Cleaner Environmental Systems最新文献

{"title":"Barriers to reducing, reusing, and recycling plastic waste in the construction sector: A European perspective for construction companies","authors":"Shuang Wang ,&nbsp;Maud Lanau ,&nbsp;Magnus Österbring ,&nbsp;Holger Wallbaum ,&nbsp;Leonardo Rosado","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2026.100400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2026.100400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The construction sector has been struggling to implement plastic waste management strategies that promote plastic circularity, and limited understanding persists regarding the barriers to reducing, reusing, and recycling plastic waste. This knowledge gap is compounded by the diversity of plastic products, the unique role of construction companies in the circular economy, and the complexity of the construction plastics’ value chain. This study aims to generate knowledge to support construction companies in improving plastic waste management in the European context. We investigate relevant barriers through a life cycle perspective and considering the diversity of construction plastics. By compiling product data, a construction plastic product list was created, covering 38 product types across seven categories with 18 polymer options. In parallel, a literature review and thematic analysis was conducted to construct a life cycle-based and circularity strategy (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)-categorized barrier overview. The diversity of construction plastics was considered in the barrier analysis, revealing how the relevance of specific barriers varies across products.</div><div>A total of 129 barriers to recycling, 124 to reuse, and 39 to reduction were identified. Results highlight that the <em>Construction</em> life cycle stage faces the highest number of barriers across all three strategies. These barriers are predominantly activity-related, such as 17 “Collection &amp; Sorting” barriers for recycling, 12 “Design” barriers for reuse, and 4 “Installation” barriers for reduction. The life cycle stage-based, strategy-specific, and product-specific perspectives on barriers provide a structured foundation for construction companies to set strategic priorities and develop targeted and effective plastic waste management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100400"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle assessment of integrated waste management systems towards carbon neutrality and environmental sustainability","authors":"Maneechotiros Rotthong ,&nbsp;Shabbir H. Gheewala ,&nbsp;Vladimir Strezov ,&nbsp;Witsanu Attavanich ,&nbsp;Pichaya Rachdawong ,&nbsp;Trakarn Prapaspongsa","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study develops a comprehensive framework for evaluating the environmental impacts of municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Thailand using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The framework covers collection, transportation, treatment, and avoided product utilization, considering different cluster sizes and technologies. Four conceptual scenarios were modeled: reference, current, waste management master plan, and improvement scenarios incorporating centralized and on-site systems. Results show that landfilling and incineration are major contributors to global warming, acidification, and eutrophication, while recycling and energy recovery technologies, including refuse-derived fuel (RDF) with waste-to-energy (WTE), substantially reduce impacts. Effective strategies vary by cluster size. For large clusters, optimal integration includes anaerobic digestion, composting, RDF with WTE, recycling, and landfilling. Medium clusters benefit from composting, RDF with WTE, recycling, and landfilling, whereas small clusters are best served by on-site home composting, incineration with WTE, recycling, and landfilling. A diversion of 95 % of waste from landfills, combined with a 30 % recycling rate, can lower climate change impacts by nearly 200 %. Sensitivity analysis indicates that reducing MSW transport distances further decreases impacts. Applying spatial differentiation in Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) and using different LCIA methods yielded consistent trends. Overall, the proposed framework supports the development of carbon-neutral MSW management systems by optimizing technology integration, maximizing recycling and energy recovery, and minimizing landfill disposal. The cluster-based approach offers tailored solutions for developing countries, significantly mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100355"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145658876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Workability of geopolymer concrete and mortar materials: A systematic review of influencing parameters and optimization for sustainable construction materials","authors":"Kazem Javan ,&nbsp;Pooja Kaur Chaggar ,&nbsp;Mariam Darestani ,&nbsp;Bijan Pouryousefi Markhali ,&nbsp;Utsab Katwal ,&nbsp;Matheus Campos Duarte","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2026.100408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2026.100408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Workability is one of the most decisive yet least investigated parameters influencing the successful implementation of geopolymer concrete (GPC) and geopolymer mortar (GPM) in sustainable construction. This review provides a systematic and quantitative evaluation of 113 peer-reviewed studies