Current Research in Insect Science最新文献

{"title":"The utility and use of solitary bees for pollination in greenhouses and other covered growing systems: A review","authors":"Katja Hogendoorn , Lisa J. Evans","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2026.100126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2026.100126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Globally, the area of protected cropping has grown exponentially in the past 25 years. Concomitantly, the number of greenhouse crop species has increased, and a substantial proportion of these rely on, or benefit from, bee pollination. Both in crops grown outside and under cover, diversity in pollinating species could create resilience in this important service. Here we review, for the first time, the utility and use of solitary bee species for crop pollination in protected cropping environments. An increasing number of bee species, including solitary bees, are managed for pollination of crops grown outside, and our review shows that there is no shortage of solitary species able to pollinate crops grown under protective covers. Despite this, only four solitary species are used on a small commercial scale, and only in orchard crops, while pollination in greenhouses worldwide is delivered by a few, often introduced, bumble bee species. We argue that there are two impediments to the use of solitary bees for pollination in protective cropping environments: (a) Bumble bees satisfy most current greenhouse requirements, and (b) There are intrinsic difficulties in relation to husbandry and reliable large-scale supply of solitary bees, in particular when they are required year-round. We explore the possibility to overcome the second impediment by selecting species with suitable life-history traits or by deploying multiple species.</div><div><strong>Structured Abstract</strong></div><div><em>Purpose</em> To review the utility and use of solitary bee species for pollination of crops grown under covers, and to investigate what could be done to enhance the use of solitary bees in such environments.</div><div><em>Basic Procedures</em> Using a systematic literature search, we review the solitary bee species that have been experimentally tested for their efficacy as pollinators of greenhouse and protected orchard crops. Studies included measured efficacy as increased seed/fruit set, fruit quality, pollen deposition or, where appropriate, buzz pollination activity, relative to controls. We also searched the literature for evidence of use of solitary bees in the pollination of crops under cover.</div><div><em>Main findings</em> The pollination efficacy of 45 solitary bee species had been tested in 98 bee-crop species combinations, with 87% of tests yielding positive outcomes. Representatives of different bee families differed in their efficacy for the pollination of different crop species. Despite their utility, only four species are used commercially in orchards, and none in greenhouses, because (a) bumble bees satisfy most current requirements; (b) there are intrinsic difficulties in relation to husbandry and reliable year-round supplies of solitary bees in sufficient numbers.</div><div><em>New and important aspects</em> We provide a global review and juxtapose utility and use of solitary bees. We also explore, for the first time, the difficulties pose","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100126"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148241369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of warmer temperatures on secondary seed dispersal by Phanaeus vindex dung beetles (Scarabaeinae)","authors":"Nathan Duerr,&nbsp;Kimberly S. Sheldon","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2026.100124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2026.100124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change impacts species interactions with cascading effects on ecosystem functions, including seed dispersal. Studies show that frugivore behaviors and associated seed dispersal are altered under climate change. However, little is known about how climate-induced behavioral shifts of non-frugivores, such as secondary seed dispersers, impact seed fate. Dung beetles are important secondary seed dispersers in many ecosystems because they bury seed-containing dung as either food caches for adult feeding or brood balls for reproduction. We utilized field manipulations with mini-greenhouses to investigate the effects of increased temperature on the seed dispersal behavior of a tunneling dung beetle species, <em>Phanaeus vindex</em>, in Tennessee, USA. Using beads as a proxy for seeds, we found that food caches contained more beads and were buried at shallower depths than brood balls. This suggests that food caches, which have largely been overlooked in previous studies, may play a key role in plant recruitment. Under warmer conditions in mini-greenhouses, we found that beetles buried food caches deeper than under control conditions, but food caches experienced similar temperatures regardless of treatment. For brood balls, we did not find a difference in burial depth or experienced temperatures between treatments. The greater burial depth of seeds in food caches under warmer conditions could adversely impact germination and emergence but could also buffer seeds in seed banks from the adverse effects of warmer surface temperatures. We conclude that climate change can alter secondary seed disperser behavior and thus plant-animal interactions, with ramifications for plant recruitment, community structure, and ecosystem