Cleaner Environmental Systems最新文献

Gate-to-gate life cycle assessment of lithium-ion battery recycling pre-treatment

IF 6.1

Cleaner Environmental Systems Pub Date : 2025-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100263

Anna Pražanová , Michael Fridrich , Jan Weinzettel , Vaclav Knap

{"title":"Gate-to-gate life cycle assessment of lithium-ion battery recycling pre-treatment","authors":"Anna Pražanová , Michael Fridrich , Jan Weinzettel , Vaclav Knap","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100263","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100263","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is critical for enhancing environmental sustainability and resource conservation; however, the environmental and energy impacts of LIB recycling are not yet comprehensively understood due to the diverse applications of LIB cells and the variability in recycling technologies. This study presents a gate-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) of a recycling pre-treatment process at a small-scale plant in the Czech Republic, focusing on spent LIBs from electric vehicles (EVs) and consumer electronics cells (CECs). Using the SimaPro LCA software and the Ecoinvent 3.9 database, the analysis evaluated the environmental impact of recycling operations across several categories, including climate change, eutrophication, freshwater, and resource use, minerals and metals. The findings reveal that the recycling pre-treatment process for CECs achieves greater benefits in climate change mitigation compared to EV batteries, with a 5% lower impact for climate change associated with EV batteries relative to CECs. Moreover, the study highlights the effectiveness of optimized recycling practices in alleviating environmental burdens. A notable finding is the significance of secondary material recovery, particularly metals such as copper and aluminium, as these materials can substitute for primary raw materials, thereby minimizing resource use and reducing emissions. These aspects emphasize the need for high recovery efficiency to enhance environmental benefits. However, further research is essential to fully comprehend the environmental impacts of LIB recycling and to resolve uncertainties concerning battery composition and the effectiveness of different recycling technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100263"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessing greenhouse gas emissions in hospitals: The development of an open-access calculator and its application to a German case-study

IF 6.1

Cleaner Environmental Systems Pub Date : 2025-01-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100262

Claudia Quitmann , Leonard Terres , Andy Maun , Rainer Sauerborn , Emma Reynolds , Till Bärnighausen , Alina Herrmann , Bernd Franke

{"title":"Assessing greenhouse gas emissions in hospitals: The development of an open-access calculator and its application to a German case-study","authors":"Claudia Quitmann , Leonard Terres , Andy Maun , Rainer Sauerborn , Emma Reynolds , Till Bärnighausen , Alina Herrmann , Bernd Franke","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hospitals are major contributors to climate change. It is therefore essential to identify the main sources of hospitals’ greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to develop and monitor mitigation measures. Yet, a transparent and comprehensive hospital-specific GHG accounting methodology is currently lacking. We have developed a hybrid methodology that follows the <em>GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard</em> to calculate emissions. We used bottom-up approaches to scope 1 and 2 and, where feasible, to scope 3. Due to data scarcity, we used top-down approaches for several scope-3-categories. As a case study demonstration, we applied this methodology to a German university hospital: Scope 3 accounted for the majority of GHG emissions (164,529 t CO<sub>2</sub>e (71%)), while scopes 1 (6008 t CO<sub>2</sub>e (3%)) and 2 (60,565 t CO<sub>2</sub>e (26%)) contributed less. Methodological challenges remain, such as a limited accuracy and monitoring options for top-down approaches. Nonetheless, this case study demonstrates that the developed methodology supports hospitals in measuring GHG emissions as part of their regulatory requirements and responsibility to safeguard planetary health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100262"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Life cycle assessment and material flow analysis of road and rail infrastructure assets – A critical review

IF 6.1

Cleaner Environmental Systems Pub Date : 2025-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100259

