Cleaner Environmental Systems最新文献

{"title":"Life cycle assessment of a semi-industrial infant milk formula powder and of a low-heat alternative process involving membrane filtration","authors":"Michèle Gaillard,&nbsp;Emma Saint-Preux,&nbsp;Amélie Deglaire,&nbsp;Emeline Goussé,&nbsp;Gaelle Tanguy,&nbsp;Nadine Leconte,&nbsp;Geneviève Gésan-Guiziou,&nbsp;Fanny Guyomarc'h,&nbsp;Juliane Floury","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infant formulas provide the necessary nutrients to infants aged 0–6 months whenever breastfeeding is restrained. Their production must balance nutritional quality, environmental sustainability and economic profitability in the manufacturing process. Traditional heat treatment processes, such as pasteurization, ensure microbiological safety but lead to protein denaturation and Maillard reaction, thereby diminishing the nutritional quality of the product. New processes involve low-heat sanitation using membrane microfiltration to also maintain protein quality. Life Cycle Assessment was used to compare the potential environmental impacts of the production of infant formula powder via the classic route (using pasteurization) or the alternative route (using microfiltration) at a semi-industrial scale. No matter the sanitation procedure, the production of milk and oil ingredients exhibited the largest contribution to impacts, followed by evaporation and spray-drying, i.e. unit operations with energy-consuming water evaporation. Closer insight on sanitation operations revealed that while pasteurization and microfiltration are comparable across various impact categories, microfiltration demands significant water and detergent for cleaning, whereas pasteurization is energy-intensive during its steady-state phase. Although energy consumption is reduced, 1 kg of infant formula produced through the alternative route emits 11.1 kg of CO₂ equivalent, against 10.4 for the classic route. The higher impact of the alternative route on climate change, as well as on other agriculture-related impact categories, is primarily attributed to the increased demand for skim milk to implement microfiltration. Sensitivity analyses revealed strategies to reduce infant formula's environmental impacts, such as using liquid ingredients to avoid drying or increasing pre-evaporation dry matter to save energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100278"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143898934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical review of methodological tools and trends for assessing the performance of inclusive circular cities","authors":"Susana Toboso-Chavero ,&nbsp;Filippos K. Zisopoulos ,&nbsp;Martin de Jong ,&nbsp;Daan Schraven","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The comprehensive sustainability assessment of urban waste management systems (UWMSs) is crucial for understanding the impact of current and future city strategies aimed at improving circularity and inclusion in cities. In this study we propose a framework for conceptualizing the inclusive circular city (ICC), and we review specifically scientific literature on methodological tools and trends in integrated sustainability assessments (ISAs) of UWMSs. Of the 145 publications reviewed, only 10 % concurrently evaluated social, environmental, and economic aspects, and just 2 % incorporated circularity and inclusion metrics. Publications focusing simultaneously either on social and environmental dimensions or economic and environmental dimensions accounted for 3 % and 17 % of studies, respectively, while 70 % adopted a single-dimensional approach. A notable proportion of studies focused exclusively on environmental impact assessment, predominantly employing life cycle assessment or indicators such as carbon footprint. Social assessments were notably less prevalent, comprising only 20 % of studies. Stakeholder engagement and inclusion metrics were considered in 20 % and 5 % of the publications, respectively. In terms of R strategies, 65 % of the studies concentrated on recycling and recovery, targeting mainly municipal solid waste. To advance our knowledge on ISAs of UWMSs and improve our understanding of their embeddedness in ICCs, future research should: (a) focus on multidimensional, transdisciplinary assessments with an emphasis on strong sustainability-oriented methodologies by including circularity and inclusion metrics; (b) prioritize inclusion and active stakeholder participation in collaborative knowledge creation; and (c) shift the focus from conventional waste recycling and recovery to ambitious circular strategies that retain resources in closed-loop systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100275"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing nitrogen metabolism of animal husbandry and aquaculture could mitigate nitrogen threat in the main cities of Yellow River Delta","authors":"Yixuan Bai ,&nbsp;Huaqing Li ,&nbsp;Bin Chen ,&nbsp;Hongyi Xie ,&nbsp;Yutao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Excessive nitrogen input threatens the ecological health of the Yellow River estuary, with the Main Cities in the Yellow River Delta (MCYRD) facing persistent nitrogen management challenges. Previous studies have lacked a detailed characterization of nitrogen metabolism in estuarine and coastal cities, with limited sector-specific assessments, constraining