functioning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100124"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147600102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical modulation of IMD signaling in the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) reveals reduced antimicrobial activity in vitro without corresponding effects on bacterial infection in vivo","authors":"Caroline Singer,&nbsp;Yuriani Palomino,&nbsp;Lisa D. Brown","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2026.100133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2026.100133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cat fleas (<em>Ctenocephalides felis</em>) transmit several medically important bacterial pathogens, yet the mechanisms regulating antibacterial defense within the flea digestive tract remain poorly understood. In insects, the immune deficiency (IMD) signaling pathway regulates antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production by activating the IκB kinase (IKK) complex and the downstream NF-κB transcription factor Relish. Although IMD signaling contributes to pathogen control in cat fleas, the functional role of IKK-dependent signaling has not been examined. To investigate this, adult cat fleas were fed blood containing the NF-κB inhibitor IKK16. Transcript levels of the AMP <em>defensin</em> were quantified using real-time quantitative PCR, antibacterial activity was assessed using <em>in vitro</em> bacterial growth assays with flea gut-derived extracts, and bacterial persistence was evaluated <em>in vivo</em> following exposure to <em>Serratia marcescens</em>-infected blood. Under blood-feeding conditions, IKK16 treatment reduced <em>defensin</em> transcription and decreased the antibacterial activity of flea gut-derived extracts against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, demonstrating that IKK-dependent signaling contributes to basal AMP regulation and antimicrobial function in the flea digestive tract. However, despite reduced antibacterial activity <em>in vitro</em>, modulation of IKK-dependent signaling did not alter <em>S. marcescens</em> infection intensity <em>in vivo</em>. Consistent with this finding, <em>defensin</em> expression was strongly induced during bacterial challenge and no longer differed among treatments. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that IKK-dependent signaling contributes to basal antimicrobial activity in the flea digestive tract, while bacterial control during infection is maintained despite pathway perturbation, highlighting the complexity of immune regulation within arthropod barrier tissues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100133"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13559833/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148931439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chlorella sorokiniana KU.B2 microalga inhibits Aedes aegypti larval development","authors":"Baby Kyi Soe ,&nbsp;Nuttha Sanevas ,&nbsp;Jemisha Dudhat ,&nbsp;Saowalak Kaewmee ,&nbsp;Chonlada Mano ,&nbsp;Jassada Saingamsook ,&nbsp;Urassaya Pattanawong ,&nbsp;Roongtawan Muangmoon ,&nbsp;Catherine Walton ,&nbsp;Padet Siriyasatien ,&nbsp;George Dimopoulos ,&nbsp;Narissara Jariyapan","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2026.100125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2026.100125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Insecticide-resistant <em>Aedes aegypti</em> (Linnaeus) poses a growing global challenge, reducing the effectiveness of conventional chemical control and raising the need for sustainable alternatives. Targeting the larval stage remains a key strategy in mosquito management. Here, the effects of the microalga <em>Chlorella sorokiniana</em> (Shihira &amp; R.W. Krauss) strain KU.B2 on larval development, pupation, adult emergence, and mortality of <em>Ae. aegypti</em> were investigated, together with gut ultrastructural and histological observations. Larvae were reared under five dietary regimes: (i) rabbit food suspension alone (10 mg/mL; control); (ii–iv) rabbit food suspension maintained at 10 mg/mL supplemented with 25%, 50%, or 75% (v/v) microalgal suspension; and (v) 100% microalgal suspension. Larvae exposed to microalgae showed significantly reduced growth compared with controls. While control larvae completed development within 10 days, pupation and adult emergence were delayed and reduced in the lower microalgal proportions (25% and 50%). Conversely, larvae exposed to higher microalgal proportions (75% and 100%) remained predominantly arrested at the L2 stage (day 30), with mortality rates of 89.5% and 100%, respectively. Ultrastructural and histological analyses revealed persistence of intact and partially degraded microalgal cells in the larval gut of selected groups over time suggesting that prolonged retention of microalgal materials within the gut lumen might be associated with developmental inhibition. Fractionation experiments performed using a selected microalgal supplementation proportion (62.5%) further showed that whole microalgae, disrupted cell materials, and soluble fractions were all associated with larval developmental inhibition. Overall, <em>C. sorokiniana</em> KU.B2 exhibits larval development-inhibitory effects against <em>Ae. aegypti</em> under these laboratory conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100125"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148183849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parental thermal environment affects offspring resilience to winter and spring weather anomalies","authors":"Ruzhuo