Soroosh Ataee , André Stephan

{"title":"Life cycle assessment and material flow analysis of road and rail infrastructure assets – A critical review","authors":"Soroosh Ataee , André Stephan","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transport infrastructure assets are essential for society, but they also usually result in significant environmental effects. To assess and reduce these effects, various methods such as life cycle assessment (LCA) and material flow analysis (MFA) have been applied to transport infrastructure assets. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current research on the application of LCA and MFA to transport infrastructure assets, focusing on energy and greenhouse gas emissions. Considering 640 publications, the paper identifies the aims and drivers of the studies, the scope and boundaries of transport infrastructure assets, tools and data sources used for LCA and MFA, and the key findings and limitations of previous studies and models. The paper also highlights the research gaps and future research directions, such as integrating LCA and MFA, expanding the scope of transport infrastructure assets considered, improving the data quality and availability, and addressing the uncertainties and trade-offs in the assessment. The paper aims to provide a critical overview of the state-of-the-art methods and knowledge on the environmental assessment of TIA, and to suggest ways to improve the performance of TIA in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100259"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A review of best international life cycle assessment (LCA) practices in wood construction: Challenges for Ireland

IF 6.1

Cleaner Environmental Systems Pub Date : 2025-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100260

Song Ge , Conan O'Ceallaigh , Patrick J. McGetrick

{"title":"A review of best international life cycle assessment (LCA) practices in wood construction: Challenges for Ireland","authors":"Song Ge , Conan O'Ceallaigh , Patrick J. McGetrick","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under the dual pressure of carbon-neutral commitments by 2050 and increasing housing demands, the Irish construction industry is responsible for a 50% reduction in carbon emissions relative to 2018 levels. Timber has been identified as an excellent material choice for embodied carbon reduction. However, the widespread adoption of timber in construction is limited by several factors, including established practices and supply chains, and lack of public policy and incentives to quantify and reduce embodied carbon. The latter needs to be supported by accurate quantitative life cycle assessment (LCA). To identify gaps and challenges faced by LCA development for timber construction, this paper reviews various up-to-date Irish and international LCA practices. At the product level, 26 environmental product declaration (EPD) databases and 35 EPDs covering five wood product types are analysed. At the building level, 29 national and international building LCA methodologies worldwide are compared. Due to varying availability of Irish-customised data, disparities exist between the lifecycle inventory data used in current Irish timber product EPDs and other Irish-focused statistics. The challenges identified include a lack of mandatory regulations on embodied carbon disclosure and thresholds, a limited number of wood product EPDs in Ireland, and incomplete lifecycle inventory data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100260"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Life cycle assessment of aquaculture production in Greece

IF 6.1

Cleaner Environmental Systems Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100261

Evangelos Kallitsis , Pavlos Avramidis

{"title":"Life cycle assessment of aquaculture production in Greece","authors":"Evangelos Kallitsis , Pavlos Avramidis","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive life cycle assessment of aquaculture, focusing on gilthead seabream, European seabass, meagre, and red seabream within the Greek industry, a major producer in the EU with a 131,250 tonne output in 2021. Data were sourced from Hellenic Aquaculture Producers Organisation members, representing about 20% of the Greek market, covering the entire production chain including hatcheries, farms, and packaging facilities. The system boundaries were expanded compared to preceding literature to include fry production based on primary data in addition to feed production, fish rearing, and packaging. Environmental impacts were assessed across nine impact categories, with global warming potentials ranging from 2,270 to 4,161 kg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq per tonne for gilthead seabream and red seabream, respectively. Fish feed and fry production were significant contributors to most impact categories, except eutrophication, which was dominated by rearing. Key parameters causing inter-species variations were the feed conversion ratio and juvenile input. The study also contributes detailed inventory tables for the foreground system, covering production and packaging stages. The findings highlight how actions across the Greek aquaculture production chain could mitigate environmental impacts, in addition to providing a comprehensive dataset to enhance methodological rigor in future Mediterranean aquaculture LCA studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100261"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Using the Integral Digital Twin for Product Carbon Footprint calculation

IF 6.1

Cleaner Environmental Systems Pub Date : 2025-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100258

Sven Winter , Niklas Quernheim , Lars Arnemann , Phillip Bausch , Nicholas Frick , Joachim Metternich , Benjamin Schleich

