Cleaner Environmental Systems最新文献

{"title":"Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of partition walls: Innovative prefabricated systems vs conventional construction","authors":"Inês Meireles ,&nbsp;Mario Martín-Gamboa ,&nbsp;Vitor Sousa ,&nbsp;Ahmad Kalthoum ,&nbsp;Javier Dufour","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Prefabrication is increasingly recognized as an alternative to conventional on-site construction, offering potential environmental benefits. However, these benefits are context-specific, requiring precise studies for optimal solutions. This paper presents the life-cycle environmental performance of an innovative prefabricated interior partition wall and benchmarks it against a conventional system, providing a replicable model for other novel partition walls. Detailed data collected directly from direct sources were utilized to conduct a cradle-to-gate with options Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), presenting a conveniently described method that can be widely replicated in the construction sector. The adapted LCA method presented in this study contributes to sustainable construction, providing a straightforward and robust approach to assessing the environmental impacts of innovative partition walls compared to conventional walls. For the specific scenario studied, the life-cycle impact assessment results generally indicate a superior environmental performance of the innovative prefabricated interior partition wall compared to the conventional system, resulting in impact reductions ranging from 10 to 60% across evaluated categories. For both systems, the production of materials plays a predominant role in the impact contributions. Furthermore, exploring alternative scenarios yielded significant environmental benefits, particularly in cases considering higher incorporation of recycled materials. Therefore, the direct comparison of the environmental performance of innovative partition walls against traditional solutions emerges as an environmentally sustainable path in the short and medium term. This aligns with the ongoing progress towards decarbonizing the building sector, not only in choosing more environmentally friendly solutions but also in improving the environmental performance of products through assertive changes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100179"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666789424000175/pdfft?md5=b290f9436321db6c83b2198525c70571&pid=1-s2.0-S2666789424000175-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140095954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating circularity into Life Cycle Assessment: Circularity with a life cycle perspective","authors":"Julia Cilleruelo Palomero ,&nbsp;Louis Freboeuf ,&nbsp;Andreas Ciroth ,&nbsp;Guido Sonnemann","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the current efforts on striving towards sustainable development both Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and circularity have become extremely popular, worldwide. Both are addressing sustainability aspects, yet typically applied separately. LCA counts with dedicated tools and databases, while circularity is commonly calculated with simple tools or even just formulas in excel, ignoring the supply chain. This paper presents a combination of LCA and circularity. The Material Circularity Indicator (MCI) and the Circularity Index (CI) are incorporated into <em>openLCA</em>, and the LCA database <em>Ecoinvent</em> is adapted to trace circularity throughout. This allows to track circularity variables across supply chains and apply circularity indicators in LCA models. Results show that the LCA database mostly presents linear systems, with most datasets having a circularity values close to full linearity. Furthermore, investigations over the cradle-to-grave datasets of a Lithium-ion battery show that the amount of virgin material extracted from earth is actually 43 times bigger than the weight of the battery, and that the overall waste produced is 92 times the weight of the battery. Such high values are overlooked in common circularity indicator calculations. This comprehensive framework aims to contribute to the ongoing dialogue surrounding sustainable practices and circular economy integration within LCA.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100175"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666789424000138/pdfft?md5=1439973530f35ad1be99a7f0ff3c6640&pid=1-s2.0-S2666789424000138-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139985761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle assessment of instant coffee production considering different energy sources","authors":"Mayra L. Pazmiño ,&nbsp;Medelyne Mero-Benavides ,&nbsp;Daniel Aviles ,&nbsp;Ana María Blanco-Marigorta ,&nbsp;Diana L. Tinoco ,&nbsp;Angel D. Ramirez","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nowadays, coffee is a popular beverage globally and one of the largest traded commodities. Conventional instant coffee production requires energy and water, producing coffee bagasse (biomass) as an agro-industrial residue. This residue, spent coffee grounds (SCGs), in Ecuador is currently disposed of in the municipal landfills, losing the opportunity to recover energy and minerals. This paper studies the life cycle environmental impacts of instant coffee production using data from a coffee plant in Guayaquil, Ecuador. The study