Chen,&nbsp;Mariel Dunn,&nbsp;Caroline A. Curtis,&nbsp;Mariana Abarca","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2026.100132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2026.100132","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent increases in the frequency and intensity of thermal anomalies can result in recurrent stressful weather events. Among annual insects, this phenomenon may expose parents and offspring to a succession of different weather anomalies (e.g. summer heatwaves and late spring frosts). Parental stress can alter offspring physiology and performance, potentially affecting their tolerance of environmental variation. We investigated the transgenerational effects of thermal anomalies on a univoltine wetland butterfly. We induced parental thermal stress by exposing pupae to a constant temperature, ranging from stressfully cold to stressfully hot (10 °C, 26 °C, 28 °C, 32 °C), for three days. Offspring were then subjected to either winter heatwaves or spring thermal anomalies. In the parental generation, pupal exposure to heat stress (32 °C) reduced adult longevity by 46%, while exposure to 28 °C maximized female reproductive output. Parental exposure to thermal stress did not affect offspring larval mass at the onset of diapause, but it did reduce offspring survival during winter and spring. Under winter heatwaves, survival was significantly higher among offspring of parents exposed to 26 °C than those exposed to 10 °C. Parental thermal stress was associated with decreased offspring survivorship in spring under control conditions and after a late frost. We observed anticipatory parental effects, as offspring of heat-stressed parents had increased survival under winter heatwaves, and negative transgenerational effects, as offspring of both heat and cold-stressed parents exhibited lower spring survivorship. We demonstrate a mechanism by which altered weather patterns can result in butterfly declines, highlighting the challenges that warming temperatures pose for insects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100132"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148739513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature-dependence of life history in an edible cricket: Implications for optimising mass-rearing","authors":"Jacinta D. Kong,&nbsp;Émile Vadboncoeur,&nbsp;Susan M. Bertram,&nbsp;Heath A. MacMillan","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2025.100109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2025.100109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optimisation of life history and organismal performance underlies success in insect mass-rearing. Rearing schedules, resource use and production yield depend on many aspects of insect fitness and performance within and across generations, such as growth, development, longevity, and fecundity, which are all temperature dependent. Despite this general understanding, we often lack species-specific information needed to make informed decisions about manipulating rearing temperatures to optimise insect growth and development. Here, we characterise the effects of rearing temperature on nymph to adult development and lifespan (20 – 38 °C), and reproductive output (30 – 38 °C) in a farmed cricket (<em>Gryllodes sigillatus</em>). Crickets grew larger and reached adulthood sooner at higher developmental temperatures at the expense of longevity. Reproductive output was similar across a range of temperatures but decreased at 38 °C. Therefore, while temperature control is necessary to maximise production rates, temperature is unlikely to affect production yield in a fixed harvest cycle provided it is maintained within the narrow range enabling both fast growth and stable reproduction (32 – 36 °C). Our study provides a fundamental basis for further optimisation of insect rearing operations and a deeper understanding of the thermal biology of this commonly farmed species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100109"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring novel pyrethroid resistance mechanisms through RNA-seq in Triatoma dimidiata from Colombia","authors":"Sara Zuluaga ,&nbsp;Geysson Javier Fernandez ,&nbsp;Ana María Mejía-Jaramillo ,&nbsp;Carl Lowenberger ,&nbsp;Omar Triana-Chavez","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2024.100103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2024.100103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pyrethroids are the most widely used insecticides for controlling insect vectors carrying medically and economically significant pathogens. In Colombia, studies on triatomine insecticide resistance are limited. Due to the increasing challenge of insecticide resistance, this work focuses on determining resistance to different pyrethroid insecticides in populations of <em>Triatoma dimidiata</em> from Colombia. To define the possible causes of resistance, three potential molecular mechanisms were explored: 1) mutations in the coding region of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (<em>vgsc</em>), the insecticide target site; 2) modulation of enzymatic activity associated with metabolic resistance; and 3) changes in the mRNA profiles using RNA-seq. The results showed that the field population of <em>T. dimidiata</em> was resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin insecticides. Insects surviving sublethal doses of insecticides did not exhibit the classical mutations in the <em>vgsc</em> gene. Transcriptomic profile analyses of <em>T. dimidiata</em> revealed differentially regulated genes in field and