{"title":"Using the Integral Digital Twin for Product Carbon Footprint calculation","authors":"Sven Winter , Niklas Quernheim , Lars Arnemann , Phillip Bausch , Nicholas Frick , Joachim Metternich , Benjamin Schleich","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable product development and manufacturing rely heavily on digital technology, as evaluating sustainability metrics requires the systematic gathering and organization of information throughout the product life cycle (PLC). A suitable technology to utilize the potential for sustainability improvement of products is the Digital Twin (DT). This paper introduces the concept of the Integral Digital Twin (IDT) in the context of ecological sustainability as a central data space and application hub for data-driven sustainability. It integrates horizontal communication with clients and suppliers and vertical communication within a company's information systems. The IDT incorporates data generated at various product life phases, providing interfaces for integrating external and the creation of internal eco-databases, along with sustainability metrics calculation tools. Central to this framework is the data model, facilitating the management and distribution of sustainability-relevant data within the IDT. The proposed concept adds value by integrating sustainability assessment in the form of the Product Carbon Footprint (PCF) into DT technology, establishing a dedicated data space within the IDT for this purpose. The novelty of the approach lies in the linking of different DT and software systems across several PLC phases, enabling holistic sustainability management for different perspectives such as product or factory level perspectives. The data model of the IDT provides a basis for an interoperable and seamless data exchange of sustainability relevant data such as the PCF across all stakeholders in the PLC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100258"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Spatiotemporal dynamics and key drivers of carbon emissions in regional construction sectors: Insights from a Random Forest Model

IF 6.1

Cleaner Environmental Systems Pub Date : 2025-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100257

Zhonghan Yu , Qudsia Kanwal , Menghan Wang , Anissa Nurdiawati , Sami G. Al-Ghamdi

{"title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics and key drivers of carbon emissions in regional construction sectors: Insights from a Random Forest Model","authors":"Zhonghan Yu , Qudsia Kanwal , Menghan Wang , Anissa Nurdiawati , Sami G. Al-Ghamdi","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100257","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100257","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon emissions are a substantial global issue, and the construction sector is a significant contributor to this rising trend. This research utilizes the Random Forest Model, a sophisticated machine learning method, to examine the determinants of carbon emissions in China's construction sector at the regional scale. The study highlights environmental impacts by identifying the primary drivers of emissions and promoting cleaner, low-carbon solutions. The model integrates provincial data from China to capture the complex, non-linear relationships between variables such as energy usage, economic activity, and policy initiatives with carbon emission intensity. The findings reveal significant regional disparities, with higher emissions and intensities in southeastern and northeastern provinces due to rapid urbanization and industrial dependency, while central and northwestern regions exhibit lower emissions. Furthermore, the study identifies those characteristics such as urbanization rate, labor productivity, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita initially contribute to increased emissions but later facilitate reductions as energy efficiency improves. Industrial upgrades, technological innovation, and cleaner energy transitions are essential for reducing emissions in the construction industry while supporting long-term growth. These findings underscore the importance of region-specific carbon reduction policies aligned with China's national targets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100257"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An economic and environmental assessment of different bus powertrain technologies in public transportation

IF 6.1

Cleaner Environmental Systems Pub Date : 2025-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100250

Claudio Carbone , Nicola Sanzò , Riccardo Dorsini , Giuseppe Nigliaccio , Giuseppe Di Florio , Viviana Cigolotti , Alessandro Agostini

{"title":"An economic and environmental assessment of different bus powertrain technologies in public transportation","authors":"Claudio Carbone , Nicola Sanzò , Riccardo Dorsini , Giuseppe Nigliaccio , Giuseppe Di Florio , Viviana Cigolotti , Alessandro Agostini","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen and electric buses are considered effective options for decarbonizing the public transportation sector, positioning them as a leader in this transition. This study models the environmental and economic performances of a set of bus powertrain technologies, considering a real case-study of suburban public transport in Italy, and including fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV), battery electric vehicles (BEV), biomethane-powered vehicles (CBM), natural gas (CNG), and diesel buses. The environmental performances of FCEV and BEV are significantly influenced by the energy source used for hydrogen production or battery charging. Specifically, using the electricity mix for FCEV leads to the highest greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel demand. In contrast, BEV show better environmental performance than conventional powertrains, especially when powered by photovoltaics. When powered by photovoltaics, BEV reveal similar results to FCEV in terms of environmental impacts, except for resource depletion, where both perform poorly. Transitioning from diesel to BEV or FCEV can enhance local air quality, regardless of the energy source. The economic analysis indicates that FCEV are the most expensive option, followed by BEV, both of which are currently costlier than diesel and CNG systems. CBM from waste streams emerges as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution. This study suggests prioritizing biomethane derived from biowaste, manure, and residual biomass (excluding energy crops) as a part of the fuels for public transport decarbonization in the EU to advance EU decarbonization goals, despite limitations due to resource availability. Furthermore, BEV powered by renewables should be prioritized whenever their range is adequate.∗</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100250"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Spherical sustainability in construction and demolition: How aligned are policies, goals, regulations, markets, and stakeholder mindsets?

