{"title":"Performance of Janus-like type nobel-metal/TiO2 microspherical nanocomposites and application on microplastics photodegradation","authors":"Laiqi Zhang, Sihui Liu, Mansoor Akhtar, Zheng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jcat.2025.116319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2025.116319","url":null,"abstract":"The persistent environmental pollution caused by microplastics presents a significant challenge, with photocatalytic degradation emerging as a promising solution. However, its efficacy is often limited by ineffective photocarrier separation. This study addresses these limitations by designing Janus-like type photocatalysts comprising silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles anchored on hollow TiO<sub>2</sub> microspheres (HTMs) via a photoreduction method. The resulting composite photocatalysts, Ag/HTMs and Au/HTMs, were evaluated for their ability to degrade microplastic polyethylene (PE) films. Morphological and compositional analyses using SEM, EDS, and XPS confirmed the successful loading and oxidation states of Ag and Au nanoparticles. Electrochemical characterizations revealed significantly enhanced photocatalytic activities for HTMs and their Janus-like composites, outperforming the performance of commercial P25 photocatalyst. Notably, Janus-like Ag-5/HTMs and Au-10/HTMs exhibited photocatalytic activities that were 90-fold and 60-fold higher than P25, respectively. Under irradiation, Janus-like Ag-5/HTMs achieved the highest degradation efficiency, mediated by reactive species (·OH, O<sub>2</sub><sup>–</sup>·, <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>, and h<sup>+</sup>) under ambient conditions. To further demonstrate its practical application, a device was fabricated by spin-coating Ag-5/HTMs onto spherical activated carbon. When applied to swimming pool water containing 98.20 MP/L of microplastics, achieving a high removal efficiency for microplastics. This study underscores the potential of Janus-like M/HTMs systems for the efficient and sustainable degradation of microplastics, advancing their application in environmental remediation.","PeriodicalId":346,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Catalysis","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144594866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Organic–inorganic hybridization boosts the catalytic performance of Mn-based catalysts in the aerobic oxidation of benzylic and allylic C–H bonds","authors":"Anwei Wang, Xue Zhou, Qianrui Yu, Yujie Chen, Jiaji Bian, Junfeng Qian, Qun Chen, Mingyang He, Weiyou Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.jcat.2025.116318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2025.116318","url":null,"abstract":"An unprecedented organic–inorganic hybrid material (BA-Ni<sub>2</sub>Mg<sub>2</sub>Mn) has been contrived using Ni<sub>2</sub>Mg<sub>2</sub>Mn layered double hydroxide (LDH) and benzoic acid as the precursors. The hybrid exhibited significantly higher catalytic activity than the precursor in the C(sp<sup>3</sup>)–H bonds oxidation via switching the reaction path of HAT (hydrogen atom transfer) for the Ni<sub>2</sub>Mg<sub>2</sub>Mn-LDH to PCET (proton-coupled electron transfer) process. The turnover frequency (TOF) value significantly boosted from 27 h<sup>−1</sup> for Ni<sub>2</sub>Mg<sub>2</sub>Mn-LDH to 882 h<sup>−1</sup> for the hybrid material in the aerobic oxidation of benzyl methyl ether, which exceeds most reported catalysts. The characterization suggested that metal cations in hybrid coordinated with carboxylic acid in a monodentate manner, which would elevate the positive charge of Mn<sup>3+</sup> species and the surface basicity probably related to M–O<sup>2–</sup> structure. These improved properties facilitated the electron transfer and the proton transfer during the PCET process, respectively, and were responsible for the boosting catalytic performance for the hybrid in the aerobic oxidation of C(sp<sup>3</sup>)–H bonds. Various substrates can be tolerated by the present catalytic system, allowing the efficient synthesis of some valuable molecules over an extremely convenient reaction system employing molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant.","PeriodicalId":346,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Catalysis","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144603835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiajing Kou, Zigan He, Chuntao Han, Junxian Gao, Bo Zhou, Jeffrey T Miller, Rui Ma
{"title":"The structure dependency of the activity and stability of Pd-phosphide catalysts in propane dehydrogenation","authors":"Jiajing Kou, Zigan He, Chuntao Han, Junxian Gao, Bo Zhou, Jeffrey T Miller, Rui Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.jcat.2025.116316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2025.116316","url":null,"abstract":"A large number of alloy nanoparticle catalysts with novel configurations and compositions have been reported for efficient propane dehydrogenation. Although efforts have been made to rejuvenate the spent catalysts, the recovery of these well-defined active sites is still a daunting challenge. In this work, silica supported palladium-phosphide nanoparticles, with uniform particle sizes (∼2.5 nm) and specific crystal structures were prepared and systematically characterized. The combined structure analysis reveals that the exposed Pd site changes from metal Pd surface to few-atom Pd ensembles and fully isolated Pd atoms with gradually increasing P content. For identical reaction conditions of propane dehydrogenation, both the clustered Pd atoms and isolated Pd<sup>δ+</sup> atoms exhibited