Environmental Challenges最新文献

{"title":"An automated small-scale aquaponics system design using a closed loop control","authors":"John Anthony C. Jose ,&nbsp;Timothy Scott C. Chu ,&nbsp;Lanz Harvey M. Jacob ,&nbsp;Lea Anne R. Rulloda ,&nbsp;Alec Zandra Mae H. Ambrosio ,&nbsp;Armyn C. Sy ,&nbsp;Ryan Rhay P. Vicerra ,&nbsp;Angelo Earvin Sy Choi ,&nbsp;Elmer P. Dadios","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the design and implementation of an automated, small-scale aquaponics system tailored for compact urban spaces, such as condominiums. The system, measuring 43 cm by 60 cm by 80 cm, integrates advanced monitoring and control capabilities to regulate key environmental parameters and display real-time data. Motivated by the need to optimize food production in urban settings and minimize manual labor, the system uses an Arduino microcontroller to automate lighting, fish feeding, misting, and water circulation. Key parameters monitored include air and water temperature, humidity, pH levels, and water level, with data recorded for further analysis. The system employs specialized LED growth lights and a micro-SD card module for data storage, fostering optimal plant and fish growth. The primary research contribution lies in demonstrating a closed-loop control system that autonomously maintains ideal conditions, addressing the challenge of frequent manual intervention in aquaponics systems. Experimental results over a 5-day period show that the system maintains water temperature between 20 °C and 26 °C, humidity between 40 % and 100 %, and consistent pH levels within the desired range, ensuring a conducive environment for both plants and fish. Furthermore, the study demonstrated an expected production of 150<em>g</em> spinach within 4 weeks, and a tilapia reaching an average daily gain of 0 .67<em>g</em>. This study highlights the potential for broader adoption of such systems in urban farming, offering a sustainable solution to enhance food production in limited spaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 101127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of the optical water quality parameters in the Lake Nokoué and Cotonou Channel complex (Benin)","authors":"Romaric C.M. Hekpazo ,&nbsp;Metogbe B. Djihouessi ,&nbsp;Béatrix.A. Tigo ,&nbsp;Akilou A. Socohou ,&nbsp;N.B. Nadia Azon ,&nbsp;Génia Berny's M.Y. Zoumenou ,&nbsp;Martin Pépin Aina","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of satellite imagery to develop models for detecting lake water quality requires a good knowledge of the optical parameters of the water. This study aims to characterise spatiotemporal variations in chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and turbidity for future remote sensing applications. To achieve this, data from the Lake Nokoué Cotonou Channel (LNCC) lagoon complex in the Republic of Benin, which has an annual productivity 16 times higher than that of lakes in the West African sub-region, was used for the period from December 2019 to November 2022. The research approach is based on statistical analyses, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Pearson correlation, mixed regression, clustering analysis and analysis of the influence of seasonality on the variation of the various parameters. The results clearly show that Chl-a concentrations vary considerably (0 to 75.5 µg/L) depending on the hydrological regime. During periods of high water (HW), concentrations are high, while during periods of low water (LW), they are more moderate. Similarly, turbidity shows a fairly wide range of variation, from 0.8 to 326.02 NTU, with peaks during the HW period due to land-based nutrient inputs. Cluster analysis allowed us to divide the lake into four distinct zones, characterised by similar variations in the different parameters. The diversity in the outcomes obtained could prove to be of paramount importance in the context of ecosystem monitoring. Moreover, these results could serve as a foundational basis for the future development of water quality detection models using remote sensing, a field that remains under-explored within the LNCC complex.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 101126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceptions of ecosystem services provided by the landscapes of the coastal lagoon at the 1017 Ramsar site in Benin (West Africa)","authors":"Marius H. Yetein ,&nbsp;Laurent G. Houessou ,&nbsp;Toussaint O. Lougbégnon ,&nbsp;Gaétan T. Gbodja ,&nbsp;David F. Sèmèvo ,&nbsp;Madjidou Oumorou","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coastal lagoon ecosystems offer essential goods and services vital for local livelihoods but face significant anthropogenic pressures. Understanding local communities’ perceptions is crucial for protecting and conserving these resources. To inform conservation efforts, this study assesses community perceptions of ecosystem services (ES) from various land use/land cover types in Benin's Coastal Lagoon Landscapes. A literature review and semi-structured interviews with key informants were conducted to develop a preliminary classification of ES. Then, using Dagnelie's binomial approximation law, 285 households were selected. Data on the perception of ES were collected through face-to-face interviews with one respondent (aged &gt; 18) per household, using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the R package “ggplot2” and the relative importance index, ES diversity index, and logistic regression models. A total of 18 ES across four main