History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus最新文献

{"title":"DAILY OCCUPATIONS OF DAGESTAN UZDENIS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19th – EARLY 20th CENTURIES","authors":"Elmira M. Dalgat","doi":"10.32653/ch184952-961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32653/ch184952-961","url":null,"abstract":"The subject of this research is the daily activities of Dagestan freemen (commoners) – uzdenis in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. In our research, we have applied procedural and modernization approaches. The first approach considers everyday life as an ordinary, everyday human existence, focusing on the environment, social relations in society. The modernization approach considers the transition of society from the traditional to the modern type, accompanied by the breaking of traditional values, a change in mentality. The article applies historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods. The author describes for the first time the daily activitis of Dagestan uzdenis after the annexation of Dagestan to Russia. The article aims to show the changes that occured in the traditional occupation of Dagestan uzdenis under the influence of capitalist relations that came from the Russian Empire. The author concludes that the daily occupations of the Dagestan freemen comprised traditional forms of agricultural production. The basis of the labor activity of uzden farms was the economic experience of previous generations. Farming in different parts of Dagestan had its own peculiarities. It received special development in the flat and foothill parts of the region with more arable land. In the mountainous zone, the lack of arable land forced farmers to use artificial fields – terraces created and maintained by the labor of several generations. Terraces testify to a high agriculture and have a centuries-old history in Dagestan. In addition to agriculture, Dagestani uzdenis were engaged in cattle breeding, handicrafts, seasonal work, and fishing. A major role in the daily activities of Dagestanis was played by the natural and climatic factor, which dictated the timing of agricultural work. Thus, in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century, the usual way of daily life of the Dagestan peasant gradually changed. Agriculture and cattle breeding acquired a commodity character, factory-made agricultural tools appeared on the farms of wealthy peasants, and the geography of seasonal works expanded. This might be explained by the integration of Dagestan into the economic space of Russia and the modernization of its economy during the period under study.","PeriodicalId":349883,"journal":{"name":"History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125854655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BURIALS WITH KNIFE-SHAPED BLADES FROM THE DON REGION AND THE NORTH CAUCASUS","authors":"L. S. Ilyukov, A. Melnikov","doi":"10.32653/ch1841014-1036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32653/ch1841014-1036","url":null,"abstract":"In the steppes of Eastern Europe, a whole series of burials were uncovered in simple pits, in which the deceased were buried on their backs, with their legs tucked up, knees up. Their outstretched or half-bent arms lay along the body, hands near the hips, sometimes in the groin area. A flint knife-shaped blade was also discovered there. The bones were richly dyed with ochre. The buried from the Lukovsky I burial ground in the Mozdok district of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, explored in 2017 by the archaeological expedition of LLC “OKN-Proekt” (Rostov-on-Don) complements this series of burials, which S.N. Korenevsky attributes to the proto-Yamna period. The use of knife-shaped blades in the funeral rite is not limited to the framework of the Eneolithic period. They are also found in the burials of the Middle Bronze Age. Since this sample group is characterized by the position of the deceased in simple grave pits, it is questionable to include in it undercut and catacomb structures, in which archaic elements of the funeral rite and grave goods are found. A flint knife with a leather handle was not only a “meat knife”, but also a tool for performing surgical operations. It was used to perform operations to apply cuts (tattoos) to the surface of the skin, as well as to perform rituals associated with phallic cults that emerged in a patriarchal society, where the role of men increased. The placement of a flint blade between the thighs, in the groin area, between the palms, suggests its simbolic meaning. A flint blade was used in performing circumcision of the foreskin, in cult sacrifice.","PeriodicalId":349883,"journal":{"name":"History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus","volume":"99 1 Pt 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125969627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CLAY VESSELS’ SHAPES AS AN OBJECT OF STUDY OF THE CULTURAL HISTORY OF ALANS OF THE FOREST-STEPPE DON REGION","authors":"E. Sukhanov","doi":"10.32653/ch1841037-1060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32653/ch1841037-1060","url":null,"abstract":" Alans are one of the ethnic components of the Saltovo-Mayatsk archaeological culture. Antiquities associated with this group are found in the Middle Don basin. The article studies the cultural characteristics of the Alanian groups that left behind the burial sites of this region, on the example of pottery. The object of study are the shapes of clay vessels. The study was carried out according to the methodology developed within the framework of the historical-and-cultural approach to the study of ancient pottery, proposed by A.A. Bobrinsky. The article considers the quantitative composition of unmixed