Current Research in Insect Science最新文献

{"title":"Distinct roles of the Anopheles gambiae Imd/Rel2 and Toll/Rel1 pathways in resistance to systemic bacterial and fungal infections","authors":"Suheir Zeineddine,&nbsp;Sana Jaber,&nbsp;Amani Audi,&nbsp;Mike A. Osta","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2026.100129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2026.100129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the malaria vector <em>Anopheles gambiae s.l.</em> Toll and Imd immune pathways signal through Re1l and Rel2 NF-κB transcription factors, respectively. Toll/Rel1 and Imd/Rel2 have been characterized mostly in the context of defense against malaria parasites, exhibiting <em>Plasmodium</em> species-specific roles. There is also evidence associating Rel2 with mosquito resistance to bacterial infections, however, the role of Rel1 in this context remains questionable, especially that there have been no rigorous functional genetic studies assessing Rel1 and Rel2 contributions side-by-side to mosquito defense during systemic microbial infections. Here, we conducted this analysis in <em>An. gambiae</em> using systemic infections with five bacterial species and the fungus <em>Beauveria bassiana</em>. We show that Rel2 is largely responsible for controlling the bacterial burden and for mediating mosquito tolerance to bacterial infections, whereas Rel1 contributes mainly to tolerating infections with certain bacteria, specifically those exhibiting high virulence. Rel2 is also largely responsible for regulating the expression of <em>Cecropin 1</em> and <em>Defensin 1</em> antimicrobial peptide genes in the fat body after bacterial systemic infections, yet in certain infections a synergistic role for Rel1 and Rel2 was also evident. In the context of fungal infections, Re1l but not Rel2 controlled the fungal burden in mosquitoes, yet resistance and tolerance to fungal infections were largely attributed to TEP1. In sum, these results advance our understanding of Imd/Rel2 and Toll/Rel1 contributions to mosquito systemic immunity and suggest that they most likely control distinct transcriptional programs in the fat body that differentially impact mosquito resistance and tolerance to systemic microbial infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100129"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148575750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rp-vasa: a bona fide primordial germ cell marker that drives embryonic expression in the Chagas disease vector Rhodnius prolixus","authors":"Gabriela Martins,&nbsp;Mateus Berni,&nbsp;Tainan Guedes-Silva,&nbsp;Daniel Bressan,&nbsp;João Vieira,&nbsp;Maíra A. Cardoso,&nbsp;Attilio Pane,&nbsp;Valentino Gantz,&nbsp;Ethan Bier,&nbsp;Helena Araujo","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2026.100130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2026.100130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Rhodnius prolixus</em> is an insect vector of the protozoan <em>Trypanosoma cruzi</em>, the causative agent of debilitating Chagas disease, which is transmitted to humans during blood feeding. Identifying germline markers is a critical step in advancing vector control and transgenic technologies of these medically important insects. Transmission of genetic traits to the next generation requires proper differentiation of the germline that gives rise to gametes. Germline precursors are established during early stages of development as the primordial germ cell (PGC) population. Among the genes required for this process, <em>vasa</em> homologues exert a conserved role in germline specification. Here, we characterize and validate the genomic structure of the <em>R. prolixus Rp-vasa</em> locus and assess its expression during early embryogenesis. We observe widespread <em>Rp-vasa</em> expression in preblastoderm embryos. Later, during the cellular blastoderm and at the beginning of gastrulation, <em>Rp-vasa</em> and <em>Rp-piwi2</em> expression is restricted to PGCs, morphologically identifiable as a cluster of cells at the posterior of the embryo. We also report, for the first time, the use of <em>R. prolixus</em> regulatory sequences to drive the expression of exogenous genes. We identify the <em>Rp-vasa</em> regulatory region and show that these cis-regulatory sequences are sufficient to drive <em>Cas9</em> and <em>dsRed</em> expression in the early embryo. Together, these findings demonstrate that <em>Rp-vasa</em> has great potential for use as a PGC marker and as a driver for gene expression in transgenic and gene editing approaches for Triatomine vectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100130"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148575751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vulnerability of alpine butterfly eggs to early winter warming","authors":"Kurtis F. Turnbull ,&nbsp;Alkistis Elliott-Graves ,&nbsp;Susan E. Anthony ,&nbsp;Jens Roland ,&nbsp;Stephen F. Matter ,&nbsp;Brent J. Sinclair","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2025.100119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2025.100119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Parnassius smintheus</em> is an alpine butterfly that overwinters as a first-instar caterpillar within its egg and often beneath the snow. While extreme temperatures in early winter appear pivotal to year-to-year population change