Energetic Materials Frontiers最新文献

{"title":"A high density and low sensitivity carrier explosive promising to replace TNT: 3-Bromo-5-fluoro-2,4,6-trinitroanisole","authors":"Yi Wang ,&nbsp;Xiao-lan Song ,&nbsp;Zhi-hong Yu ,&nbsp;Dan Song ,&nbsp;Chong-wei An ,&nbsp;Feng-sheng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To address the issues of high saturated vapor pressure, high toxicity, and high viscosity of TNT, this article used a chemical method to synthesize a new carrier explosive BFTNAN. The prepared samples were characterized using scanning electron microscope(SEM), energy spectrum(EDS), x-ray diffraction(XRD), infrared spectrum(IR), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), nuclear magnetic resonance, and elemental analysis techniques. The enthalpy of formation of BFTNAN was measured using a specialized calorimeter that is specially used in testing of explosives and powders. The thermal decomposition performance of BFTNAN was tested by DSC technology. Meanwhile, the mechanical sensitivity, thermal sensitivity, and detonation performance of BFTNAN based melt-cast explosive was also tested. The results of characterizations showed that the prepared sample was indeed BFTNAN. The enthalpy of formation of BFTNAN was determined as Δ<em>H</em>_{f<em>,</em>BFTNAN} = −72.6 kJ·mol⁻¹. At a heating rate of 20 °C·min⁻¹, the thermal decomposition peak of BFTNAN is at <em>T</em>_P = 250.6 °C, and the activation energy is <em>E</em>_K = 80 kJ·mol⁻¹, which is closed to the <em>T</em>_p and <em>E</em>_K values of TNT. This indicates that BFTNAN is a relatively easy to decompose explosive, but the decomposition rate is not fast. The critical temperature for thermal explosion of BFTNAN reached <em>T</em>_b = 216 °C, which is also closed to the <em>T</em>_b value of TNT. The impact and friction sensitivity of BFTNAN were lower than those of TNT, which was closed to those of DNAN. The thermal sensitivity of BFTNAN is lower than TNT. The detonation velocity and heat of explosion of BFTNAN based melt-cast explosive were distinctly higher than those of TNT based explosive. Especially, BFTNAN based melt-cast explosive were of the advantages in chemical energy storage, work capacity, brisance, and ability of acceleration metals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666647224000381/pdfft?md5=33fc128748f5dc123fd25569899d09f3&pid=1-s2.0-S2666647224000381-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141413750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced Technologies: An efficient toolkit to accelerate the development of novel energetic materials","authors":"Chunlin He","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.06.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666647224000393/pdfft?md5=b13015baf078e1def6ef91bc5df254fa&pid=1-s2.0-S2666647224000393-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141509274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the mechanical properties of TATB-based PBXs through strong hydrogen bonding interactions","authors":"Xian-zhi Zhou ,&nbsp;Cheng-cheng Zeng ,&nbsp;Zi-jian Li ,&nbsp;Gang Li ,&nbsp;Sheng-jun Zheng ,&nbsp;Fu-De Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Interfacial strength is a key factor affecting the mechanical properties of materials. This study aims to enhance the mechanical properties of energetic polymer bonded explosives (PBXs) by modifying 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trintrobenzene (TATB) crystals—a typical energetic material—using 2-ureido-41H-6-methyl-pyrimidinone (UPy) derivatives with strong hydrogen-bonding interactions. Specifically, strongly adhesive polydopamine (PDA) was employed to graft UPy-functionalized molecules with isocyanate groups (–NCO) and hydroxyl groups (–OH). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images indicate that TATB crystals became rougher after being coated with PDA, while the introduction of UPy did not affect the surface morphology. The presence of urethane bond peaks in the samples indicates that UPy-NCO was successfully grafted onto the PDA. UPy is essentially nonpolar and is prone to bind with binders, having the potential to improve the creep resistance of PBXs. Due to the strong interfacial enhancement by UPy and PDA, the tensile strength and compressive strength of the sample grafted with 1 wt% UPy significantly increased by 35.6 % and 26.5 %, respectively. Theoretical calculations indicate interfacial enhancement by UPy introduction, where the strong hydrogen bonding may produce a positive impact. The successful introduction of UPy modified the nature of TATB and improved its interfacial strength, finally enhancing the mechanical properties of the PBXs. The conditions for the grafting reaction in this study are mild and universal and thus can be applied to other compositions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666647224000344/pdfft?md5=9a78e52b225fdd71ff77dddf673d40df&pid=1-s2.0-S2666647224000344-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141136707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of the crystallinity of fluoropolymer binders components in polymer-bonded explosives on shock Hugoniots: A computational study","authors":"Wen-yu Zhou, Hua-rong Li, Yong Han, Liu Liu, Hong Yang, Yang Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.03.