dehydrogenation rates that is >10 times higher than the corresponding rate over Pd nanoparticle. Kinetic measurements demonstrated that the clustered Pd atoms on the surface of Pd<sub>3</sub>P nanoparticle shows the highest activity for C–H activation, while its also favored by coke deposition, leading to a trade-off relationship between activity and stability. By contrast, PdP<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles exhibited a compromised dehydrogenation performance. Based on the deactivation mechanism of Pd-phosphide catalyst during dehydrogenation/regeneration cycles, an effective regeneration method, washing catalyst bed with alkaline-ethanol under mild conditions, was developed to remove deposited coke around dehydrogenation sites without sintering of nanoparticles. The structure–activity/stability relationship insights and facile regeneration method for the binary catalysts in this work offer improved knowledge of propane dehydrogenation catalyst.","PeriodicalId":346,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Catalysis","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144578176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nourrdine Chaouati, Mohammad Fahda, Valentin Valtchev, Ludovic Pinard
{"title":"On the coke-resisting behaviour of ZEO-1, an extra-large pore aluminosilicate zeolite","authors":"Nourrdine Chaouati, Mohammad Fahda, Valentin Valtchev, Ludovic Pinard","doi":"10.1016/j.jcat.2025.116315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2025.116315","url":null,"abstract":"ZEO-1, the first extra-large-pore aluminosilicate zeolite, was investigated for its catalytic performance, selectivity, and stability during propene transformation at 450 °C, in comparison with USY zeolite. Two ZEO-1 samples—phosphorus-containing and phosphorus-free—were evaluated to determine the influence of residual phosphorus species, originating from template decomposition, on acidity and catalytic behavior. Phosphorus-containing ZEO-1 exhibited a significantly lower concentration and strength of Brønsted acid sites, which led to reduced catalytic activity but improved stability, owing to limited coke formation and retention. In contrast, phosphorus-free ZEO-1 displayed higher activity, with coke deposits mainly composed of alkyl-naphthalene derivatives forming within the 12-membered ring channels. In this sample, coke led to deactivation via site poisoning, with one coke molecule deactivating one Brønsted acid site. Although the overall amount of coke formed on ZEO-1 was higher than on USY, the impact on catalytic performance was less severe. In USY, each coke molecule deactivated approximately three Brønsted acid sites, indicating higher coke toxicity. These results demonstrate that ZEO-1’s open microporous structure contributes to improved resistance to deactivation by coke, highlighting its potential as a stable catalyst for acid-catalyzed reactions.","PeriodicalId":346,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Catalysis","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144578173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhengyuan Jin , Yushi Huang , Lu Qi , Yajie Li , Shuang Tang , Yangsen Xu , Zhijun Dong
{"title":"Light-modulated redox site switching in PCN: Achieving overall water splitting","authors":"Zhengyuan Jin , Yushi Huang , Lu Qi , Yajie Li , Shuang Tang , Yangsen Xu , Zhijun Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.jcat.2025.116312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcat.2025.116312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) has emerged as a promising photocatalytic material, yet its redox site dynamics under varying light sources remain poorly understood. In this study, we employ Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and in situ photo-deposition of a co-catalyst to reveal light-induced shifts in PCN’s oxidation and reduction sites, demonstrating that these sites are not fixed but dynamically reconfigured under different irradiation conditions. Theoretical calculations further support this observation, showing that excitation wavelength influences charge distribution within the PCN framework. Building upon these findings, we establish a sequential co-catalyst loading strategy: visible light irradiation selectively reduces platinum (Pt) onto PCN, while subsequent simulated sunlight exposure facilitates site-specific oxidation, forming both reduction and oxidation co-catalysts in situ. This strategy enables sustained photocatalytic water splitting, achieving stoichiometric H<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> production in pure water. By elucidating the interplay between light wavelength and redox site reversibility, our findings challenge conventional assumptions of static active sites and offer a new framework for designing light-responsive photocatalytic systems for sustainable hydrogen and oxygen production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":346,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Catalysis","volume":"450 ","pages":"Article 116312"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144566507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jun-Fei Shen , Gui-Ming Wu , Na Tian , Hai-Wei Liang , Zhi-You Zhou , Shi-Gang Sun