effective management. Based on urban metabolism theory, this study develops a comprehensive nitrogen metabolism model for MCYRD (2015–2023), refining assessments of nitrogen fluxes from extensive animal husbandry and seawater aquaculture. Results show that nitrogen input to the sea fluctuated around 60 Gg, with aquaculture as the dominant contributor (35.53 %) to surface water and the only productive sector with increasing discharge (+5.28 %), followed by animal husbandry (32.00 %). Among them, seawater aquaculture discharged 234.89 % and 508.11 % more nitrogen than inland aquaculture in Binzhou and Dongying, respectively, posing ecological risks due to the lack of wastewater discharge standards, particularly from shellfish farming. Untreated extensive animal husbandry contributed 81.43 % of animal husbandry runoff, with cattle in Binzhou and sheep in Dongying as the major sources, highlighting the urgency of improved manure management. Meanwhile, by enforcing wastewater treatment in aquaculture, MCYRD could cut nitrogen emissions by 13.00 Gg, while fertilizer reduction and livestock intensification offer long-term mitigation potential. Upgrading wastewater treatment technologies remains essential for sustained nitrogen control. Our findings provide a scientific basis for nitrogen pollution management in MCYRD, supporting targeted strategies for coastal ecosystem protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100273"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle assessment and cost analysis of locally made solar powered cooler for vaccine storage","authors":"Milton Mbugano ,&nbsp;Juma Rajabu Selemani ,&nbsp;Baraka Kichonge ,&nbsp;Grite Nelson Mwaijengo ,&nbsp;Mwema Felix Mwema","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Storing vaccines and perishable food in regions without access to the national grid presents significant challenges. Solar power generation technologies have emerged as a viable alternative solution to address these issues. This study conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) and cost analysis (CA) of the locally developed solar-powered cooler to assess its economic viability and potential environmental impacts. The cooler was designed to preserve vaccines and perishable foods for use, especially in areas with no electricity connectivity, as a cheaper alternative to electricity-powered coolers. The results of LCA show that battery manufacturing was a slightly higher contributor to environmental impacts across various indicators, with terrestrial ecotoxicity identified as the highest impact among other environmental impacts. Cost analysis results further revealed that a solar-powered cooler project demonstrated a positive economic outlook, with the unit manufacturing cost estimated at USD 2682. This quantitative analysis of life cycle and cost will help decision-makers comprehend both the economic aspects and environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of locally manufactured solar-powered coolers. Such insights will be instrumental in enhancing the sustainability of these products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100274"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143870579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pro-environmental motivations of small businesses – Do indirect environmental impacts matter?","authors":"Mihály Dombi ,&nbsp;Anita Kolnhofer-Derecskei ,&nbsp;Regina Reicher ,&nbsp;Zsuzsanna Győri","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A large body of literature examines the managerial aspects of sustainability transition at the firm level. One of the key factors of pro-environmental intervention in companies is the role of the leader, their commitment, capabilities, and motivations. Management's determination towards pro-environmental interventions has been linked to various enterprise characteristics. Previous studies have also examined whether these motivations vary among economic sectors or industries, described by direct environmental impacts. Yet, indirect emissions, depicting life-cycle ecological impacts of the industry, have not been assessed in light of pro-environmental motivations and decision context of companies. Our analysis aims to investigate environmental motivation towards adopting sustainability measures in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) through a representative sample of Hungarian companies.</div><div>We found no clear evidence of sectoral indirect emission levels influencing the ethical or business motivation of the managers in Hungarian SMEs. The industry's emissions are exclusively associated with the motivations of specific groups of companies, especially those more environmentally focused. Nevertheless, pro-environmental motivations depend on external factors, i.e. the region of operation, manager's age and awareness of the. The quality of environmental management relies on the leader's skills and the firm's circumstances.