Cleaner Environmental Systems最新文献

{"title":"Innovation in crop rotations for sustainable integrated crop-livestock systems: The case of a typical semi-arid Mediterranean area","authors":"Paolo Guarnaccia,&nbsp;Giuseppe Timpanaro,&nbsp;Salvatore Incardona,&nbsp;Vera Teresa Foti,&nbsp;Mariarita Cammarata","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Integrated organic crop-livestock systems represent a sustainability model on which many environmental, economic and social expectations have been placed, especially in some areas with limited availability of natural resources. In recent years, among the fodder crops in rotation on organic livestock farms, conditions have been created for the emergence of soya (<em>Glycine hispida</em>, M.), also due to the coupled aid granted by the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). A generalised spread of soybean, however, may generate unsustainable production patterns, especially in Mediterranean areas characterised by limited irrigation and weed management issues. With respect to the above, the research assessed the holistic sustainability of using field beans (<em>Vicia faba</em>, L.) in rotation for fodder purposes. To this end, a technical-economic and environmental analysis was carried out with economic balances and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), through which a number of synthetic efficiency indices were developed. The results demonstrate the validity of the agronomic choice in achieving environmental efficiency, but also the importance of soil management and reducing the livestock load per unit area in order to simultaneously maintain economic and social efficiency levels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100182"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666789424000205/pdfft?md5=3cb64fdeef0c8f3d3ddfcd266f92cd66&pid=1-s2.0-S2666789424000205-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140290522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are starch-based materials more eco-friendly than fossil-based? A critical assessment","authors":"Naycari Forfora ,&nbsp;Ivana Azuaje ,&nbsp;Taylor Kanipe ,&nbsp;Jose A. Gonzalez ,&nbsp;Mariana Lendewig ,&nbsp;Isabel Urdaneta ,&nbsp;Richard Venditti ,&nbsp;Ronalds Gonzalez ,&nbsp;Dimitris Argyropoulos","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This review conducts a comprehensive quantitative analysis of the life cycle assessments (LCA) of starch-based products from production inception (biomass and starch production) to final manufacture. More specifically, this analysis synthesizes published LCA data for starch-based films, foams, polylactic acid (PLA), and filaments against typical fossil-based counterparts (polyethylene and polystyrene), revealing PLA’s carbon emissions range from 0.62 to 5.3 kg CO₂eq/kg, films at 3.2–5.8 kg CO₂eq/kg, and foams at 1.3–3.2 kg CO₂eq/kg, contrasted with fossil-based products emitting 0.7–6.7 kg CO₂eq/kg. Despite lower carbon dioxide emissions for starch-based products, the broader environmental impact, including eutrophication and acidification, often exceeds that of fossil-based counterparts, attributed to agricultural inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides.</p><p>This review delineates the environmental merits of starch-based products, outlines their optimal applications, and underscores the imperative for future research to address identified knowledge gaps and methodological limitations, particularly in the comprehensive environmental assessment of agricultural inputs and their mitigation strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100177"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666789424000151/pdfft?md5=4d020636bcfd99bebc147ac2aa2e0db7&pid=1-s2.0-S2666789424000151-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140089579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decarbonization of academic laboratories: On the trade-offs between CO2 emissions, spending, and research output","authors":"Xavier Capet ,&nbsp;Olivier Aumont","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>University laboratories and research institutes are progressively engaging in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from their operations. It can be difficult to target all sources of GHG emissions at once, given the diversity of problems posed by each source individually. However, targeting only one or a subset of emissions sources can lead to reallocation of expenditures and thus transfers between emissions items when the financial budget is constant. A simple toy model with 2 or 3 expenditure items and 2 classes of laboratory personnel allows us to explore the communicating vessels effects associated with the partial decarbonization of research entities in different scenarios. More generally, the model highlights the trade-offs between CO2 emissions, expenditures, and output/research production. Decarbonization measures must be carefully planned based on thorough identification and quantification of direct emissions sources inside and outside the laboratory. Examples