published between 2003 and 2025, highlighting the key chemical and physical parameters that govern fresh-state behaviour. The research identifies the critical influence of activator molarity (1–16 M), water-to-binder ratio (0.30–0.50), and sodium silicate-to-sodium hydroxide ratio (1.5–3.0) on slump flow and viscosity, demonstrating that optimized formulations can achieve slump values of 180–250 mm and compressive strengths above 55 MPa without segregation. By integrating statistical comparisons and sustainability analysis, this work introduces a novel framework that links rheological parameters with carbon footprint, material efficiency, and constructability performance. A comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) framework is presented, evaluating multiple environmental impact categories including global warming potential, water consumption, acidification, eutrophication, resource depletion, and toxicity indicators across the full production-to-end-of-life spectrum. Results show that improving flowability through appropriate activator design and superplasticizer dosage (3–7 wt%) can reduce energy consumption during mixing and compaction by 10–20%, while maintaining or enhancing strength and durability. The review further compares application-specific requirements in 3D printing, precast systems, and sewer rehabilitation, where controlled workability ensures structural integrity and rapid placement. Overall, this study establishes a foundation for developing geopolymer-specific workability standards and provides practical guidelines to balance processability, mechanical performance, and environmental benefits for next-generation low-carbon infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100408"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147395589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial lures to reduce bait use in the artisanal Octopus maya fishery of the Campeche Bank, Mexico","authors":"Polo Barajas-Girón ,&nbsp;Miguel Á. Gamboa-Álvarez ,&nbsp;Daniel Peñalosa-Martinell ,&nbsp;Unai Markaida ,&nbsp;Saul Pensamiento-Villarauz ,&nbsp;José F. Chávez-Villegas ,&nbsp;Lorena Rocha-Tejeda ,&nbsp;Alesa Flores-Guzmán ,&nbsp;Carlos E. Novelo-Villanueva ,&nbsp;Francisco J. Vergara-Solana","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100377","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100377","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates artificial lures as a sustainable alternative to natural bait in the small-scale red octopus (<em>Octopus maya</em>) fishery of the Campeche Bank, Mexico. An experiment with 21 fishing trips compared both methods. Lures yielded 26.5 octopuses and 13.7 kg per trip, versus 23.9 octopuses and 12.6 kg with bait. No differences in weight (p = 0.6) or number (p = 0.54) were found, indicating lures are as effective as bait. Based on operational data from three fishing seasons (2021–2023) and interviews with experienced fishers, we estimated the cost-effectiveness of both strategies. Lures are more cost-efficient, mainly due to their reusability. Lure-based operations had an average daily lure cost of 2.12 USD, representing a cost of 0.013USD per kg of octopus. In contrast, bait costs were estimated at USD 31.8 per day per vessel, and USD 0.46 per kg of octopus. Using artificial lures could save approximately half a ton of crabs per vessel, as each vessel typically requires around 6 kg of bait per fishing day over the 90 days commonly fished in a season, thereby significantly reducing fishing pressure on crab populations. Additional benefits of lures include improved hygiene, and no need for refrigeration for bait storing. Although made of plastic, lures contribute to reducing waste by lowering the frequency of line replacement, as bait is often discarded with the tying line. Although potential negative externalities are recognized—requiring monitoring and intervention when justified—lures present a viable solution aligned with broader local fisheries sustainability initiatives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100377"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle assessment of chicory production in soil-based, hydroponic, and decoupled aquaponic systems","authors":"Lorenzo Maria Curci ,&nbsp;Leonardo Vásquez-Ibarra ,&nbsp;Ariel D. Arencibia ,&nbsp;Roberto Braglia ,&nbsp;Antonella Canini ,&nbsp;Marcello Lenucci ,&nbsp;Monica De Caroli","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study provides a comprehensive environmental and economic evaluation of two controlled cultivation environments—greenhouses and growth chambers—applied to chicory production in southern Italy, as a case study. Within each environment, three systems were evaluated: traditional soil cultivation, hydroponics, and decoupled aquaponics. Environmental impacts were estimated using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), while economic performance was analyzed using Life Cycle Costing (LCC). The functional unit was defined as a single chicory plant, and the system boundary was defined as a cradle-to-gate approach. Across all production systems, growth chambers showed significantly higher environmental and economic impacts than greenhouses, with global warming impacts reaching 2.1 kg CO₂ eq versus 0.12–0.15 kg CO₂ eq per plant, respectively, and water consumption increasing from 5 to 13 L in greenhouses to 13–15 L in growth chambers, primarily due to energy-related water consumption. Economic results showed costs ranging from €1.82–2.76 per plant in growth chambers, compared to €0.37–1.33 in