Environmental Challenges最新文献

{"title":"Explainable artificial intelligence-driven model for ultrafine particle (PM0.1) prediction and explanation using meteorological variables","authors":"Apaporn Tipsavak ,&nbsp;Thanyabun Phutson ,&nbsp;Thanathip Limna ,&nbsp;Racha Dejchanchaiwong ,&nbsp;Perapong Tekasakul ,&nbsp;Kirttayoth Yeranee ,&nbsp;Mallika Kliangkhlao ,&nbsp;Bukhoree Sahoh","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101248","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>PM_0.1, an ultrafine urban air pollutant, poses significant health risks due to its ability to penetrate deep into the lungs, enter the bloodstream, and rapidly circulate throughout the human body, potentially causing severe respiratory diseases. Effective monitoring and explanation of PM_0.1 concentrations are essential for implementing targeted air quality management strategies. This research addresses these challenges through a novel soft computing framework that integrates multiple computational intelligence techniques for both accurate prediction and interpretation of PM_0.1 concentrations using meteorological variables. Our methodology employs boosting algorithms with hyperparameter optimization to develop the most effective predictive model. Validated using real-world urban air quality data from Southeast Asia, our framework demonstrates broad applicability for diverse urban environments. Performance evaluation using unseen data demonstrates that XGBoost with Bayesian optimization achieves superior results, with an <em>R²</em> of 89 %, <em>Mean absolute error</em> (<em>MAE</em>) of 0.28 µg/m³, and <em>Root Mean Squared Error</em> (<em>RMSE)</em> of 0.38 µg/m³. By integrating SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) with the XGBoost model, we provide global and individual explanations of the model's predictions, highlighting the relative importance of meteorological variables such as temperature, humidity, and wind speed. This hybrid soft computing approach enhances the model's practical utility for environmental decision-making. It sets a foundation for future intelligent environmental monitoring applications across diverse regions, offering a scalable solution for targeted urban air quality management that balances prediction accuracy with interpretability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144750280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping corroded and non-corroded roofs with worldview-3 imagery: A study of semi-permanent buildings in fire-prone urban areas","authors":"Faris Ade Irawan ,&nbsp;Projo Danoedoro ,&nbsp;Nur Mohammad Farda","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101247","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101247","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid urbanization in the West Banjarmasin District, Banjarmasin City, South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, has led to the expansion of dense informal settlements, where semi-permanent housing with vulnerable roofing materials significantly increases fire risk and hampers emergency response efforts. To address this issue, this study investigates whether remote sensing techniques can effectively differentiate building roof types, particularly corroded and non-corroded corrugated iron roofing commonly used in fire-prone structures. The Normalized Difference Iron Oxide Index (NDIOI), formulated as (NIR2 – Blue) / (NIR2 + Blue), was applied using very high-resolution WorldView-3 imagery (0.5 m) to detect spectral signatures of roof degradation. A total of 200 surface reflectance samples (100 corroded, 100 non-corroded) were used to calibrate and validate NDIOI through threshold-based binary classification (threshold = 0.1). Validation demonstrated strong performance, with accuracy of 93.0 %, precision of 100 %, recall of 86.0 %, and an F1-score of 92.5 %. Additionally, spatial overlay between NDIOI-classified zones and verified fire incident data acquired during the same time frame as the 2021 imagery revealed a strong spatial correlation between high NDIOI values and actual fire-prone areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144763996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) for sustainable biofuels and bioenergy: A review of biomass feedstock potential, conversion technologies, and forest management in the US","authors":"Chioma Edwina Ogbuka ,&nbsp;Pradip Saud ,&nbsp;Marco Yáñez ,&nbsp;Rajan Parajuli ,&nbsp;Sagar Godar Chhetri ,&nbsp;Matthew Pelkki","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Promoting timber production and biomass feedstock for sustainable biofuels and bioenergy requires the proper selection of species and sustainable management practices. Loblolly pine (<em>Pinus taeda L</em>.), the most widely planted commercial species in the U.S., provides high-quality wood for the industry and lignocellulosic biomass for renewable energy. In the last few decades, research on bioenergy and biofuel feedstocks has expanded due to rising demand for alternative energy sources. However, gaps remain, particularly in integrating technological and silvicultural optimizations. This study reviewed the existing literature on the potential of loblolly pine as a sustainable alternative feedstock for bioenergy production, including conversion technologies, cellular composition, derivative products, genetic improvement, and forest