IF 6.1

Cleaner Environmental Systems Pub Date : 2025-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100256

Mohammad Amin Havaei, Hassan Malekitabar

{"title":"Spherical sustainability in construction and demolition: How aligned are policies, goals, regulations, markets, and stakeholder mindsets?","authors":"Mohammad Amin Havaei, Hassan Malekitabar","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100256","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100256","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid urbanization in developing countries has intensified Construction and Demolition (C&D) socio-environmental impacts, substantially contributing to global environmental pollution and degradation. Despite numerous efforts, existing frameworks remain fragmented, often neglecting the full spectrum of indicators and stakeholder priorities, thus revealing critical gaps between sustainability policies, market dynamics, and stakeholder implementation. Considering the growing complexity and variety in construction methods, bridging the gap between theoretical models and real-world practices has become essential. This research addresses these challenges by covering 21 C&D-caused pollutants and identifying existing conflicts through a holistic framework encompassing the entire C&D lifecycle. It was achieved through an iterative process that integrates the Parsimonious Spherical Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (P-SF-AHP), Circular Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (C-LCSA), and pre- and post-statistical analyses. A systematic mapping of construction activities with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Green Building Rating Systems (GBRSs), and international standards established a network balancing scientific rigor with multi-stakeholder decision-making. The methodology employed an extended Delphi process, engaging 43 multidisciplinary experts over six months in 2 + 2 rounds, weighting 21 pollutants across nine categories. The findings underscore the primacy of air, noise, and water pollution in regional contexts while revealing conflicts within existing strategies and standards. The resulting framework provides stakeholders with quantitative tools for C&D-caused pollutant assessment, supporting the transition from linear to spherical sustainability models in rapidly urbanizing regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100256"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143273142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A comprehensive analysis of process-related CO2 emissions from Iran's cement industry

IF 6.1

Cleaner Environmental Systems Pub Date : 2025-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100251

Bahman Massoumi Nejad , Sara Enferadi , Robbie Andrew

{"title":"A comprehensive analysis of process-related CO2 emissions from Iran's cement industry","authors":"Bahman Massoumi Nejad , Sara Enferadi , Robbie Andrew","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100251","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100251","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Direct emissions from the cement industry account for 7%–8% of global anthropogenic CO₂ emissions, primarily from thermal decomposition of carbonates (i.e., calcination) during clinker production. Iran ranks among the world's top ten cement producers and is the seventh-largest CO₂ emitter globally. Despite its significant contribution to global emissions, Iran's process-related CO2 emissions (i.e., chemically derived CO2 from calcination) remain underreported in international datasets. This study addresses this gap by analyzing CO₂ emissions from carbonate decomposition in 77 Iranian cement plants from 2013 to 2023, highlighting regional and plant-specific emission factors. Utilizing plant-specific clinker data, the study applied methodologies aligned with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and the WRI/WBCSD Greenhouse Gas Protocol to calculate emission factors and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. The findings show notable geographical variations and a substantial national trend, with emissions rising from 28.75 million tonnes (Mt) in 2016 to 39.33 Mt in 2023. A primary contributor is Iran's high clinker-to-cement ratio, averaging 94.1% in 2023, underscoring the urgent need for sustainable production practices, particularly through the adoption of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) like pozzolans and industrial by-products. To address this, the study recommends a two-pronged policy approach: reducing clinker content in cement by promoting blended alternatives, such as Portland Composite Cement (PCC) and Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), through regulatory controls and economic incentives. These results emphasize the importance of targeted, data-driven policies for sustainable cement production, offering critical insights for stakeholders and policymakers aiming to align Iran's cement sector with global emissions reduction goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100251"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0