greenhouses, depending on the growing technique used. These results underscore the strategic importance of selecting growing environments based on production scale and end-use. Greenhouses offer a cost-effective and sustainable option for large-scale production, while growth chambers, despite their greater resource requirements, allow for precision control, ideal for high-value applications such as urban agriculture and nutraceutical production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100379"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145750244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decomposing the scope 3 carbon footprint of higher education institutions: Methodology and lessons from the university of Toronto","authors":"Ashita Allamraju ,&nbsp;Shashi Kant ,&nbsp;Yue Li ,&nbsp;Soo Min Toh ,&nbsp;James MacLellan ,&nbsp;Cynthia Goh ,&nbsp;Kevin Leong ,&nbsp;Ahmed Azhari ,&nbsp;Beverley Ayeni ,&nbsp;Patricia Escobar","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100376","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100376","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100376"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145750246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The greenhouse gas reduction gap in manufacturing companies: An action-research framework for European reporting requirements","authors":"Matthias Wolf,&nbsp;Kai Rüdele,&nbsp;Christian Ramsauer","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2026.100406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2026.100406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) and its reporting standard ESRS E1 impose detailed greenhouse gas (GHG) disclosure and reduction requirements that many manufacturing SMEs struggle to operationalize. However, little empirical evidence exists on the gap between European reporting ambitions and the realistically achievable GHG reductions in manufacturing SMEs. This study reports on an eight-month action-research collaboration with two Austrian SMEs to co-develop a five-stage GHG accounting and reduction framework that guides SMEs from initially encountered lack of knowledge, resources, and data, over a baseline balance sheet to ESRS-aligned actionable decarbonization plans. In case 1, a full Scope 1–3 baseline of 9.200 tCO₂eq was compiled, leading to a 2030 forecast of 10.817 tCO₂eq. Planned engineering measures and anticipated supply chain improvements reduced this by 44%, meeting near-term science-based targets. In case 2, overcoming accounting complexities, gaps in data systems, and unknown product-use emissions, a 2023 baseline of 62.990 tCO₂eq was calculated, with 85% from downstream product use. Despite internal energy and logistics measures and supply chain gains totaling 2.549 tCO₂eq, projected 2030 emissions (84.216 tCO₂eq) remain well above Scope 3 reduction targets. The cross-case comparison reveals a persistent “GHG reduction gap” between ESRS-aligned trajectories and what SMEs can achieve given resource and data limitations. Our framework demonstrates how SMEs can systematically account for emissions and prioritize mitigation measures across energy, materials, and mobility to derive decarbonization paths. Scenario planning for GHG inventories revealed where ambition outpaces engineering reality. Implications highlight the importance of data ownership, custom templates, digital data capture, and scenario planning to translate ESRS E1 into practice, overcoming GHG accounting challenges and the reduction gap.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100406"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147395487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the production efficiency of forest ecosystem product values: A spatiotemporal and econometric analysis from Shaanxi Province, China","authors":"Huaiyu Huang,&nbsp;Xiaojuan Chen,&nbsp;Qingsong Zhang,&nbsp;Zhiwen Gong,&nbsp;Keshav Ghimire","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2026.100414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2026.100414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The production efficiency of forest ecosystem product values (CEFVs) quantifies the extent to which ecological advantages are converted into economic gains, offering a reference for balancing forest protection and economic development. This study employs an integrated analytical framework to provide policy insights for sustainable development. The Super-SBM model is used to evaluate CEFVs in Shaanxi Province in China from 2010 to 2022, examining its evolution and spatial patterns. Regional disparities are investigated by the Dagum Gini coefficient, while the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) explores influencing factors and spatial spillover effects. Findings include: (1) The average CEFVs in Shaanxi was 0.734, with a spatial pattern of “Northern Shaanxi &gt; Guanzhong &gt; Southern Shaanxi”. Temporally, CEFVs exhibited a phased fluctuation under the combined influence of policy accumulation and external shocks, peaking in 2021 before declining. Although 57% of counties experienced growth, 62% had not reached the high-efficiency level by 2022, reflecting weak growth quality and resilience. (2) Regional disparities in CEFVs followed a “W-shaped” trend, with the intensity of transvariation emerging as the main source of spatial imbalance. (3) Precipitation, economic development, government intervention, and industrial structure have a positive spillover effect, whereas per capita income and the development