analyzes the impact of generating the required electricity by an internal combustion engine powered by fossil fuel, using the Ecuadorian power grid, or using a combined cooling, heat, and power (CCHP) trigeneration system powered by dried SCGs and natural gas. The results indicate that when SCGs is used to power auxiliary processes, the CO₂ emissions greatly decrease, helping to reduce fossil fuel dependence. The study also reveals that scenarios using electricity from the Ecuadorian power grid exhibit lower environmental indicators than those using internal combustion engines. The scenario that includes the CCHP records the lowest indicator in each category, reducing the GWP by 45.2 % compared to the base scenario, pointing out that using energy-efficient technologies lowers the carbon footprint, contributing to decarbonisation simultaneously.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100174"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666789424000126/pdfft?md5=5b2cf0dbf8a64a49413f689b12dcd08e&pid=1-s2.0-S2666789424000126-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139915247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the social performance of Ecuadorian textile MSMEs using Social Organizational Life Cycle Assessment","authors":"Erik Sigcha ,&nbsp;Dolores Sucozhañay ,&nbsp;Lorena Siguenza-Guzman ,&nbsp;Paul Vanegas","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Integrating sustainability into Micro, Small, and Medium-sized Enterprises (MSMEs) poses challenges due to limited resources, low social awareness, and particular cultural factors. Despite this, MSMEs play a crucial role in countries' development since they constitute an essential actor in generating wealth and employment. Therefore, determining tools and methods to support sustainable decision-making and understanding the impacts in MSMEs is a significant challenge. This work describes the application of Social Organizational Life Cycle Assessment (SO-LCA) in three case studies of the Ecuadorian textile MSME sector to analyze their impacts regarding the social dimension. To this end, 121 inventory indicators linked to workers' and consumers' subcategories were applied. Utilizing sunburst charts, social performance is analyzed at subcategory and indicator levels. Company A showed intermediate worker performance with well-managed Occupational Safety and Health (OSH). Company B excelled, particularly in OSH, social benefits, and working hours. Despite its size, Company C had the lowest overall performance but exhibited superior Consumer category performance. This application of SO-LCA in the MSME sector offers insights for systematic evaluation, identifying areas for improvement and commendable practices. The study discusses implementing SO-LCA in small firms, highlighting the need for methodological adjustments to enhance applicability in this sector.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100176"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266678942400014X/pdfft?md5=3469f895a0700ceccac474c90c594d52&pid=1-s2.0-S266678942400014X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139965789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic sustainability for developing a less polluting eucalyptus-charcoal productive system in emerging markets","authors":"Gabriel Browne de Deus Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Maisa Isabela Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Sebastião Renato Valverde ,&nbsp;Angélica de Cássia Oliveira Carneiro ,&nbsp;Gilson Fernandes da Silva ,&nbsp;Nívea Maria Mafra Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Pedro Paulo de Oliveira Rodrigues","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Charcoal plays a relevant role in developing countries, with potential to contribute to the energy needs as a cheaper and carbon-friendly alternative. In Brazil, eucalyptus-charcoal has gained attention as an input for metal-steel industries, mostly supplied by small and medium forest producers. Those commonly use rudimentary charcoal-kilns, characterized by higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, reduced productivity and economically unsustainable impacted by their reduced financial management. In order to fulfill this gap, a simplified financial planning model and an economic analysis of a less polluting charcoal productive system, called kilns-furnace system, were performed, also comparing to traditional charcoal-kilns. A differentiated cost of capital pricing model was also proposed, adjusted to bioenergy projects in emerging markets. Results showed that kilns-furnace system presented the best financial indicators, with greater free cash flow capacity, shorter reimbursement period, reduced charcoal production cost, better return on invested capital and a financial resilience even under pessimistic conditions. With its risk-return ratio verified, kilns-furnace larger insertion may be an attraction for charcoal producers, with probable increased long-term economic sustainability when compared to traditional kilns. The proposed cost of capital pricing model opened a new perspective for its calculation in developing countries, and should be used by producers, companies, and government in investment decision and as a guidance for financing lines.