</div><div>One of our findings is alarming: SMEs with higher sectoral indirect emissions, among those communicating their environmental progress intensely, tend to agree more on the institutional boundary approach of ecological impacts as it comes to responsibility issues. This attitude may manifest in false allegations or even greenwashing. Limited feelings of responsibility for the firm, energy prices, and the importance of the company's profits frequently occur among the claims related to sectoral emission levels. Therefore, making embodied environmental impacts visible to managers and the market may have some effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100272"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Creating value, not waste: Ecosystem collaboration for take-back","authors":"Torben Pedersen ,&nbsp;Rasmus Jørgensen ,&nbsp;Johan Lilja ,&nbsp;Christer Hedlund","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100268","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100268","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A take-back system can reduce the usage of virgin natural resources by reusing discarded products. However, if actors in the take-back system treat the discarded products as waste, the reuse value potential is lost. A situation that negatively impacts the sustainability and financial performance of the take-back system. The study explores the reuse of discarded white goods using data from multiple take-back value streams for discarded white goods. This is not an ideal case of a take-back system but rather a case showing some of the challenges in creating an efficient one. The study identifies interest alignment between collaborating actors as a key condition for maximizing the recoverability of discarded products, capturing value, and reducing value loss. Additionally, information asymmetry impacts value loss and financial performance. The study proposes introducing governance mechanisms and leads firm initiatives to promote conditions conducive to ecosystem actor alignment. An effective take-back system usually requires a lead firm - an orchestrator - responsible for the structure and performance of the take-back system, including governance, commercial arrangements, go-to-market coordination, value creation mechanisms, value sharing mechanisms, and risk management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100268"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143917768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle inventory data generation for yogurt packaging in Austria","authors":"Bianca Köck ,&nbsp;Philipp Spatt ,&nbsp;Vasiliki-Maria Archodoulaki ,&nbsp;Bettina Mihalyi-Schneider","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100271","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study addresses a critical gap in life cycle assessment (LCA) data for yogurt packaging within the Austrian market, emphasizing the need for accurate, localized information on packaging materials, transport distances, and end-of-life processes. Through detailed measurements of yogurt cup weights, material compositions, and packaging configurations, this research provides foundational data that enhance the precision of LCAs specific to Austria. Key findings reveal that yogurt cups in Austria are primarily made from polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS), with notable variations in weight and sleeve types across different filling sizes, including paper-sleeved and non-sleeved options. This offers valuable insights for optimizing packaging design in line with circular economy and Green Deal goals. By supplying robust, Austria-specific Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data, this study supports targeted strategies for material efficiency and sustainability in yogurt packaging, ultimately aligning with broader EU objectives for waste reduction and resource conservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100271"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143679242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle assessment of polyethylene packaging and alternatives on the European market","authors":"Manfred Tacker ,&nbsp;Tasja Hafner-Kuhn ,&nbsp;Andrin Gstöhl ,&nbsp;Experience Nduagu ,&nbsp;Eric Vozzola ,&nbsp;Timothee W. Roux ,&nbsp;Rafael Auras","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plastic packaging plays a critical role in preserving and protecting goods across value chains, including transportation, storage, marketplace, and consumption. However, growing concerns about potential environmental impacts such as life cycle emissions and plastic pollution have prompted reassessments of packaging materials. This study focuses on polyethylene (PE), the most used packaging polymer on the European market, with an annual sales volume of 4.85 million metric tons in 2023, examining its potential environmental impacts and that of alternatives such as paper, metals, and glass. The main objective of this study was to assess the potential climate change, water scarcity, and fossil resource use impacts for single-use PE packaging applications versus alternative packaging solutions within the European market. Given its comparative nature, this LCA study has followed ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006 requirements and attributional LCA principles. Thirty-seven products packaged with PE formats and their alternatives across five end-use applications (stretch films, collation shrink films, rigid non-food containers, heavy-duty sacks, and flexible food packaging) were compared in the European markets. The assessment covered the material and production phase to end-of-life (EoL), based on current conditions in Europe (EU27 + UK). The potential impacts from the packaged product's production and usage phase were