of <em>P. smintheus</em> in the Rocky Mountains of Canada, the sources of mortality for these eggs are unclear. Here we tested three hypotheses about the vulnerability of eggs to warming and extreme weather in early winter (i.e. upper quartile of daily maximum and minimum microclimate temperatures in November): (1) warming disrupts the acquisition of cold tolerance, making eggs susceptible to subsequent cold snaps; (2) warming drives premature development and hatch, such that precocious hatchlings either starve or freeze; and (3) warming depletes the energy stores of dormant eggs. We then used these hypotheses to guide a simulation of the risk of winter mortality for eggs over the last half-century (1971 – 2020) in the Rocky Mountains of Canada. Early winter warming did not interrupt the acquisition of cold tolerance by freeze-avoidant eggs. Eggs did risk lethal freezing in simulated winters when extreme low temperatures coincided with an absence of snow cover. Early winter warming increased the risk of subsequent hatching, and precocious larvae were less cold-tolerant than eggs. Our simulation found that precocious larvae risked freezing during snow-free cold snaps in spring. Early winter warming did not appreciably drawdown energy stores, and we found that <em>P. smintheus</em> could not only fuel overwintering but tolerate several days of starvation after hatch. We conclude that eggs risk precocious development after early winter warming and are likely vulnerable in winters that lack persistent snow cover. Together, these sources of winter mortality may explain year-to-year change in <em>P. smintheus</em> populations. Identifying unidirectional thresholds, such as hatching and freezing, may be important for predicting the susceptibility of some alpine insects to future winter warming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100119"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145738957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of PFOS on the behavior, growth, emergence, and predation susceptibility of larval mosquitoes (Culex quinquefasciatus)","authors":"Alessia Saul ,&nbsp;Louise M. Stevenson ,&nbsp;Kevin E. McCluney","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2025.100120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2025.100120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been commonly used over several decades for a variety of products and are very persistent in the environment. However, not much is known about their direct effects on aquatic invertebrates and their ecosystems. We examined the survival, behavior, development, and predation susceptibility of mosquito larvae <em>Culex quinquefasciatus</em> exposed to concentrations of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) ranging from 0.02 to 453.7 µg/L. PFOS exposure resulted in reduced larval survival, with a 48 hour LC50 (concentration with 50 % mortality) of 255.99 µg/L. PFOS exposure also resulted in reduced developmental success and slower maturation to adulthood (and thus slower emergence from the water) compared to control larvae. PFOS also resulted in delays in reaction to prodding stimuli, which were meant to simulate a predator attack, and longer reactions to prodding. Larvae exposed to PFOS also spent more time at the bottom of the water column, rather than at the surface where respiration takes place. Effects of larval mosquito PFOS exposure on predation by unexposed damselfly naiads (genus <em>Ischnura</em>) were not detected. Overall, this research suggests that PFOS impacts mosquito larvae survival, behavior, development, and adult emergence, which could have important implications for food webs or public health given the role of mosquitos as disease vectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100120"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tissue tropism and viral levels of Acheta domesticus densovirus throughout the house cricket production","authors":"Jozsef Takacs ,&nbsp;Astrid Bryon ,&nbsp;Annette B. Jensen ,&nbsp;Joop J.A. van Loon ,&nbsp;Vera I.D. Ros","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2025.100121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2025.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The house cricket, <em>Acheta domesticus,</em> is commonly reared for food and feed purposes and is often infected with the Acheta domesticus densovirus (AdDV). This single-stranded DNA virus can cause high mortality in crickets resulting in colony collapse. AdDV disease outbreaks in cricket mass-rearing can be prevented by either obtaining virus-free crickets or by reducing virus spread. Therefore, insight into viral levels in cricket developmental stages and into viral transmission routes is needed. Viral levels were monitored using quantitative PCR on samples collected 1) simultaneously from different life stages present in the rearing room and 2) weekly from a single rearing container during the successive developmental stages. To study viral tissue tropism and to infer the route of virus transmission, viral levels were measured in cricket tissues and in mated and non-mated adult crickets. Results showed that viral levels increased when developing from nymphs into adults and that unmated individuals had significantly lower viral levels than mated individuals. Furthermore, AdDV was present in every tested tissue and the gut and ovaries of females showed