management practices. While focusing on loblolly pine, many discussed technologies and practices apply broadly to other commercial forest species used for biomass and bioenergy production. Additionally, it identifies the main challenges for feedstock production and conversion, and environmental and socio-economic issues. Lignin recalcitrance and pretreatment costs hinder the conversion process; however, pine derivatives, such as pine terpenes and biochar, offer niche opportunities in biofuel markets. Nonetheless, monoculture risks, public skepticism, and supply chain issues may further complicate the large-scale adoption of the feedstock for energy production. Moreover, advancements in genetic improvement, conversion technologies, and policy support can enhance resource efficiency, reduce fossil fuel dependence, and mitigate environmental impacts through promoting carbon markets. Developing these initiatives can help improve the efficient utilization of feedstock, thereby expanding the sustainable use of loblolly pine in a rapidly evolving circular bio-economy while addressing environmental challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144757614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban waterbirds shifting microplastics","authors":"Pathissery John Sarlin ,&nbsp;Sandie Morris ,&nbsp;Savio Morris ,&nbsp;Polycarp Joseph ,&nbsp;Sancia Morris","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101241","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101241","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems poses growing ecological risks, particularly for piscivorous birds occupying higher trophic levels. This study assessed the ingestion and excretion patterns of microplastics (MPs) in two monotypic urban inland waterbird species, the Indian cormorant (<em>Phalacrocorax fuscicollis</em>) and the Oriental darter (<em>Anhinga melanogaster</em>), from Alappuzha, Kerala, a densely populated region with high urban runoff. Five polymer types were identified through ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, with polyethylene (28.8 %), polypropylene (22.2 %), and polystyrene (20.0 %) being the most abundant, reflecting local plastic waste profiles and bird foraging behavior. The presence of MPs in juvenile and adult individuals suggests potential age-independent exposure pathways and highlights their role as potential biovectors of synthetic debris and associated contaminants. The findings emphasize the need for localized conservation strategies and contribute baseline data for ecological risk assessments. This research aligns with Sustainable Development Goals 6, 12, and 15, advocating for cleaner water systems, sustainable material use, and protection of terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144757604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of changes in agro-climatic indices in northwest and west of Iran","authors":"Hassan Heydari,&nbsp;Alireza Movaghari","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Temperature is one of the important climatic factors in agriculture, any change of which can affect the process of growth and production of agricultural products. Today, due to the occurrence of climate change, the importance of examining this issue, especially in agriculture, in terms of the impact on the food security of the people of the world, has become particularly important. Based on this, in this research, using the variables of minimum temperature, maximum temperature and average temperature in 17 meteorological stations in the northwest and west of Iran in the time period of 1985-2019, 5 cooling indices and 6 heating indices (at different temperature thresholds) were calculated and then trend analysis was done using two methods, Mann-Kendall (along with Sen’s slope estimator) and Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA). Based on the analysis, it was found that the cooling indices in most of the stations have undergone a time shift while reducing the duration of the period. From the point of view of heating indices, in most stations, along with increasing the length of the growing season at different thresholds, thermal stress has also occurred, which has a negative effect on the growth of crops. Investigations showed that the two stations of Maragheh (in the north of the region) and Khorram Abad (in the south) had the most changes. It was also found that the ITA and the Mann-Kendall methods have little difference in showing the type of trend and the ITA shows the changes in a more reasonable way.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144724592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active turbidity monitoring during dredged material placement at dredged Hole #86, Atlantic City, New Jersey","authors":"Daniel A. Barone ,&nbsp;Robert J. Miskewitz ,&nbsp;W. Scott Douglas","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101245","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents findings from turbidity monitoring conducted during the open-water hydraulic placement of dredged material at Dredged Hole #86 (DH86), located in the back-bay waterways adjacent to Atlantic City, New Jersey. Turbidity, depth and current measurements were collected using in-situ and manual sensors. Results indicated that the hydraulic dredged material placement operations did not lead to observable increases in