{"title":"Gas-phase dispersion engineering of PtCo intermetallic catalysts with enhanced compressive strain for high-performance PEMFCs","authors":"Jun-Fei Shen , Gui-Ming Wu , Na Tian , Hai-Wei Liang , Zhi-You Zhou , Shi-Gang Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.jcat.2025.116314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcat.2025.116314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pt-based alloys demonstrate superior catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), yet their instability due to transition metal leaching poses a critical challenge. While structurally ordered PtM intermetallic compounds (IMCs) exhibit enhanced stability compared to disordered alloys, their conventional high-temperature synthesis often induces particle aggregation and diminished catalytic performance. Herein, we present a solvent-free gas-phase dispersion strategy leveraging the volatility of acetylacetonate precursors to synthesize ordered PtCo IMC nanoparticles (PtCo/C-IMC) with ultrasmall size (3.0 nm) and uniform compressive lattice strain. The PtCo/C-IMC catalyst delivers exceptional ORR activity (0.92 A mg<sub>Pt</sub><sup>−1</sup> at 0.9 V) and durability (6.8 % mass activity decay after 100,000 cycles). In H<sub>2</sub>-air PEMFCs, it achieves a peak power density of 1.53 W cm<sup>−2</sup> at 0.6 V and demonstrates outstanding operational stability, with voltage losses of only 17 mV (0.8 A cm<sup>−2</sup>) and 21 mV (1.5 A cm<sup>−2</sup>) after 30,000 accelerated durability test (ADT) cycles, surpassing the DOE 2025 targets and outperforming most reported catalysts. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and post-ADT characterization reveal that the engineered compressive strain strengthens Pt-Co atomic interactions, optimizes the electronic structure, and elevates the vacancy formation energy of Co. These effects enhance both catalytic activity and stability, offering a scalable pathway for the design of advanced PEMFC catalysts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":346,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Catalysis","volume":"450 ","pages":"Article 116314"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144566597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juili D. Parab , Max P. McDaniel , Friederike C. Jentoft
{"title":"An adaptable model to predict the induction time of the Phillips catalyst","authors":"Juili D. Parab , Max P. McDaniel , Friederike C. Jentoft","doi":"10.1016/j.jcat.2025.116311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcat.2025.116311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Phillips catalyst, which accounts for a large fraction of the world’s linear polyethylene, is known for an induction period without appreciable ethylene consumption, followed by a period of rising activity, which together can last an hour or two. In this investigation, the effect of trace amounts of a ubiquitous contaminant, molecular oxygen, on the length of the induction period is determined. Experiments were conducted in a tubular flow reactor with a packed bed of 1 or 3 wt% Cr on SiO<sub>2</sub>. The protocol was to first treat Cr(VI)/SiO<sub>2</sub> at a temperature of 600 °C in 50 % O<sub>2</sub>, then cool and adjust the residual O<sub>2</sub> concentration at the reactor inlet to between about 50 to 500 ppm by an inert gas purge, with optional application of 1-hexene as reductant. Polymerization was conducted at a temperature of 100 °C and ethylene partial pressures of 10 to 18 kPa. The length of the induction period and the time to reach maximum activity correlated with the O<sub>2</sub> concentration at the inlet. The observations were qualitatively confirmed by high-pressure (3.79 MPa) experiments with slurried catalyst, which also demonstrated that the effect of O<sub>2</sub> can be transient, and the catalyst reaches its full polymerization activity. An adaptable model of competing reduction and reoxidation rates in the packed-bed reactor is presented that accurately predicts the length of the induction time based on O<sub>2</sub> level and the amount of catalyst loaded into the reactor.</div><div>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":346,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Catalysis","volume":"450 ","pages":"Article 116311"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144566689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiachen Jiao , Lei Zhang , Haina Hu , Hui Sun , Ziqing Xu , Yanfeng Pu , Qiuxia Han
{"title":"Designing a polyoxometalate-pillared metal-organic framework with long-range delocalization for photocatalytic oxidative cross-coupling","authors":"Jiachen Jiao , Lei Zhang , Haina Hu , Hui Sun , Ziqing Xu , Yanfeng Pu , Qiuxia Han","doi":"10.1016/j.jcat.2025.116309","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcat.2025.116309","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of a simple, mild and efficient strategy for synthesizing benzimidazole core structures and their 2-substituted derivatives remains challenging, particularly under ambient conditions using visible light irradiation without external cocatalysts. In this study, we synthesized a new polyoxometalate-based metal–organic framework (POMOF) [Ni(TPT)(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>]{[Ni(TPT)(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>3</sub>][Ni<sub>0.5</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)] (H<sub>2</sub>W<sub>12</sub>O<sub>40</sub>)}·TPT·H<sub>2</sub>O (<strong>NiW–TPT)</strong> by incorporating [H<sub>2</sub>W<sub>12</sub>O<sub>40</sub>]<sup>6-</sup> clusters into a photoactive MOF matrix through hydrothermal synthesis. The designed architecture features strategically arranged electron donors and acceptors, coupled with strong interligand interactions, which synergistically promote efficient electron-hole pair separation. Notably, the integration of polyoxometalate (POM) clusters as “electron sponges” within the catalyst framework significantly suppresses charge recombination. This unique configuration enables selective generation of superoxide radicals (O<sub>2</sub><sup>•–</sup>) via type I photogenerated electron transfer pathways under aerobic conditions. The optimized photocatalyst demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving high-yield synthesis a range of valuable benzimidazole derivatives under mild conditions, including pharmaceutically relevant compounds such as pipemidic acid and thiabendazole. Remarkably, this method proved particularly effective for condensing reactive heterocyclic aldehydes. Furthermore, the <strong>NiW–TPT</strong> catalyst maintained over 93 % of its initial activity through five consecutive recycling cycles, demonstrating excellent operational stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":346,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Catalysis","volume":"450 ","pages":"Article 116309"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144566749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hai-Yan Su , Keju Sun , Xiufang Ma , Xiangxuan Huang , Junquan Feng , Federico Calle-Vallejo
{"title":"Abridging the modeling of CO oxidation on single-atom catalysts: From microkinetics to descriptor-based analysis","authors":"Hai-Yan Su , Keju Sun , Xiufang Ma , Xiangxuan Huang , Junquan Feng , Federico Calle-Vallejo","doi":"10.1016/j.jcat.2025.116308","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcat.2025.116308","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Single-atom catalysts (SACs) display prominent performance and high metal utilization for numerous catalytic processes. Harnessing the interaction between single atoms and supports is crucial to improve the performance of SACs. By means of density functional theory calculations and microkinetic modeling including adsorbate interactions, we expose the promising synergy between 3<em>d–</em>5<em>d</em> single metal atoms (M) and TiO<sub>2</sub>(110) for CO oxidation. Upon a rigorous analysis, we identify the adsorption energy of O at M sites as a simple and robust descriptor to abridge the design of catalysts for CO oxidation on M/TiO<sub>2</sub> catalysts, so that enhanced activities are predicted at mild O adsorption energies. Single Pt and Rh atoms provide the largest enhancement around 400 K, with CO<sub>2</sub> formation rates 7–8 orders of magnitude higher than on TiO<sub>2</sub>(110). Non-precious Ta/TiO<sub>2</sub> and Mn/TiO<sub>2</sub> also exhibit salient activities. This work highlights the often disregarded yet central role of adsorbate interactions in CO oxidation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":346,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Catalysis","volume":"450 ","pages":"Article 116308"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144533720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Minhua Zhang , Yuzhe Sun , Lingtao Wang , Hao Gong , Yifei Chen
{"title":"The microscopic mechanisms and essential factors governing regioselectivity in Rh-catalyzed hydroformylation of allyl acetate via DFT and microkinetic modeling","authors":"Minhua Zhang , Yuzhe Sun , Lingtao Wang , Hao Gong , Yifei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jcat.2025.116307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcat.2025.116307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The direct hydroformylation of allyl acetate followed by hydrogenation represents a novel route for 1,4-butanediol production with significant industrial potential and market prospects. In this study, we employed Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Microkinetic Modeling (MKM) to comparatively investigate two representative Rh-based catalysts with distinct product distributions (RhH(CO)<sub>2</sub>(Xantphos) and RhH(CO)<sub>2</sub>(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>), systematically elucidate the mechanisms for improving the selectivity and regulation principles of this reaction. Theoretical calculations reveal that the regioselectivity is primarily determined by the olefin insertion step. Xantphos ligand reduces the electron density of the Rh center and provides a sterically favorable environment for the linear pathway. Additionally, the acetoxy group in allyl acetate exerts a repulsive interaction with the Rh-carbonyl, directing Rh to preferentially coordinate with the β-C, thereby significantly enhancing the formation of 4-acetoxybutyraldehyde. In contrast, the PPh<sub>3</sub>-modified Rh catalyst exhibits lower steric hindrance along the branched pathway, thus favoring the formation of branched aldehydes. Experimental investigations demonstrate that hydrogenolysis of allyl acetate predominantly occurs at the uncoordinated Rh sites, and the elevated H<sub>2</sub> concentration and higher temperature will promote this side reaction. For Xantphos, MKM simulations indicate that the increased pressure and optimized syngas composition (CO/H<sub>2</sub> = 0.5–2) can lead to linear aldehyde selectivity exceeding 98 %. Similarly, in the PPh<sub>3</sub> system, high pressure and a near-equimolar syngas ratio favor the formation of branched aldehyde. These findings unveil the intrinsic relationships between ligand design, reaction conditions and selectivity, establishing a structure–activity framework for hydroformylation of acetoxy-functionalized olefins. This work provides critical theoretical guidance for the rational design of efficient catalysts and advances the development of scalable 1,4-BDO production process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":346,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Catalysis","volume":"450 ","pages":"Article 116307"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144533721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}