traditions of shaping forms of pottery on sites associated with the Alan component of the Saltovo-Mayatsk culture. The three most numerous categories of ware are analyzed: jugs, mugs and pots. The communities that left behind the catacomb burial grounds of the eastern regions of the Don forest-steppe were culturally more heterogeneous than the communities from the western part. The materials of the Mayatsky complex, Yutanovsky and Podgorovsky burial grounds present unique and inherently mixed sets of morphological traditions. Based on the data of the study of ceramics and their comparison with burial traditions, we consider the Yutanovsky, Podgorovsky, Mayatsky burial grounds as cemeteries of communities that included settlers from the western part of the Don forest-steppe, whose traditions mixed up in new places of residence. The most probable reason for the resettlement of a certain part of the Alanian population to the eastern regions of the forest-steppe Don region can be considered the construction of a series of stone and brick fortresses on the Tikhaya Sosna River, as well as the need to control this section of the Slavic-Khazar frontier. In accordance with the concept, proposed by G.E. Afansiyev, these fortifications were built in the 30-40s of the 9th century. The author suggests that it is these events that can explain the influx of the Alanian population into the eastern regions of the forest-steppe Don region and the formation of more culturally heterogeneous groups in the new places of residence of these people than among the “neighbors” from the western regions of the Don forest-steppe.","PeriodicalId":349883,"journal":{"name":"History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115578913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ABOUT THE ARROWHEADS WITH “SIDE SPIKES”IN THE RANGE OF WEAPONS OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS POPULATION \u0000IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 2d – EARLY 1st MIL. BC","authors":"S. Burkov","doi":"10.32653/ch183773-792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32653/ch183773-792","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the issue of emergence and development of the tradition of using bone and bronze arrowheads with the so-called \"side spike\" by the population of the Central and North-Eastern Caucasus. For this purpose, materials from household and funerary monuments are used. It was determined that initially arrowheads with the blades lowered down (\"stingers») appeared on the territory of Transcaucasia at the end of the second millennium BC. The materials collected by the author demonstrate that during that period arrowheads with one or two additional side \"spikes\" on the handle were found exclusively on the territory of the North Caucasus. They were originally made of bone. Such findings are recorded on the territory of Dagestan. Later, this type of weapons was also manifested in individual samples of bronze in the form of so-called \"flat arrowheads\", the starting point of which has been territory of Transcaucasia. This type of arrowhead did not become popular among the population who lived in the Central and North-Eastern Caucasus. Later, the side spike was widely used only at the early stage of the \"Scythian\" period, initially on the two-bladed, and then on the three- and four-bladed arrowheads. However, the very idea of this type of weapons has initially appeared among the Caucasian tribes since the era of the developed Bronze Age, and maintained till the beginning of the first third of the first thousand BC.","PeriodicalId":349883,"journal":{"name":"History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115498444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RURAL POPULATION OF DAGESTAN. 1920–1930s: (HISTORICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECT)","authors":"M. Amirkhanova","doi":"10.32653/ch183664-678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32653/ch183664-678","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the demographic processes in the Dagestan village in one of the most dramatic periods of its history. The purpose of the study is to study the number, age and sex composition of the rural population, ethnic structure, migration. The scientific novelty of the work is seen in the fact that a comparative analysis of demographic processes in rural areas was carried out based on the materials of the three All-Union population censuses of 1926, 1937 and 1939. Attention is drawn to the negative consequences of the Civil War for the population of Dagestan. The results of a comparative analysis of the sex composition of the villagers are presented; a constant predominance of the female population over the male population is revealed. Attention is paid to the uneven territorial distribution of the villagers. The changes observed in the national composition of the republic are revealed. According to the All-Union Population Census of 1939, small people were not singled out, they were included in the main nationalities. The author comes to the conclusion that during the period under study in the Dagestan village, the demographic situation gradually improved. The number of villagers grew mainly due to natural increases. When writing the work, official documents of the republican Soviet and party bodies, survey materials of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate, and the works of Russian social scientists were used.","PeriodicalId":349883,"journal":{"name":"History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114586316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TWO ARTISTICALLY FINISHED MUSLIM STELES OF THE 14th CENTURY FROM KUBACHI (DAGESTAN, RUSSIA)","authors":"M. M. Mammaev","doi":"10.32653/ch183793-804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32653/ch183793-804","url":null,"abstract":"The article describes two tombstones of the XIV century. in the form of high trapezoidal stone slabs (the lower end is narrower than the upper part) from the largest artistic center of Dagestan - the village of Kubachi. They are located in the medieval Muslim cemetery \"Bidakh Khuppe\" (in the lane with Kubach - \"Cemeteries on the other side\"), 1.5-2 km south of the old part of Kubacha, in the lower half of the northern slope of Mount Tsitsila. The monuments under consideration are decorated at a high artistic level with late Kufic relief Arabic inscriptions and floral ornaments. The inscriptions were made at different times in the “blooming kufi” style by the same master stone cutter, calligrapher and ornamentalist, which is proved by the commonality of the forms of both monuments, the technique of their carving, the peculiarities of their decorative finishes, the ornamental style, and the unity of the compositional schemes of the decor. The name of the master who made these monuments is unknown. The article clarifies the existing in the decor of the monuments and certain differences in the style of the letters of the Kufic inscriptions, the details of the ornamental compositions of the central fields, which, obviously, are associated with the different times of the manufacture of the stelae. On the monument number 2 there is a date - 783 AH / 1381-82. (according to the Gregorian calendar); there is no date on monument No. 1. The author of the article believes that monument No. 1 was made 12-15 years earlier than monument No. 2.In the article, both tomb stelae are considered as highly artistic works of Muslim art based on the features of the decorative finish of the letters of the relief Arabic inscriptions of the curb strips, their proportionality and proportionality, as well as taking into account the expressive floral ornament of the central fields and the framing epigraphic border strips, the unity and interconnection of the details of the compositions of the central field (stele No. 2) and upper side corners.","PeriodicalId":349883,"journal":{"name":"History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130132590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PROBLEMS AND PECULIARITIES OF THE INTEGRATION OF ETHNIC MINORITIES INTO THE ARMENIAN SOCIETY ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE ASSYRIANS","authors":"Anton G. Evstratov","doi":"10.32653/ch183843-860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32653/ch183843-860","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of the current, in general, extremely problematic situation with the integration of ethnic minorities that have appeared on the territory of certain countries, both as a result of recent migrations (European countries) and traditionally living on their territory (the states of the post-Soviet space, Asia, and also, with some reservations, USA), the positive experience in this regard looks especially relevant. Armenia, being presented in common discourse as a mono-ethnic state, however, not only has a number of ethnic minorities on its territory, but also is the very example of their successful integration within the framework of a single social structure and a single state. In this regard, the relevance of our research is seen in understanding the self-identification and self-perception of the ethnic minorities of the Republic of Armenia in this capacity, on the one hand, and as citizens of the republic, on the other. We have studied this problem through consideration of the self-description of these communities and their historical memory. This research, being part of a larger project, is directly dedicated to the self-identification of the Assyrian ethnic minority of the Republic of Armenia. As sources, the author used interviews with secular and religious leaders of the Assyrian community in Armenia (see “Applications”), as well as publications in the media and thematic publics of the community on social networks.","PeriodicalId":349883,"journal":{"name":"History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130352240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ROLE AND PLACE OF WORK IN EVERYDAY OF THE POPULATION OF KABARDINO-BALKARIA IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR","authors":"A. Tetuev","doi":"10.32653/ch183642-663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32653/ch183642-663","url":null,"abstract":"In the article, based on the analysis of historiography on the topic, the problems that need to be studied are identified, as well as the goals, objectives, research methodology. The experience of the work of state and party bodies of Kabardino-Balkaria in organizing the labor activity of workers, collective farmers and employees in the conditions of the approaching front, temporary occupation and the period of restoration of the national economy after the expulsion of the enemy from the territory of the republic is summarized. The number of workers and employees is analyzed, including by age and gender in various sectors of the national economy of Kabardino-Balkaria, as well as the reasons for the shortage of labor resources in the region during the war years.The activity of industrial enterprises of the region for the production of products for peaceful and military purposes is revealed. The forms of remuneration and taxation of workers and employees are investigated. It is noted that the mandatory non-refundable cash contributions to the Defense Fund and the increase in market prices on collective farm markets led to the fact that the wages of workers and employees in the republic did not increase by the end of the war, but, on the contrary, decreased. The degree