level of primary industry exert negative spatial spillover effects. These findings, particularly the identification of divergent spatial spillovers and the trend in regional disparities, offer a scientific basis for formulating differentiated regional policies. This study offers valuable insights for developing countries to balance economic development and environmental protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100414"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147395488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-criteria assessment of maize value chain sustainability: A case study of Thailand","authors":"Napat Jakrawatana ,&nbsp;Wiphaphorn Sombat ,&nbsp;Chuanchom Nitano ,&nbsp;Arisara Charoenpanyanet ,&nbsp;Patipat Vongruang ,&nbsp;Nakorn Tippayawong ,&nbsp;Shabbir H. Gheewala","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2026.100403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2026.100403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Maize-based feed production in Thailand and the Mekong region drives deforestation, residue burning, greenhouse gas emissions, and nutrient losses, yet integrated evidence on regenerative circular options is scarce. This study develops an integrated value-chain assessment combining substance flow analysis, carbon and phosphorus circularity indicators, 100-year carbon sequestration modeling, satellite-based burned-area and particulate matter estimates, and life cycle assessment to evaluate baseline performance and four improvement scenarios, from all-compost and all-pyrolysis pathways to a hybrid compost–pyrolysis system and highland agroforestry with maize import substitution. Results show that maximizing nutrient circularity does not guarantee maximal climate mitigation: all-compost strategies achieve high P recycling and zero burning but provide limited long-term carbon storage (10 % compost C stability over 100 years), whereas full pyrolysis can triple carbon sequestration by stabilizing residues as biochar (68 % stability), turning the sector into a net carbon sink. Agroforestry-based land-use change achieves the highest circularity (approximately 42 % C and 38 % P) by integrating perennial biomass, but it also introduces reliance on imported grain and potential leakage. Overall, the analysis highlights that technically optimal climate solutions face significant logistical barriers and that hybrid, node-matched configurations of pyrolysis, composting, and agroforestry, supported by targeted economic and policy instruments, provide the most realistic pathways to a genuinely regenerative circular maize value chain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100403"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147395588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is greenhouse tomato production environmentally and economically sustainable in the long term? Evidence from life cycle and economic analyses in Northwest China","authors":"Xinjing Wang ,&nbsp;Mingke Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoqin Wang ,&nbsp;Congcong Duan ,&nbsp;Kuok Ho Daniel Tang ,&nbsp;Huiqi Yu ,&nbsp;Yamin Peng ,&nbsp;Dongli Liang ,&nbsp;Shuo Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2026.100411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2026.100411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The environmental impacts of greenhouse vegetable production have garnered increasing attention, while the long-term economic and environmental sustainability of these systems remains largely unquantified. This study employs life cycle assessment (LCA) and cost-benefit analysis to evaluate the sustainability of three typical greenhouse tomato production systems in Northwest China: solar greenhouses, wide-span external thermal insulation plastic greenhouses (WSTP), and plastic sheds. A space-for-time substitution approach was applied to project the dynamics of environmental impacts and net economic benefits with increasing planting years, complemented by a sensitivity analysis assessing the influence of greenhouse-specific emission factors on the LCA outcomes. The results indicate that the solar greenhouse system delivers the highest net economic benefit due to winter production but concurrently exerts the greatest environmental pressure, particularly on land use. According to the projected data, after 15 years of cultivation, tomato yields and net economic benefits significantly decrease by 20–23% and approximately 30%, respectively, in both solar greenhouses and WSTP. Furthermore, the environmental impacts of solar greenhouses increase significantly over time across most indicators. The study reveals that long-term sustainability of solar greenhouses and WSTP, in terms of productivity and economic returns, is limited, primarily due to the enclosed environments and high inputs of chemical fertilizers, manure, and pesticides. Policymakers of these systems must carefully consider the trade-offs between economic benefits and environmental impacts. To enhance long-term sustainability, it is crucial to adopt eco-friendly management practices that reduce reliance on agrochemicals and improve greenhouse ventilation. The findings also highlight the importance of developing and applying emission factors specific to greenhouse systems, rather than relying on default values, to improve the accuracy of LCA for greenhouse systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100411"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147395592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}