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmf.2024.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"Fluoropolymers play a crucial role as binders in polymer-bonded explosive (PBX) formulations. However, there is a lack of clear understanding of the effects of increased fluoropolymer crystallinity on the shock response of PBXs in the service environment. This study investigated the shock Hugoniots of two widely applied fluoropolymer binders: (1) F2314 from China—a copolymer with a molar ratio of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) to chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) of 1:4 and (2) F2313 from the United States, also known as Kel F-800, with a VDF to CTFE molar ratio of 1:3. The Hugoniot curves of both fluoropolymers were calculated based on equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) and a mixing rule. Furthermore, the corresponding P–V curves were obtained through fitting using the Tait equation of state (EOS). Their calculated parameters, including zero-pressure bulk modulus () and sound velocity (), agreed well with experimental data. The results reveal that the Hugoniots of amorphous F2314 and F2313 exhibited negligible differences. However, increasing crystallinity significantly impacted the Hugoniot curves of both fluoropolymers, especially for F2314 with high crystallinity. The obtained macroscopic characteristic parameters, namely and , exhibited an exponential dependence on crystallinity. Physically, this phenomenon can be attributed to a reduction in the compressible free volume of the fluoropolymers due to a more orderly chain arrangement. Additionally, under the same compression ratio, the shock temperature of the fluoropolymers increased with the crystallinity, posing potential safety risks to explosives. These findings establish a correlation between the crystallinity of fluoropolymers and the shock properties of PBXs, providing a theoretical reference for the formulation design of fluoropolymer-based PBXs.","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140128400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graphical Abstract","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2666-6472(24)00018-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-6472(24)00018-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666647224000186/pdfft?md5=fbd7b146a87c41ef507d35ed3d035c4e&pid=1-s2.0-S2666647224000186-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140554710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Azo-linked four-heterocyclic energetic molecule and its complexes: Exploring the important influence of conjugated planar structure on their crystal arrangement and stability","authors":"Rui-bing Lv ,&nbsp;Jin-yang Zhou ,&nbsp;Liu He ,&nbsp;Ting-wei Wang ,&nbsp;Hong-zhen Li ,&nbsp;Qi Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using two routes, this study designed and synthesized a novel azo-linked four-heterocyclic compound, 1,2-bis(5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl) diazene (<strong>3</strong>, H₄BTTD), with high yields. It corroborated that large conjugated planar energetic molecules in energetic compounds, exemplified by H₄BTTD, contribute to the formation of layered crystal stacking based on abundant hydrogen bonds and interlayer π-π interactions. This markedly diminishes the mechanical sensitivities of energetic compounds. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments revealed the presence of layered structures in H₄BTTD hydrate, as well as its magnesium-based complex [Mg₂(BTTD)(H₂O)₈] <strong>(4)</strong> and calcium salt [Ca(H₂O)₇] (H₃BTTD)₂ <strong>(5)</strong>. Based on these structural data, this study analyzed the causes of these layered structures. Furthermore, this study systematically characterized the compounds’ physical and chemical properties, including mechanical sensitivities (<em>IS</em> ≥ 20 J, <em>FS</em> &gt; 360 N), thermal stability (<em>T</em>_d = 253.7–287.8 °C), and detonation performance (<em>D</em> = 6808–8253 m⋅s⁻¹), confirming the influence of molecular structures on the macroscopic properties of energetic materials through crystal stacking. Additionally, pyrotechnic formulas based on compounds <strong>3</strong> and <strong>5</strong> exhibited the most intense light emission within a wavelength range of 658.6–689.8 nm, underscoring the potential application of both compounds as promising candidates in preparing high-purity red pyrotechnic formulation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666647224000010/pdfft?md5=a6a56b5c3c1e120fe646459f923c13ce&pid=1-s2.0-S2666647224000010-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139770717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stabilizer selection and formulation strategies for enhanced stability of single base nitrocellulose propellants: A review","authors":"Siti Nor Ain Rusly ,&nbsp;Siti Hasnawati Jamal ,&nbsp;Alinda Samsuri ,&nbsp;Siti Aminah Mohd Noor ,&nbsp;Khoirul Solehah Abdul Rahim","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.02.