of participation of the population of the republic in the construction of defensive structures, the collection of warm clothes and gifts for the soldiers of the Red Army, the creation of the grain fund of the Red Army and the Defense Fund, and the subscription to State loans is revealed. Methods and techniques for the implementation of labor mobilization of the civilian population in agricultural production in the conditions of approaching the front are considered. The production activity of collective farmers is studied under the conditions of a new form of wages and an increase in the mandatory minimum of workdays. The reasons for the low labor activity of a part of the rural population in the region are determined. The results of labor and economic mobilization of the population of the republic are summarized.","PeriodicalId":349883,"journal":{"name":"History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134216099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NEW FINDINGS OF ARABIC INSCRIPTIONS OF THE XI–XVIII CC. IN THE VILLAGES OF AKHTY DISTRICT OF DAGESTAN.","authors":"Z. Zakariyaev","doi":"10.32653/ch183558-584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32653/ch183558-584","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the analysis of some new findings of Arabic-language epigraphic monuments, found by the author in mountain Akhty district of Dagestan during field research, aimed at studying the rich epigraphic heritage of the district. The inscriptions are identified in different settlements, also in abandoned rural settlements in inaccessible mountainous terrain. All these inscriptions are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. In terms of genre, the epigraphic monuments submitted in the article, are represented with building inscriptions, benevolent, proprietary inscriptions, epitaphs and excerpts from the Koran.  Chronologically the inscriptions cover the period from the XI c. up to the end of the XVIII c. Part of the inscriptions are dated. To determine the time of writing of undated inscriptions the dating technique by paleographic features of writing is mainly used. The earliest inscriptions are made in Arabic “kufi” handwriting. Kufic inscriptions are first found in highland lezgin villages Maza and Gdym. The findings of kufic inscriptions in the village Maza confirm the information from written sources that this village has centuries-old history. Consequently, the information about the early history of the village Maza, which is set out in the historical essay Ta’rikh Maza, should be recognized as real. The previously unknown kufic inscription of the XII–XIII cc., revealed in the ancient village Khnow, is a fine sample of medieval Arabic calligraphy. Of great interest is the epitaph of 1468-69 preserved in the sanctuary of the village Lutkun, where the date is indicated with numbers. This fact is very rare in medieval inscriptions of Dagestan. It is suggested that one of the eponyms of the sanctuary was a muslim activist of the XV c. The inscriptions of the XVIII c. from villages Yalak, Yaltsug and Khkem inform about the construction of bridges and mausoleum, and the proprietary inscriptions of the XVIII c. from villages Yalak and Khrug are made in connection with the construction of private residential buildings.","PeriodicalId":349883,"journal":{"name":"History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121272047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION IN THE ITUM-KALINSKY DISTRICT OF THE CHECHEN REPUBLIC IN 2021","authors":"U. Kochkarov, V. Malashev, Azamat U. Akhmarov, Sergey S. Gorlanov","doi":"10.32653/ch183861-872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32653/ch183861-872","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of archaeological surveys conducted in 2021 on the territory of lands allocated for economic development under the project “Construction of a Tower Small Hydroelectric Power Station on the Argun River in the Itum-Kalinsky district of the Chechen Republic”. The purpose of the work was to localize on the ground and clarify the location of cultural heritage objects relative to the above-mentioned land plot, to ensure the preservation of archaeological monuments known from archival data located in the area of construction work, to identify new archaeological monuments in order to register them for state registration, protection and introduction into scientific circulation. During the work, the previously known objects of cultural heritage “Ushkaloy watchtowers-twins”, “Ushkaloy burial ground” were examined and two new objects of cultural heritage were identified: the complex of archaeological monuments “Bashin-Kali”, including the remains of the fortification of the Caucasian war period “Bashin-Kali” of the 19th century (built in 1858), two destroyed burial grounds of the early Iron Age – the Middle Ages and the settlement of the Bronze Age, as well as the burial ground “Guchum-Kali”. The works included the study of agricultural terraces of the economic territory of Guchum-Kali village. On the territory, in some places, several foundations of residential and outbuildings have been recorded, according to local residents, dating back to the period of the 30-40s of the XX century. The laying of pits on the terraces revealed the presence of materials dating back to the 19th-20th centuries. The high saturation of the exploration site with monuments opens up prospects for further study of the territory not only of the Itum-Kalinsky district, but also the study of archaeological monuments of the mountainous regions of Chechnya as a whole.","PeriodicalId":349883,"journal":{"name":"History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126943718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}