pertaining to air travel and use of labware are discussed in detail. Redefining expectations in terms of research production could allow for a greater emphasis on environmental constraints but this requires institutional as well as ethical transformations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100168"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666789424000060/pdfft?md5=05a1f9cdcfc12524b69a105722c58bf0&pid=1-s2.0-S2666789424000060-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140103548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early transition to cleaner bus fleets: Benefits, costs, and policy evaluation of alternatives from a life cycle perspective","authors":"Eyal Razy-Yanuv ,&nbsp;Noa Meron","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Older urban buses are significant contributors to environmental effects. This study assesses the economic and environmental feasibility of transitioning to cleaner bus fleets by following the <u>concept of early replacement of older buses that are still operational</u> while examining several propulsion alternatives and policy approaches in Israel. Relying on assessments of environmental costs (EC) and the total cost of ownership (TCO), <u>the proposed concept is feasible</u> for all the propulsion systems examined. This feasibility is then reflected in the propulsion systems' marginal social costs (MSC), which are all lower than the MSC of continued reliance on diesel Euro 5 buses that are still operational, as well as in their incremental benefit-cost ratio (IBCR) that is greater than 1.5. Early replacement is an effective measure, reflected primarily in a substantial reduction of air pollution and noise. Electric bus was found to be the best in EC (0.17 USD/vkm) but worst in TCO (1.65 USD/vkm). It was followed by diesel-electric hybrid (EC 0.27 USD/vkm; TCO 1.6 USD/vkm), compressed natural gas (CNG) bus (EC 0.32 USD/vkm; TCO 1.4), and diesel Euro 6 bus (EC 0.33 USD/vkm; TCO 1.61 USD/vkm). Determining which alternative is preferable relies on additional considerations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100172"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666789424000102/pdfft?md5=8fd01a89016a578686d45c623c6a72f1&pid=1-s2.0-S2666789424000102-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140062800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can technology mitigate the environmental impact of dairy farms?","authors":"Maria Cecilia Bianchi,&nbsp;Giulia Gislon,&nbsp;Sara Mondini,&nbsp;Luciana Bava,&nbsp;Alberto Tamburini,&nbsp;Anna Sandrucci,&nbsp;Maddalena Zucali","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100178","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the adoption of precision technologies in dairy cattle farms on environmental impact of milk production, estimated using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. Primary data were collected from five dairy farms. Based on this information, scenarios were created to evaluate the effect of introducing an Automated Milking System (AMS) and adopting technologies for udder health monitoring and heat detection. Comparisons among scenarios showed that the application of these technologies helps to reduce the environmental impact of milk production at the farm level. The introduction of the AMS resulted in a mitigation of 1.2–5.8% of Global Warming Potential (GWP) per kg Fat and Protein Corrected Milk (FPCM). The implementation of technological systems for udder health monitoring led to a decrease in GWP per kg FPCM of 0.06–0.04% for every 5% increase in the detection of infected cows. The use of automatic systems for heat detection reduced GWP of 1 kg of FPCM by 9.4%, Acidification by more than 10% and Land use 5.65–7.69%. The effectiveness of precision technologies on environmental impact mitigation depends not only on their implementation and reliability but also on how the information provided is used by farmer.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100178"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666789424000163/pdfft?md5=d25b1b3835ec1d8a84aec03230483a23&pid=1-s2.0-S2666789424000163-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140138460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of partition walls: Innovative prefabricated systems vs conventional construction","authors":"Inês Meireles ,&nbsp;Mario Martín-Gamboa ,&nbsp;Vitor Sousa ,&nbsp;Ahmad Kalthoum ,&nbsp;Javier Dufour","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Prefabrication is increasingly recognized as an alternative to conventional on-site construction, offering potential environmental benefits. However, these benefits are context-specific, requiring precise studies for optimal solutions. This paper presents the life-cycle environmental performance of an innovative prefabricated interior partition wall and benchmarks it against a conventional system, providing a replicable model for other novel partition walls. Detailed data collected directly from direct sources were utilized to conduct a cradle-to-gate with options Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), presenting a conveniently described method that can be widely replicated in the construction sector. The adapted LCA method presented in this study contributes to sustainable construction, providing a straightforward and robust approach to assessing the environmental impacts of innovative partition walls compared to conventional walls. For the specific scenario studied, the life-cycle impact assessment results generally indicate a superior environmental performance of the innovative prefabricated interior partition wall compared to the conventional system, resulting in impact reductions ranging from 10 to 60% across evaluated categories. For both systems, the production of materials plays a predominant role in the impact contributions. Furthermore, exploring alternative scenarios yielded significant environmental benefits, particularly in cases considering higher incorporation of recycled materials. Therefore, the direct comparison of the environmental performance of innovative partition walls against traditional solutions emerges as an environmentally sustainable path in the short and medium term. This aligns with the ongoing progress towards decarbonizing the building sector, not only in choosing more environmentally friendly solutions but also in improving the environmental performance of products through assertive changes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100179"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666789424000175/pdfft?md5=b290f9436321db6c83b2198525c70571&pid=1-s2.0-S2666789424000175-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140095954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating circularity into Life Cycle Assessment: Circularity with a life cycle perspective","authors":"Julia Cilleruelo Palomero ,&nbsp;Louis Freboeuf ,&nbsp;Andreas Ciroth ,&nbsp;Guido Sonnemann","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the current efforts on striving towards sustainable development both Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and circularity have become extremely popular, worldwide. Both are addressing sustainability aspects, yet typically applied separately. LCA counts with dedicated tools and databases, while circularity is commonly calculated with simple tools or even just formulas in excel, ignoring the supply chain. This paper presents a combination of LCA and circularity. The Material Circularity Indicator (MCI) and the Circularity Index (CI) are incorporated into <em>openLCA</em>, and the LCA database <em>Ecoinvent</em> is adapted to trace circularity throughout. This allows to track circularity variables across supply chains and apply circularity indicators in LCA models. Results show that the LCA database mostly presents linear systems, with most datasets having a circularity values close to full linearity. Furthermore, investigations over the cradle-to-grave datasets of a Lithium-ion battery show that the amount of virgin material extracted from earth is actually 43 times bigger than the weight of the battery, and that the overall waste produced is 92 times the weight of the battery. Such high values are overlooked in common circularity indicator calculations. This comprehensive framework aims to contribute to the ongoing dialogue surrounding sustainable practices and circular economy integration within LCA.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100175"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666789424000138/pdfft?md5=1439973530f35ad1be99a7f0ff3c6640&pid=1-s2.0-S2666789424000138-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139985761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle assessment of instant coffee production considering different energy sources","authors":"Mayra L. Pazmiño ,&nbsp;Medelyne Mero-Benavides ,&nbsp;Daniel Aviles ,&nbsp;Ana María Blanco-Marigorta ,&nbsp;Diana L. Tinoco ,&nbsp;Angel D. Ramirez","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nowadays, coffee is a popular beverage globally and one of the largest traded commodities. Conventional instant coffee production requires energy and water, producing coffee bagasse (biomass) as an agro-industrial residue. This residue, spent coffee grounds (SCGs), in Ecuador is currently disposed of in the municipal landfills, losing the opportunity to recover energy and minerals. This paper studies the life cycle environmental impacts of instant coffee production using data from a coffee plant in Guayaquil, Ecuador. The study analyzes the impact of generating the required electricity by an internal combustion engine powered by fossil fuel, using the Ecuadorian power grid, or using a combined cooling, heat, and power (CCHP) trigeneration system powered by dried SCGs and natural gas. The results indicate that when SCGs is used to power auxiliary processes, the CO₂ emissions greatly decrease, helping to reduce fossil fuel dependence. The study also reveals that scenarios using electricity from the Ecuadorian power grid exhibit lower environmental indicators than those using internal combustion engines. The scenario that includes the CCHP records the lowest indicator in each category, reducing the GWP by 45.2 % compared to the base scenario, pointing out that using energy-efficient technologies lowers the carbon footprint, contributing to decarbonisation simultaneously.