categories were identified. All respondents (100 %) recognized the abundance of at least one provisioning ES, and most also identified at least one cultural ES (87.01 %), regulating ES (72.98 %), and supporting ES (66.31 %). Swamp forests/savannas/saltmarshes (16 ES), mangrove forests (15 ES), and agricultural lands (14 ES) were identified as the key sources of the perceived ES. The study found that age, gender, length of stay, and level of formal education significantly influenced ES perception. This study provides baseline data on ES to support decision-making aimed at enhancing ES provision and reducing natural ecosystem degradation. Strategic conservation planning should consider these practical insights to promote landscape multifunctionality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 101122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143679699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification and prediction of the impact of ENSO on rainfed rice yields in Thailand","authors":"Usa Humphries Wannasingha ,&nbsp;Muhammad Waqas ,&nbsp;Shakeel Ahmad ,&nbsp;Angkool Wangwongchai ,&nbsp;Porntip Dechpichai","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate variability driven by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) significantly impacts rainfed rice yields in Thailand, a critical agricultural region heavily reliant on monsoon rainfall. This study quantifies and predicts the effects of ENSO-induced climate signals on rice yields using advanced artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. We employed a three-stage methodology, integrating Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) with Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) analysis to assess the relative contributions of ENSO indices and local climate variables, followed by the development of two AI models: ENSO<img>CropNet, a deep neural network (DNN), and an ensemble Random Forest-XGBoost (RF-XGBoost) model. The results revealed that ENSO indices, particularly NINO3 and NINO3.4, significantly reduced rice yields in several provinces, with temperature and rainfall variability playing critical roles. The ENSO<img>CropNet model demonstrated high predictive accuracy (R² = 0.89, MAE = 1.04, RMSE = 1.45), surpassing the RF-XGBoost model (R² = 0.82, MAE = 3.62, RMSE = 3.84). Feature importance analysis identified rainfall, minimum temperature, and ENSO indices as key predictors. The study found that ENSO-driven climate variability led to a 12 % decline in rice yields across northern provinces. The findings underscore the significant role of ENSO-induced climate variability in rainfed rice production, with AI models such as ENSO<img>CropNet offering highly accurate predictions. These results highlight the potential of AI techniques to enhance agricultural forecasting and resilience in climate-vulnerable regions like Thailand.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 101123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of regulatory frameworks in plastic waste value chain and management","authors":"Rasaq O. Medupin ,&nbsp;Kelvin O. Yoro ,&nbsp;Kingsley Ukoba ,&nbsp;Orevaoghene Eterigho-Ikelegbe ,&nbsp;Tien-Chien Jen","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study critically examines the impact of regulatory frameworks on the plastic waste value chain and its management, offering a comprehensive analysis of how different governmental policies shape the effectiveness of plastic waste processes from generation to recycling and disposal. This review explores the dynamics between regulatory approaches and their practical outcomes in plastic waste management via a systematic review of global legislation and case studies. This review further categorizes these frameworks into stringent, moderate, and lenient, correlating each category with corresponding outcomes in terms of plastic recycling rates, innovation in waste processing technologies, and sustainability practices. Furthermore, this review addresses the challenges and opportunities presented by Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) schemes, and how this influences corporate behavior and technology adoption in the plastic industry. Additionally, this work synthesizes key factors that determine the success of regulatory frameworks in fostering a circular economy by leveraging data and findings from multiple sources. Finally, the research efforts in this study provides policy recommendations for enhancing the regulatory environment to better manage plastic waste and encourage the transition towards more sustainable practices. The conclusions drawn from this review not only shed light on effective strategies and gaps in current regulatory practices, but also offer a roadmap for policymakers, industry leaders, and environmental advocates to collaboratively improve the management of plastic waste globally. This study aims to serve as a foundational reference for future research and policy development in the realm of sustainable plastic waste management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 101119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refining land cover classification and change detection for urban water management using comparative machine learning approach","authors":"Douraied Guizani ,&nbsp;János Tamás ,&nbsp;Dávid Pásztor ,&nbsp;Attila Nagy","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate land cover (LC) maps are essential for urban water balance modeling, particularly in rapidly urbanizing cities like Debrecen, Hungary, where industrial expansion has intensified since 2019. However, LC classification remains challenging due to limited studies evaluating the optimal combination of classifiers and satellite data. This study builds upon previous research by introducing a comparative analysis of three machine learning classifiers—Support Vector Machine (SVM), Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC), and Random Forest (RF)—in LC classification using Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 imagery from 2018, 2020, and 2022.