the highest viral levels. Our results suggest that AdDV is both horizontally and vertically transmitted among house crickets and provide relevant information to establish virus-free cricket lines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Involvement of Taiman in juvenile hormone signaling controlling sexual maturation in a male moth","authors":"Stéphane Debernard ,&nbsp;Edmundo Gassias ,&nbsp;Paleo Aguilar ,&nbsp;Annick Maria ,&nbsp;Annabelle Fuentes ,&nbsp;Philippe Couzi ,&nbsp;Françoise Bozzolan ,&nbsp;Nicolas Durand ,&nbsp;Evan Force","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2026.100122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2026.100122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In insects, juvenile hormone (JH) is essential for orchestrating reproductive events. For example, in the male moth <em>Agrotis ipsilon</em>, the behavioral response to female sex pheromone is linked to neuronal sensitivity in the primary olfactory centers (antennal lobes, ALs), and the maturation of accessory sex glands (ASGs) are known to be age- and JH-dependent. The molecular basis of this regulatory action of JH is not fully deciphered, and we show here that the heterodimerizing partner of Methoprene-tolerant called Taiman (Tai) is essential for the sexual maturation of male <em>A. ipsilon. Tai</em> expression in ALs and ASGs is elevated from the third day of adult life and is responsible for the acquisition of behavioral responsiveness to the sex pheromone and ASG maturation. <em>Tai</em>-deficient old males exhibited altered sexual behavior and delayed ASG maturation. Moreover, the expression levels of <em>Tai</em> and <em>Krüppel homolog 1</em> (<em>Kr-h1</em>), an early JH-induced transcription factor, were reduced in ALs and ASGs of JH-deprived and <em>Tai</em>-deficient old males, respectively. Exogenous JH injection into young males resulted in precocious sexual maturation and this JH induction was suppressed by <em>Tai</em> silencing. Our results demonstrate that Tai is an actor of the JH signaling pathway that operates in ALs and ASGs to promote pheromone information processing and consequently the display of sexual behavior in synchrony with ASG maturation, ultimately optimizing male reproductive success. Thus, this study provides additional insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying hormonal regulation of sexual maturation in insects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100122"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpreting molecular evidence for biosecurity decision-making: Lessons from coconut rhinoceros beetle incursions in the Pacific","authors":"Kayvan Etebari,&nbsp;Michael J. Furlong","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2026.100131","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2026.100131","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molecular and genomic tools are increasingly used in biosecurity to support early detection, diagnostics and reconstruction of invasion pathways. However, selecting an appropriate marker for the question being addressed is critical, and translating molecular evidence into operational decisions can be challenging. Over-interpretation of commonly used markers may lead to misleading conclusions about population structure, invasion history and management priorities. DNA barcoding remains valuable for species identification and initial haplotype assignment, but questions concerning invasion pathways, admixture and phenotypic variation require additional molecular and ecological evidence. Here, we use coconut rhinoceros beetle (<em>Oryctes rhinoceros</em>) incursions in the Pacific as a case study to highlight interpretive pitfalls and lessons for applying molecular and genomic tools in biosecurity and biological control. We synthesise evidence on the strengths and limitations of mitochondrial markers, particularly <em>CoxI</em>, for haplotyping and inference of population relationships, and show how incomplete sampling and simplified assays can obscure cryptic diversity and bias interpretation. We then examine factors that complicate interpretation of OrNV-based biocontrol outcomes, including diagnostic sensitivity, study design and environmental modulation of host–pathogen interactions. Overall, these examples show that molecular evidence is most informative when marker choice, biological validation and phenotypic data are aligned with the biosecurity question.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100131"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148646138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mating triggers a physiological switch to reproduction in field crickets to mitigate the flight-oogenesis tradeoff","authors":"Meghan Laturney,&nbsp;Lisa A. Treidel,&nbsp;Sadia Khan,&nbsp;Caroline M. Williams","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2026.100134","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2026.100134","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organisms must reallocate limited resources to meet changing physiological demands, yet the cues that trigger these shifts and the physiological programs that mediate them remain poorly understood. For example, in some winged animals, females cannot simultaneously invest in energetically expensive flight musculature and egg production, requiring physiological transitions between