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100173"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666789424000114/pdfft?md5=8043d4390c1a7287cd49c0676fe4b1b7&pid=1-s2.0-S2666789424000114-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139915246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental perspective of an enzyme-based system for the removal of antibiotics present in wastewater","authors":"Sofía Estévez ,&nbsp;Sabrina de Boer ,&nbsp;Gumersindo Feijoo,&nbsp;María Teresa Moreira","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wastewater reuse could provide a substantial relief from water scarcity, particularly for agricultural and industrial purposes. To meet future legislation and environmental standards in this regard, organic micropollutants must be efficiently eliminated in the treated effluent. Innovative water treatment technologies can contribute to achieve this goal, but their environmental consequences must be controlled. The objective of this study is to assess the environmental hotspots of an enzyme-based wastewater treatment system for the removal of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) as a model pollutant. For this purpose, the Life Cycle Assessment and Product Environmental Footprint methodologies have been applied to a conceptual process design based on laboratory-scale data. In addition, we addressed the relevant process parameters (i.e., the stability and reuse of the enzyme and the impacts associated with its immobilization), the comparison with consolidated technologies (membrane and ozonation systems) and the geographical situation (such as the electricity mix and the water stress level). The main hotspot of the analyzed treatment process is the production of the unspecific peroxygenase used within the magnetic biocatalyst, contributing more than 36 % to all impact categories considered. Focusing on the magnetic biocatalyst synthesis, the enzyme production phase and the functionalization of the immobilization support are the most problematic (with percentages of up to 75 % in stratospheric ozone depletion and 65 % in terrestrial ecotoxicity, respectively). In relation to resource consumption, water demand has been estimated at 0.02 m³ per cubic meter of treated water, but water deprivation can be much higher depending on the country (∼0.5 m³). Therefore, the use of reclaimed water can offset the indirect effects of its treatment. This study serves as a roadmap for future research to achieve reduced emissions by reduction of energy requirements, the use of renewable energy but also by increasing the enzyme stability. Furthermore, the background environmental impacts of the production of the biocatalyst must be reduced to improve the competitiveness against implemented alternatives based on physical (membranes) and chemical (ozonation) processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100171"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666789424000096/pdfft?md5=05b8c8efc3d2bab02e1bc02ed6cc7b8e&pid=1-s2.0-S2666789424000096-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139709516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does nomination committee independence affect corporate environmental performance? Evidence from the European Union","authors":"Anna Maria Moisello ,&nbsp;Giovanna Gavana ,&nbsp;Pietro Gottardo","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The environmental sustainability of business activities and operations is an increasingly relevant issue. The Board of Directors, by the means of its monitoring role, affects a firm’s achievement of both economic and non-financial objectives. The nomination committee defines the criteria for the selection of Board members and determines the most suitable profiles of the candidates. This paper studies the effect of the level of independence of the nomination committee on a company’s environmental performance. The study analyzes a sample of European non-financial listed firms for the period 2014–2022. Findings indicate that the level of independence of the nomination committee positively and significantly affects corporate environmental performance and the effect is mediated by the level of independence of the Board of Directors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100170"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666789424000084/pdfft?md5=9729d062682f336211b163101d9a9c28&pid=1-s2.0-S2666789424000084-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139675758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of corporate social responsibility on the performance of mergers and acquisitions: European evidence","authors":"Thomas M. Brunner-Kirchmair,&nbsp;Eva Wagner","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and its impact on corporate value has been widely debated. Two opposing views have emerged: stakeholder value maximization and shareholder expense. In this study, we explore these perspectives within the realm of mergers and acquisitions (M&amp;A), one of the most important and far-reaching corporate decisions. Specifically, we examine whether the CSR of the acquiring company impacts M&amp;A performance by analyzing a European sample of 1549 M&amp;A deals announced between 2005 and 2019. Our findings indicate that CSR has a negative effect on stock performance around the M&amp;A announcement, which aligns with the shareholder expense view. We argue that in Europe, where corporate social responsibility (CSR) is already elevated as a result of EU policies and regulations, additional CSR investments may