ‘development’ and that allowed him to speak of ‘développement authentique’ (1961, 75), improved human well-being (‘mieux-être humain’) and being more (‘plus-être humain’), as well as of being less. Lebret was the first Christian theorist to give priority to problems of economic development, argued his biographer Lydie Garreau (1997, 423). Hewasmotivated by the neglect of the life realities and suffering of themajority of humanity in the hegemonic economics and politics of his time. This ledhimbeyondconcerns for charity and ‘social’palliatives addedon to an unchanged economic system, as were common in Catholic social practice, to a stress on radically new national and global social compacts for human solidarity (e.g. Lebret 1959). His work evolved from study and activism in the fisheries sector, first in Brittany and thenmore widely around France and Europe in the 1930s; to regional, urban and community development planning in France and then in several Latin American countries, in the 1940s and 50s; to worldwide challenges of socio-economic development, from the","PeriodicalId":35191,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48785430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"L.-J. Lebret: a human development ethics grounded in empirical social research and a global perspective","authors":"D. Gasper","doi":"10.1080/17449626.2021.1954051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17449626.2021.1954051","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 Three themes in the work of Louis-Joseph Lebret (1897–1966) have especial relevance for current development ethics: first, the importance of counterbalancing a disciplinary philosophical or theological orientation with strong bases in empirical life-experience, practical learning and social sciences; second, the necessity to study capitalism not only ‘development’, and concrete life-needs not only a generalised notion of ‘freedom’; and third, the imperative to employ global and cosmopolitan frames besides national and ‘community’ ones. These themes came to distinguish Lebret as a development ethicist. He began with the first and second from the 1930s, under his banner of ‘Économie et Humanisme’. The third emerged later in consequence of his studies across an interconnected world. The paper elucidates and discusses the three themes in turn. The subsequent sections then briefly consider Lebret’s legacies, influence and continuing relevance: directly, within the Catholic Church’s perspectives since the 1960s on human and global development; and indirectly, for secular work on ‘human development’ and in Anglophone development ethics.","PeriodicalId":35191,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47143787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treading between joy and grief: Gaudium et Spes, Louis-Joseph Lebret, and the challenge of modernity","authors":"M. Regan","doi":"10.1080/17449626.2021.1958903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17449626.2021.1958903","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The concept of modernity is fraught with contestation, a wedge that divides people, practices, institutions, and beliefs. This chasm is particularly pronounced for traditional institutions like the Catholic Church that must contend with one of two dissatisfying options: wholesale acceptance of modernism, which can lead to charges of revisionism and infidelity to tradition, or stalwart rejection of modernism, which can lead to accusations of rigidity and irrelevance. There is, however, a third possibility, a hybrid approach that respects and values the teachings of tradition while taking seriously the special problems and insights of the modern condition. This approach is taken by The Pastoral Constitution of the Church in the Modern World (also known as Gaudium et Spes), the final document of the Second Vatical Council (1962–1965). This realization, however, did not emerge from detached reflection or theological debate, but rather, through the work of pioneer Catholic social thinkers and activists like the French Dominican Louis-Joseph Lebret (1897–1966). This article examples how Lebret's analysis of modernity and its problems evolved during his life and work, and how these insights ultimately helped shape the moral anthropology that enlivens the approach of Gaudium et Spes.","PeriodicalId":35191,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42691821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ‘common good’ spirituality of Louis-Joseph Lebret and his influence in the Constitution and development thinking in Brazil","authors":"A. Villas Boas, A. Folloni","doi":"10.1080/17449626.2021.1957982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17449626.2021.1957982","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article presents how the Dominican friar Louis-Joseph Lebret had influence in Brazilian social thought and development policies throughout the country, influencing even a pro-democracy constitutionalist movement in the 1980s. His spirituality of the common good influenced the Brazilian Catholic Action movement, the emergence of various other social movements and the basic ecclesial communities (CEBs). Further, by offering new analytical tools and forming research groups focused on social impact and social development Lebret influenced an emerging social thinking that produced empirical research for human development on various subjects. This was through his Economy and Humanism movement that Lebret brought to Brazil in the 1940s and through the creation of SAGMACS (Association for Graphic and Mechanic-Graphic Analysis Applied to Social Complexes). The combination of technical and empirical knowledge about human development with a mystique of the common good linked to the Catholic Action movement was inspiring for the Catholic intellectuals who joined Lebret's group and later became important political figures in Brazil. Lebret brought an original perspective that influenced the very notion of what development is, based on the understanding of economy as an instrument for human development, which was to some extent incorporated in the current Brazilian Constitution.","PeriodicalId":35191,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45816515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}