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.02.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Stabilizers play a crucial role in preventing undesirable decomposition and degradation reactions of propellants, thus ensuring their long-term performance and safe storage. This review highlights recent advancements in stabilizer selection and formulation techniques, aiming to enhance the stability of single base nitrocellulose (SB-NC) propellants. It examines several types of stabilizers for SB-NC propellants, including their reaction mechanisms and effectiveness in preventing degradation reactions of the propellants, as well as the effects of their concentrations, particle sizes, and distributions on the propellants’ stability. Furthermore, it explores innovative approaches such as nano and green stabilizers with improved stability and compatibility. This review also provides insights into methods for evaluating the efficiency and propellant stability of the stabilizers, such as thermal analysis and accelerated aging tests. The findings of this review will assist in developing advanced propellant formulations that meet the growing demand for the applications of NC-based propellants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666647224000083/pdfft?md5=21d1ad566641843cfe9ee2b3560204e4&pid=1-s2.0-S2666647224000083-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139926589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ferrocene-fullerene dyad as a novel burn rate modifier for propellants","authors":"Shrutika Sriramrao,&nbsp;Parveen Raman,&nbsp;Akash Dhas,&nbsp;Shaibal Banerjee","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The burn rate of composite rocket propellants serves as a critical ballistic parameter in the construction of a rocket engine. Due to their large surface areas, carbon-based materials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and fullerene have demonstrated promising results as burn rate modifiers (BRMs) for propellants. Unlike their inorganic counterparts, these materials, being combustible, contribute to energy output besides enhancing the burn rate. This study reported a ferrocene-fullerene dyad as a BRM prepared through the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) in composite solid propellants. By incorporating 0.6 wt% of the dyad, the burn rate of the prepared propellants increased by 70%, accompanied by a rise in their calorific value.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666647224000022/pdfft?md5=bda5e8d19b03995ed91353759857d0d2&pid=1-s2.0-S2666647224000022-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139926595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cover Story","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2666-6472(24)00017-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-6472(24)00017-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666647224000174/pdfft?md5=6a2bc5a9bf71118a6781998998f95594&pid=1-s2.0-S2666647224000174-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140554709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Auto-ignition of ionic liquid fuels with hydrogen peroxide triggered by copper-containing liquid promoter","authors":"Si-cheng Liao ,&nbsp;Tian-lin Liu ,&nbsp;Zhi-yu Zhou ,&nbsp;Kang-cai Wang ,&nbsp;Qing-hua Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.02.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.02.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Research into next-generation propellants with green fuel–oxidizer pairs to replace the currently used highly toxic hydrazine–N₂O₄ system has attracted widespread attention. Ionic liquids (ILs) and hydrogen peroxide have demonstrated their feasibility as a green fuel and an oxidizer, respectively. However, the realisation of effective auto-ignition is the key problem. In this study, a new strategy to trigger the auto-ignition of ILs fuels with hydrogen peroxide by using a unique copper-containing liquid as the promoter is developed. The copper-containing promoter is designed such that its cationic structure is similar to that of the ILs fuels. Based on the principle of “like dissolves like,” the fuel and promoter can be miscible at any ratio to eventually form a catalytic fuel. In addition, the physicochemical properties (e.g. density, viscosity and decomposition temperature) and performance parameters (e.g. ignition delay time and specific impulse) of the as-prepared catalytic fuel are completely characterised. Owing to their excellent hypergolic performance with a short ignition delay time of 16 ms, in combination with the advantages of simple preparation, perfect solubility and green characteristics, the catalytic fuel–oxidizer pair demonstrates promise as bipropellants for rocket applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666647224000071/pdfft?md5=6f75e4c45e7f13be8f845719334cce58&pid=1-s2.0-S2666647224000071-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139872378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}