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100174"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666789424000126/pdfft?md5=5b2cf0dbf8a64a49413f689b12dcd08e&pid=1-s2.0-S2666789424000126-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139915247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the social performance of Ecuadorian textile MSMEs using Social Organizational Life Cycle Assessment","authors":"Erik Sigcha ,&nbsp;Dolores Sucozhañay ,&nbsp;Lorena Siguenza-Guzman ,&nbsp;Paul Vanegas","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Integrating sustainability into Micro, Small, and Medium-sized Enterprises (MSMEs) poses challenges due to limited resources, low social awareness, and particular cultural factors. Despite this, MSMEs play a crucial role in countries' development since they constitute an essential actor in generating wealth and employment. Therefore, determining tools and methods to support sustainable decision-making and understanding the impacts in MSMEs is a significant challenge. This work describes the application of Social Organizational Life Cycle Assessment (SO-LCA) in three case studies of the Ecuadorian textile MSME sector to analyze their impacts regarding the social dimension. To this end, 121 inventory indicators linked to workers' and consumers' subcategories were applied. Utilizing sunburst charts, social performance is analyzed at subcategory and indicator levels. Company A showed intermediate worker performance with well-managed Occupational Safety and Health (OSH). Company B excelled, particularly in OSH, social benefits, and working hours. Despite its size, Company C had the lowest overall performance but exhibited superior Consumer category performance. This application of SO-LCA in the MSME sector offers insights for systematic evaluation, identifying areas for improvement and commendable practices. The study discusses implementing SO-LCA in small firms, highlighting the need for methodological adjustments to enhance applicability in this sector.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100176"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266678942400014X/pdfft?md5=3469f895a0700ceccac474c90c594d52&pid=1-s2.0-S266678942400014X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139965789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic sustainability for developing a less polluting eucalyptus-charcoal productive system in emerging markets","authors":"Gabriel Browne de Deus Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Maisa Isabela Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Sebastião Renato Valverde ,&nbsp;Angélica de Cássia Oliveira Carneiro ,&nbsp;Gilson Fernandes da Silva ,&nbsp;Nívea Maria Mafra Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Pedro Paulo de Oliveira Rodrigues","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2024.100173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Charcoal plays a relevant role in developing countries, with potential to contribute to the energy needs as a cheaper and carbon-friendly alternative. In Brazil, eucalyptus-charcoal has gained attention as an input for metal-steel industries, mostly supplied by small and medium forest producers. Those commonly use rudimentary charcoal-kilns, characterized by higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, reduced productivity and economically unsustainable impacted by their reduced financial management. In order to fulfill this gap, a simplified financial planning model and an economic analysis of a less polluting charcoal productive system, called kilns-furnace system, were performed, also comparing to traditional charcoal-kilns. A differentiated cost of capital pricing model was also proposed, adjusted to bioenergy projects in emerging markets. Results showed that kilns-furnace system presented the best financial indicators, with greater free cash flow capacity, shorter reimbursement period, reduced charcoal production cost, better return on invested capital and a financial resilience even under pessimistic conditions. With its risk-return ratio verified, kilns-furnace larger insertion may be an attraction for charcoal producers, with probable increased long-term economic sustainability when compared to traditional kilns. The proposed cost of capital pricing model opened a new perspective for its calculation in developing countries, and should be used by producers, companies, and government in investment decision and as a guidance for financing lines.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100173"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666789424000114/pdfft?md5=8043d4390c1a7287cd49c0676fe4b1b7&pid=1-s2.0-S2666789424000114-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139915246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}