dispersal and reproductive phases of their life cycle (the flight-oogenesis trade-off). However, the mechanisms that allow individuals to transition between dispersal and reproductive states remain unclear. Here, we test whether mating acts as a key external cue that reprograms internal resource allocation from somatic maintenance to reproduction. Using the wing-dimorphic California variable field cricket, <em>Gryllus lineaticeps</em>, we show that mating initiates flight muscle histolysis in long-winged females, eliminating any delay in early-life fecundity. Mating activates transcriptional programs associated with autophagy, iron mobilization, and endocrine signaling, consistent with a coordinated physiological shift that redirects nutrients from flight tissues to oogenesis. These mating-induced changes include altered insulin-like peptide and juvenile hormone signaling, suggesting that conserved hormonal pathways may be repurposed to govern life-history transitions. Together, our findings reveal that mating can serve as a potent trigger for reorganizing nutrient use and physiological priorities, enabling organisms to minimize the reproductive costs of non-reproductive states. By identifying a socially derived cue that initiates state transitions, this work provides a mechanistic framework for understanding how reproductive behaviors drive life-history strategies, and challenges long-standing assumptions about the inherent costs of dispersal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100134"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discovery of an aquaporin (CrAQP2) in the freshwater larval midge, Chironomus riparius and its role in response to road de-icers","authors":"Britney N. Picinic ,&nbsp;Amber Reinsborough ,&nbsp;Sima Jonusaite ,&nbsp;Jean-Paul V. Paluzzi ,&nbsp;Andrew Donini","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2026.100123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2026.100123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Chironomus riparius</em> midge larvae are ubiquitous in freshwater ecosystems throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Recently, freshwater in temperate regions has experienced a threat from salinization due to the use of road de-icers. As ambient temperatures fluctuate, snow and ice melt carry the de-icers into nearby freshwater and significantly raise salt levels. Recently, organic de-icers including brine beet juice de-icer (BBJD) have been implemented as an “ecofriendly” alternative to traditional road salt. Not much is known about the effects of BBJD on freshwater invertebrates. Aquatic insects respond to salinity by adjusting the ion transport functions of osmoregulatory organs. A key component in insect osmoregulation is the presence of water channel proteins known as aquaporins (AQPs) that allow movement of water along an osmotic gradient. To date, there is limited knowledge on the effects of salinity on AQP function in aquatic insects. In this study, we characterized a water-specific AQP known as CrAQP2 (a PRIP homolog) in the osmoregulatory organs of <em>C. riparius</em> larvae. CrAQP2 was immunolocalized in osmoregulatory organs with greatest transcript abundance in the Malpighian tubules. NaCl caused differential <em>Craqp2</em> transcript expression in some of the organs, whereas BBJD had little effect on <em>Craqp2</em> transcript levels. <em>Craqp2</em> knockdown decreased total body water regardless of treatment and reduced survival of larvae in BBJD and NaCl. Therefore, CrAQP2 appears to be important in maintaining total body water levels stable and likely plays a role in the ability of midge larvae to respond to salinity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100123"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The insects as food and feed industry needs integrative solutions","authors":"Jacinta D. Kong ,&nbsp;Matthew J. Muzzatti ,&nbsp;Catherine I. Cullingham ,&nbsp;Vivian Hoffmann ,&nbsp;Susan M. Bertram ,&nbsp;Heath A. MacMillan","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2026.100127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2026.100127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The edible insect industry is inherently multidisciplinary. The increasing interest in edible insect production for food and feed has driven an increasing number of research outputs covering biology, engineering, economics, and more. However, research spanning disciplines lags behind discipline-specific research and there is a need for interdisciplinary research to address emerging challenges and support industrial advancement. Here, we integrate perspectives across biology and economics to highlight opportunities for interdisciplinary research across these fields. Specifically, we identify key gaps requiring collaborative effort and explicitly outline solutions that span these fields, with the aim of scaling up production yield, achieving economic sustainability, and ensuring the sustainable development of edible insect farming. Continuing to build relationships within academia, and between industries and governments, will ensure the continuous development of the edible insect industry to meet global challenges of hunger and food security.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100127"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148241370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}