turbidity levels above background levels (prior to fill operations). This study demonstrated that placement of dredged material into a subaqueous pit resulted in elevated turbidity, however, the impact was temporary and localized and therefore does not pose a risk to the water quality in the area surrounding the discharge location. DH86 will continue to be a viable placement site for ongoing navigational channel dredging needs in this area, while at the same time providing needed habitat restoration in the back bays of New Jersey. The larger implication is that the project will increase acceptance of dredged material placement into dredged holes as a financially and environmentally responsible method for placement of dredged sediments to perform habitat restoration. There are over 100 dredged holes in New Jersey that can be a sediment sink for the New Jersey Marine Transportation System’s navigation channels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144750098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorption of nickel (II) ions onto activated carbon from tamarind seeds for synthetic wastewater treatment: Isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies","authors":"Plaisuda Janthabut ,&nbsp;Pakpoom Athikaphan ,&nbsp;Phattharapon Jekruk ,&nbsp;Pattarasak Kanchunsi ,&nbsp;Pongpanit Kongkoed ,&nbsp;Supinya Nijpanich ,&nbsp;Somnuk Theerakulpisut ,&nbsp;Arthit Neramittagapong ,&nbsp;Sutasinee Neramittagapong","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101243","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101243","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The removal of nickel from synthetic wastewater through adsorption using activated carbon derived from tamarind seeds was investigated. The study also compared two carbonization methods: traditional and hydrothermal. The results indicated that activated carbon synthesized via the hydrothermal method produced a higher surface area than that obtained through traditional carbonization. The synthesized activated carbon exhibited mesoporous and microporous structures with impressive specific surface areas of 1172 m²/g and micropore areas of 837 m²/g, at an 8.11 % yield. Structural analysis revealed a highly porous material retaining only <em>C</em>=<em>C, C</em>=<em>O</em>, C-O, and -OH groups. The activated carbon demonstrated high efficiency in Ni²⁺ ion adsorption, achieving approximately 100 % removal from a 20 mg/L solution using 50 mg of adsorbent at 30 °C for 120 min. The results were fitted to the Langmuir isotherm with an R² of 0.994, yielding a maximum Ni²⁺ adsorption capacity (q_max) of 39.25 mg/g. The kinetics model was fitted to a pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetics model with a rate constant of 0.0807 g/mg∙min. A thermodynamic analysis suggested that the adsorption of Ni²⁺ ions on activated carbon derived from tamarind seeds is spontaneous and endothermic. This synthesis method provides a sustainable approach to enhancing the value of tamarind seeds by converting them into high-performance activated carbon. This process produces a bio-based adsorbent with significant potential for removing nickel from wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144750099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physicochemical and microbial characteristics of medicinal groundwater at Sobranecké Spa, a Slovakian heritage site: Implications for balneotherapy","authors":"Musaab A.A. Mohammed ,&nbsp;Ladislav Tometz ,&nbsp;Norbert P. Szabó ,&nbsp;Péter Szűcs","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101242","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Sobranecké Spa (“<em>Salus per Aquam</em>”) is historically known for its therapeutic mineral waters and recognized as a heritage site for its cultural significance. Despite its rich tradition and well-documented therapeutic effects, the spa ceased operations in 2004 and now remains in disrepair. However, renewed interest from the Košice self-governing region has prompted efforts to restore its activity. To support this initiative, a hydrogeological study was commissioned by the Technical University of Košice to provide a comprehensive assessment of the physical, chemical, and microbial properties of the mineral water and evaluate health risks related to dermal exposure. The study integrates hydrochemical classification, microbial assessment, and probabilistic risk analysis using Monte Carlo simulation and Sobol sensitivity analysis to evaluate dermal absorption dose (DAD), dermal hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) for both adults and children. Hydrochemical results indicated a Na-Cl-type highly mineralized water, shaped by mineral dissolution and ion exchange processes. The microbial analysis focused on coliforms, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, and heterotrophic bacteria to assess potential biological risks. The results showed individual hazard quotients below 1 for most parameters, but H₂S drove cumulative hazard index values to 9.5 for adults and 12.1 for children, with children facing 28 % higher risk and persistent dermal health concerns across all scenarios. However, the findings confirm that the mineral waters meet Slovak and European standards for therapeutic use. Due to the study’s single sampling event, long-term seasonal monitoring is recommended to ensure water quality stability