excluded. Packaging was assessed by the volume or weight of its contents, with high market share samples sourced mainly from Austria and Germany. EoL modeling followed the Circular Footprint Formula, incorporating standard disposal rates. Comparative analysis used published data on packaging and PE markets to model potential scenarios, demonstrating the life cycle GWP impacts of substituting PE-based packaging with alternatives. Results indicated that PE packaging had a lower GWP impact than steel, aluminum, and glass in 15 out of 15 comparisons. Against paper and multi-material alternatives, PE-based options were more favorable in 19 out of 35 cases, with paper alternatives being more favorable in 13 instances and three comparisons showing minimal difference – less than 10 %. PE-based packaging exhibited lower GWP in 68 %, higher GWP in 26 %, and negligible differences in 6 % of 50 LCA comparisons of PE-based packaging and alternatives. Scenario analyses suggested that substituting PE with alternatives could increase GWP from 17.5 MTA CO2-eq to between 24.5 and 28.7 MTA CO2-eq, marking a 40 %–64 % rise. The mass of packaging materials could rise from 4.85 MTA for PE to between 16.70 and 19.97 MTA (244–306 %) for alternatives, emphasizing the significant mass reduction advantage of PE-based packaging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100270"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143679150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the role of digital servitization for sustainability: A framework for environmental and social impact","authors":"Elena Beducci,&nbsp;Federica Acerbi,&nbsp;Anna De Carolis,&nbsp;Marco Taisch","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the manufacturing context, servitization emerges as a relevant path to improve sustainability. Notably, it can be applied to reconfigure industries' business models into circular ones, through multiple sustainable and circular strategies. Digital servitization, particularly, can enhance companies' sustainability along the products’ lifecycle, optimizing design and operations through collected data and supporting decision-making for end-of-life activities.</div><div>Digitalization, servitization, and sustainability present promising synergies, nonetheless this topic requires more research. It is possible to observe a lack of understanding of the intersection of servitization, digitalization, and sustainability, and how they can be applied in the manufacturing context.</div><div>This paper aims to investigate the connection between digital technologies, services, and sustainable strategies. The objective is to identify and characterize the linkages between digital technologies, services, and environmental and social sustainable strategies in the context of servitization. Through the implementation of a systematic literature review, the paper proposes an analysis of the state-of-the-art, identifying main trends and investigating specific relevant digital technologies, services, and sustainable impacts. The authors then propose a framework which clarifies how services, enabled by specific digital technologies, can be leveraged in the context of manufacturing product service systems to implement social and environmental sustainability strategies. Finally, the paper highlights opportunities for future research based on existing identified gaps.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100269"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle assessment of a point absorber wave energy converter","authors":"Tabea Engelfried ,&nbsp;Stefano Cucurachi ,&nbsp;George Lavidas","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Harnessing wave energy from the oceans using wave energy converters (WECs) offers a huge opportunity to diversify Europe's future renewable energy system. Although the energy conversion of this pre-commercial technology is not directly linked to greenhouse gas emissions, environmental sustainability over the full life cycle needs to be ensured for a future-proof large-scale application of WECs. Therefore, we present a cradle-to-grave full life cycle assessment (LCA) study for a generic point absorber WEC based on a fully transparent and adaptable life cycle inventory. Within the study we assess the environmental impacts of a single point absorber device, the influence of different hull materials, hotspots in the impacts of WEC components, and variations induced by different deployment locations. For a WEC deployed in the North Sea, we found a global warming impact of 300-325<em>gCO</em>₂<em>eq./kWh</em> with periphery and 52-77<em>gCO</em>₂<em>eq./kWh</em> without periphery, depending on the hull material. Using an alternative fibre-reinforced concrete material for the hull can reduce the impact across all categories by between 10% (marine eutrophication) and 78% (human toxicity, carcinogenic). In addition to the WEC itself we found that the electrical cable and vessel operations, particularly for maintenance, are significant contributors. These two elements will also be relevant to other marine renewables such as offshore wind and floating solar. Overall, this study shows potential for improving environmental impacts from WECs and identifies possible levers to achieve such a reduction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100265"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}