not align with the best interests of shareholders. This serves as an illustration of a Too-Much-Of-A-Good-Thing Effect. However, we also see that CSR has no significant effect on operating performance, which may indicate a financial bias of capital market participants or suggests that investors weigh their own cost-benefit considerations when assessing acquirers' CSR performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100167"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666789424000059/pdfft?md5=438e83cdf3fc1734aca5df2b49095300&pid=1-s2.0-S2666789424000059-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139675801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promoting more sustainable agriculture in the Moroccan drylands by shifting from conventional wheat monoculture to a rotation with chickpea and lentils","authors":"Sara Lago-Olveira ,&nbsp;Hanane Ouhemi ,&nbsp;Omar Idrissi ,&nbsp;Maria Teresa Moreira ,&nbsp;Sara González-García","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Modern agriculture is linked to desertification, massive biodiversity loss and environmental degradation of the ecosystems. In contrast, crop rotation represents an agronomic approach included in conservation agriculture with important environmental and agronomic benefits, such as N fixation, pest and weed control, improvement of soil characteristics and reduction of crop fertilizer demand. Wheat is a staple food in Morocco, as are legumes, which are present in a wide variety of Moroccan recipes and represent an important source of energy and nutrients. The present study evaluates the environmental performance of incorporating chickpea and lentils in a crop rotation system in Morocco that aims to decrease the environmental footprint of the traditional wheat-based crop. An attributional Life Cycle Assessment was conducted in three cropping systems that are grown in two-year cycles: R1 (chickpea:wheat), R2 (lentil:wheat) and M (wheat:wheat). Emissions were quantified in terms of life-cycle related environmental impacts and compared between cropping systems based on two functional unit (kg of wheat harvested). Rotation systems stand out as the most environmentally friendly, with the most notable reductions in the categories of stratospheric ozone depletion and water scarcity (34 % and 50 %, respectively). The environmental improvement from crop rotations was most significant when considering the calculation basis of hectare cultivated versus kg of wheat, which is due to the estimated yield trade-offs in both approaches. In terms of biodiversity loss, no significant differences were observed between crop rotations and monoculture, as the impact on this indicator is mainly attributed to land conversion pressures. This study provides guidance for better formulating crop rotation strategies in the Mediterranean and similar arid regions. Future research should also assess the effects of agriculture on ecosystem services to provide a more comprehensive analysis to support decision making.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100169"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666789424000072/pdfft?md5=ef0a02a067ba525be6127d7fcceb44fc&pid=1-s2.0-S2666789424000072-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139675770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple eco-efficiency solutions in tomatoes simulating biostimulant effects","authors":"Teresina Mancuso ,&nbsp;Panagiotis Kalozoumis ,&nbsp;Anastasia Tampakaki ,&nbsp;Dimitrios Savvas ,&nbsp;Anastasios Gatsios ,&nbsp;Lucia Baldi ,&nbsp;Massimo Peri ,&nbsp;Maria Teresa Trentinaglia ,&nbsp;Jacopo Bacenetti","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Global agricultural systems are increasingly moving towards organic farming to satisfy consumers’ increased environmental awareness. Yet, shortage of fertilizers and more frequent water stresses are challenging agricultural systems to minimize their environmental impact without compromising productivity and economic sustainability. This study discusses how greenhouse organic tomato production behaves when multiple eco-sustainable solutions are applied. In particular, organic tomato cultivation was supported by a specific biostimulant treatment that included a microbial solution, based on Rhizobium, which was distributed onto faba bean seeds; once a suitable fava bean biomass had been obtained, the plants were chopped and incorporated into the soil in order to release nitrogen. In the trials considered, microbial solutions reduced organic tomato production costs by 5 %. Considering that fertilization accounted for up to 7 % of total production costs, a large-scale preparation of the microbial solution could trigger significant economic savings. The Life-Cycle Assessment shows that organic tomatoes, with a lower yield, have a lower environmental impact than conventional production only for 7 of the 15 evaluated impact categories. Combined agro-technical growing solutions are economically viable in the presence of yields in organic compared to conventional, and their environmental impact is attractive in both scenarios.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100165"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666789424000035/pdfft?md5=b7496bc87e8fe50f241f268811261de8&pid=1-s2.0-S2666789424000035-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139637834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}