laboratory populations under selective pressure with lambda-cyhalothrin. Gene enrichment analysis showed the positive regulation of transcripts related to detoxifying enzymes and mitochondrial proteins, which could play a significant role in insecticide resistance. This comprehensive investigation is crucial for providing insights into resistance mechanisms and generating strategies to manage these critical vector species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100103"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11696854/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142932734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Drosophila adult brain: short overview of structure, function, and resources Graphical Review Paper","authors":"J. Wesley Robinson ,&nbsp;Abigail T. Bechard ,&nbsp;Ariel K. Frame ,&nbsp;Micah R. Evans ,&nbsp;Angeline-Claudia Atheby ,&nbsp;Shaunik Sharma ,&nbsp;Hakeem O. Lawal ,&nbsp;Anne F. Simon","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2025.100113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2025.100113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This short review is targeted at researchers new to the Drosophila model (thereafter: a Drosophilist) in the field of neuroscience. We aim to provide an introductory overview of our current understanding of the adult <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> (thereafter: Drosophila) brain, its structures, circuitry, and associated behaviours, as well as links to additional resources for more in-depth information. Throughout this overview, we mostly provide references to seminal review articles instead of the original research articles that are thoroughly provided within each review. We do not claim to present an exhaustive exploration of this rapidly expanding field, or of its history. Rather, the field currently lacks a short and simple up-to-date guide to the adult Drosophila brain. Finally, even though connectomes for the full larval brain and the adult ventral nerve cord have recently been made available, we are restricting our focus to the adult brain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100113"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144131436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"mir-31 mediated control of bacteriome size in tsetse flies","authors":"Mason H. Lee ,&nbsp;Rachel A. Morris,&nbsp;Ryan Phillips,&nbsp;Rita V.M. Rio","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2025.100117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2025.100117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tsetse flies are the primary vectors of African trypanosomes, which are transmitted through blood feeding. To supplement this nutritionally limited diet, tsetse evolved an obligate mutualism with the bacterium <em>Wigglesworthia glossinidia</em>, housed within a specialized organ called the bacteriome. While the functional contributions of this symbiosis towards tsetse fitness have been studied, host morphological changes that accommodate this relationship remain less understood. In pregnant flies, variable expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) regulates protein expression, but the specific impacts are unknown. During pregnancy, high expression of fatty acyl-CoA reductase (<em>far</em>) within the bacteriome is indirectly correlated with miR-31 abundance and coincides with bacteriome size increase. We explored the roles of <em>far</em> and miR-31 towards this morphological change. Although RNAi effectively reduced <em>far</em> expression, bacteriome size still increased, suggesting its expansion is independent of <em>far</em>. In contrast, disrupting miR-31 activity resulted in significantly enlarged bacteriomes in virgin flies, resembling those of mated females. These results suggest that gene(s) other than <em>far</em> are regulated by miR-31 and may contribute to bacteriome remodeling during pregnancy, potentially to meet increased symbiosis demands. Ultimately, disrupting this obligate mutualism may present a promising target for future vector control strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100117"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A model that integrates the different piRNA biogenesis pathways based on studies in silkworm BmN4 cells","authors":"Thomas-Wolf Verdonckt ,&nbsp;Luc Swevers ,&nbsp;Dulce Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.cris.2025.100108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cris.2025.100108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>PIWI-interacting (pi) RNAs play an essential role in protecting the genomic integrity of germ cells from the disruptive transpositions of selfish genetic elements. One of the most important model systems for studying piRNA biogenesis is the ovary derived BmN4 cell line of the silkworm Bombyx mori. In recent years, many steps and components of the pathways involved in this process have been unraveled. However, a holistic description of piRNA biogenesis in BmN4 cells is still unavailable. In this paper, we review the state of the art and propose a novel model for piRNA biogenesis in BmN4 cells. This model was built considering the latest published data and will empower researchers to plan future experiments and interpret experimental results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34629,"journal":{"name":"Current Research in Insect Science","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100108"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143471418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}