</div><div>Results show that SVM on Sentinel-2 achieved the highest accuracy (F1 score: 0.84 ± 0.11, overall accuracy: 88 ± 2.1 %, kappa: 0.84 ± 0.03) with the lowest total disagreement values (D% = 12.6 in 2020, 13.1 in 2022). Consequently, SVM with Sentinel-2 was selected for LC change detection, employing trajectory analysis to assess urban development dynamics. The quantity gain component accounted for 5 % of the study area, representing net urban expansion, while the exchange component (10 %) indicated bidirectional shifts between developed and non-developed classes. Given Debrecen's rapid industrialization and the lack of a robust LC classification strategy for hydrological applications, this research refines LC change detection methods. It improves water balance calculations by LC type, strengthening the hydrological framework. By demonstrating the value of satellite imagery and GIS in monitoring urbanization, the findings support future urban water balance assessments, sustainable planning, and resource management, providing local authorities with a robust tool to adapt spatial strategies to an evolving landscape.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 101118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143600996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights from monitoring abundances and characteristics of plastic leakage in city waterways and tourist beaches of Cambodia","authors":"Grace Smith ,&nbsp;Shungudzemwoyo P. Garaba","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plastic leakage from mismanaged or illegal dumping of waste especially in developing countries is a wicked environmental problem. Significant efforts have been dedicated to monitoring, reducing, recycling and improving circularity of mismanaged plastics to support progress towards achieving globally acceptable environmental standards (e.g., UN SDG 6, 12, 14). We present findings from citizen science-based field surveys conducted in preselected sites, paired with clean-ups (i.e., 15 main and 173 sub-zones) in municipalities across Cambodia. The surveys involved the characterization (e.g., colour, form, polymer type, brand) and quantification of various plastic items found in solid waste. Visual inspection and captured photographs confirmed that vegetation in the waterways acts as a sink for plastic waste by entrapment of items that created localized hotspots. The evidence-based results are discussed in the broader context of their potential socio-economic implications. Additionally, remote sensing technologies are highlighted as an evolving complementary tool with the capability to monitor, locate hotspots and track plastic leakage. Thematic maps from satellite imagery were also used to demonstrate the potential to derive qualitative and quantitative indicators from both datasets-of-opportunity and dedicated drone observations. The current study provides valuable insights into the management of solid waste as well as the consumption and production patterns of plastics in the studied municipalities of Cambodia. It emphasizes the importance of employing a synergy of monitoring strategies as a step ahead in developing sustainable and cost-effective data sources. The presented approaches can play a crucial role in fostering scientific evidence-based policymaking and informed roadmap planning for improved environmental management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 101121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the spatiotemporal dynamics of urban heat island and its impact on air pollution in Thailand","authors":"Veeranun Songsom,&nbsp;Pawarit Jaruk,&nbsp;Thongchai Suteerasak","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bangkok's, the capital of Thailand, rapid economic growth has led to a rising population and vehicle use, intensifying urban heat island (UHI) effects and air pollution. The relationship between UHI and air pollutants remains uncertain, influenced by factors such as location, spatial distribution, and the type of pollutants. Additionally, seasonality may contribute to this uncertainty, as UHI, land surface temperature, and air pollutants follow seasonal patterns. Understanding not only the relationship but also the trends in UHI and air pollution is crucial for gaining valuable insights that can help predict future scenarios and inform effective management and policy decisions. This study investigates the association between UHI and air pollution using data from the Sentinel-5P, which does not provide a single pollutant but instead offers measurements for nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), ozone (O₃), carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde (HCHO), and aerosol optical depth (AOD) from Terra MODIS. Rainfall and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are incorporated to analyze the factors influencing air pollution. Smoothed daytime and nighttime land surface temperatures (LST) from MODIS are converted to UHI in