and safety for future spa use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144724593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promoting air quality-related awareness and behavioural change: A rapid review of communication interventions integrating behavioural, science communication and socio-ecological perspectives","authors":"Roberto Cibin ,&nbsp;Laura Horgan ,&nbsp;Luigina Ciolfi ,&nbsp;Samantha Dockray ,&nbsp;Gillian Murphy ,&nbsp;Dean S. Venables ,&nbsp;Marica Cassarino","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air pollution (AP) is a global environmental threat to human health and development. Day-to-day behaviours contribute to poor air quality (AQ) but limited public understanding of AQ warrants effective communication strategies to promote awareness and empower positive behavioural change. Through the integration of behavioural, science communication, and socio-ecological frameworks, this rapid review maps existing AQ-related communication interventions and their influence on AQ awareness, protective and/or mitigating behaviours (i.e., avoiding exposure; reducing polluting activities), and civic engagement. We conducted a comprehensive literature search of peer-reviewed and grey literature, including 79 studies for analysis. Findings were synthesised narratively and assessed for quality with the QuADS tool. Despite high heterogeneity in intervention types, most served a persuasion or enablement function, often utilising dissemination modes such as websites or web applications, and most assessed awareness and/or engagement in protective behaviours. While most interventions focused on individual/household-level actions and interindividual dynamics, only some considered policy-level actions, and very few embedded infrastructural considerations in their communication. Overall, 47 studies reported positive impacts on awareness and/or behaviours, particularly through participatory approaches, although we noted issues associated with promoting meaningful participation and identified influencing psychosocial factors. Evidence of effectiveness for behaviours was often limited by observational designs and the focus on awareness only or self-reported behaviours/intentions. Our findings highlight growing attempts to communicate AQ-related risks and behavioural solutions through empowering approaches that are sensitive to individual and local circumstances, but note the need for further work to foster mitigating behaviours and civic engagement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144721204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Faecal indicator bacteria and toxic metal concentrations in domestic and irrigation water from main gardening sites in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo","authors":"Anaïs M. Kipelo ,&nbsp;Emmanuel K. Atibu ,&nbsp;Periyasamy Sivalingam ,&nbsp;John W. Poté","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In Sub-Saharan African countries, urban market gardening plays a significant socio-economic role in enhancing food security, combating hunger, supporting daily livelihoods, and reducing unemployment. Fresh vegetable gardening is widely practiced in urban and peri‑urban communities, employing thousands of people and providing over 70 % of the fresh vegetables consumed in cities. Many urban and peri‑urban families live near or on these production sites and use water from springs, shallow wells, and untreated contaminated river water for irrigation and domestic use. Consequently, monitoring and assessing the water quality is key to preventing potential health risks, not only for users, but also for irrigated vegetables; when consumed raw, they are at risk of becoming contaminated with pathogens. In this study, water samples were collected from two major market gardening sites in Kinshasa-Lutendele and Cecomaf-and analyzed for microbiological and physicochemical parameters. The microbiological assessment focused on faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), including <em>Escherichia coli</em> (<em>E. coli</em>), <em>Enterococcus</em> (ENT) and total coliforms (TC). The physicochemical analysis includes parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (O₂), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total organic carbon (TOC), major soluble ions (Na^+, <em>K</em>^+, NH₄⁺, PO₄³, SO₄^2-, NO₃^-, and NO₂^-), and metals and metalloids (Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Co, Ag, Cd, Sb, Pb, As, Se, Fe, Mn, V and Ti) . Microbiological analysis of water samples from all sites showed elevated levels of FIB, reaching concentrations of 5.5 × 10³, 1.9 × 10⁴ and 2.2 × 10⁴ CFU 100 mL^-1 for <em>E. coli</em>, ENT and TC, respectively. Concentrations of soluble ions such as PO₄^3-, NO₃^-, NH₄⁺, and <em>K</em>⁺ were 2 to 10 times above the acceptable limits according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) guidelines for irrigation and domestic use. Despite this, almost all metal concentrations remained below FAO and WHO guidelines. However, given the above acceptable limits of FIB and soluble ions detected in irrigation water, the use of such water may pose potential health risks through direct consumption, contamination of raw vegetables, or dermal contact during irrigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144721203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}