Bangkok Metropolitan and Vicinity from 2019 to 2023 by calculating the difference between LST and averaged LST within rural area. Their correlation (Pearson's correlation coefficient) with air pollutants and trend analysis is demonstrated using data from individual location. The relationship analysis is divided into four cases: all data, winter, dry, and rainy seasons. The results indicated all air pollutants peak from winter to the dry season, corresponding to the agricultural burning period, except for O₃, which peaks during the rainy season. The impact of UHI-pollutants correlations is evident, with NO₂ levels peaking during the dry season in the daytime and AOD, CO, and HCHO levels peaking during the winter season at nighttime. Additionally, trend analysis revealed an increasing pattern in daytime UHI as well as in NO and SO₂ levels, highlighting the potential intensification of urban heat and associated air pollution over time. The influence of NDVI remains inconclusive aligned with seasonal. We outline strategies to mitigate UHI and air pollution based on our findings. This research highlights the urgent need for international collaboration to reduce air pollution caused by burning activities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 101120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143591451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Financial access, depth, and efficiency: The key pillars for enhancing energy equity, security, and sustainability","authors":"Mayank Parashar,&nbsp;Ritika Jaiswal","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Access to affordable, equitable, and sustainable energy is essential for countries to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals through financial resources. In a critical era for sustainable energy, exploring the relationship between financial development and energy trilemma indicators, i.e., energy equity, security, and environmental sustainability, is imperative. To comprehend this, the present study examines the impact of financial market and institution accessibility, depth, and efficiency on energy trilemma indicators in 18 emerging economies between 2011 and 2021 using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) model. The study highlights that energy equity is positively impacted by financial market accessibility and institutional efficiency. Furthermore, it confirms that the depth and efficiency of the financial markets, as well as the development and accessibility of financial institutions, significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, financial market development negatively impacts wind energy. These unfavorable results are caused by uncertain government regulations, inadequate infrastructure, expensive upfront investments, prolonged payback times, and environmental and other economic challenges. These challenges reduce the financial feasibility of energy-efficient projects, especially in developing nations where overcoming financial and technological barriers requires targeted solutions and supportive policies. Hence, policymakers must develop robust strategies that promote alternative energy sources to address climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 101117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143591452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collaborative governance mechanism for nuclear contamination data in the Pacific Rim region in the context of transboundary nuclear damage accountability inflicted by Japan","authors":"Shumei Yue,&nbsp;Wenna Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a radioactive waste disposal activity for the Fukushima nuclear accident, Japan government discharge multiple rounds of nuclear-contaminated water will ultimately cause irreversible transboundary damage to the public health, fishery economy, and marine ecosystems of Pacific Rim coastal countries. With the gradual implementation of Japan's commitment on the issue of the discharge of Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water into the sea, experts from many countries, including China, have headed to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant to collect samples. Currently, Facing the absence of an international monitoring mechanism for nuclear-contaminated water has led to low transparency regarding radioactive data from nuclear waste and environmental monitoring data of surrounding marine areas. This article analyses the legal problems faced by the Pacific Rim region in the recovery of transboundary nuclear damage by utilizing literature research method, arguing the feasibility of the construction of a regional synergistic governance mechanism for nuclear contamination data, then advocating a framework for the construction of a regional collaborative governance mechanism for nuclear contamination data, however, the establishment of such mechanism in the Pacific Rim region involves multiple complexities. Regional Nuclear Energy Powers as Lead Countries, seeking to promote the governance mechanism from theory to practice. Therefore, the systematic promotion of the construction of a collaborative governance mechanism for in the Pacific Rim region can remedy the lack of an international monitoring mechanism for nuclear-contaminated water and providing institutional legality for the recovery and compensation of transboundary nuclear damages in the Pacific Rim countries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 101110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}