Energetic Materials Frontiers最新文献

{"title":"Nitrogen-rich triazine, triazolo and tetrazolo-triazine-based energetic compounds: A new class of fluorinated organic explosives","authors":"Parasar Kumar ,&nbsp;Ramling S. Mathpati ,&nbsp;Vikas D. Ghule ,&nbsp;Srinivas Dharavath","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.08.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.08.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Various nitrogen-rich fluorinated energetic materials based on monocyclic triazine, fused triazolo-triazine, and tetrazolo-triazine backbones were synthesized and fully characterized using multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H, ¹³C, ¹⁹F NMR), infrared spectroscopy (IR), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and elemental analysis (EA). Additionally, 4-azido-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine (ATFT, <strong>2</strong>) was confirmed using single-crystal X-ray analysis (SC-XRD). All the synthesized compounds possess good density (&gt;1.75 g cm⁻³), moderate to good thermal decomposition temperature (149–196 °C), good detonation properties (VOD = 6754–8058 m s⁻¹; DP = 12.18–25.90 GPa), and excellent insensitivity (<em>IS</em> = 40 J, <em>FS</em> = 360 N). These findings provide new perspectives for the design of trifluoromethyl-containing energetic materials and also bring a new design of organic explosives with acceptable detonation properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 326-331"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145365961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen-rich skeleton reassembled ECOFs as energetic materials with low sensitivities and good corrosion resistance","authors":"Wen-zhe Huang,&nbsp;Lei Liu,&nbsp;Lu Lu,&nbsp;Yu-ji Liu,&nbsp;Wei Huang,&nbsp;Yong-xing Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Corrosion between energetic materials and metal containers can accelerate material aging and failure, significantly affecting the safety, reliability, and lifespan of ammunition systems. To address this challenge, we propose the construction of energetic covalent organic frameworks (ECOFs) as a promising solution. We introduce a straightforward method for synthesizing nitrogen-rich ECOFs. The synthesized ECOFs were characterized through powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). These frameworks exhibit remarkable thermal stability, with decomposition temperatures above 285 °C. Notably, they display low sensitivity to non-explosive stimuli, as evidenced by impact sensitivity over 60 J and friction sensitivity over 360 N. The anti-rust properties of the ECOFs were further evaluated using Tafel curve analysis, highlighting their exceptional resistance to metal corrosion. Particularly, ECOF-3, synthesized from triaminoguanidine nitrate and 5-nitro-1,3-benzenedicarboxaldehyde, stands out for its superior steel corrosion resistance. These ECOFs have potential applications as high-energy, anti-corrosion coatings materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 291-298"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2- Oxaadamantane-4,8,9,10-tetrayl tetranitrate: A novel oxa-type cage-like energetic compound","authors":"Qi Zhou,&nbsp;Huan Li,&nbsp;Long Zhu,&nbsp;Bing Li,&nbsp;Yun-zhi Liu,&nbsp;Gui-xiang Wang,&nbsp;Yu Zhang,&nbsp;Jun Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.03.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.03.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polynitrooxaadamantanes have a broad application prospect in the field of energetic materials. Herein, a novel cage-like energetic compound, 2-oxaadamantane-4,8,9,10-tetrayl tetranitrate, was synthesized from bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-dione via six steps. It exhibits high single-crystal density (1.731 g cm⁻³), good thermal stability (onset decomposition temperature of 177 °C), acceptable detonation performances (theoretical detonation velocity of 7644 m s⁻¹and detonation pressure of 25 GPa). These results imply that the as-prepared compound has the potential to be used as high energy-density energetic compound.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 299-304"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145365860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing thermal stability through positional pyrazole isomerization: Synthesis and characterization of 2’-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H,2’H-5,5’-bistetrazole and its energetic derivatives","authors":"Jing Liu,&nbsp;Ya-qun Dong,&nbsp;Miao Li,&nbsp;Yu-ji Liu,&nbsp;Wei Huang,&nbsp;Yong-xing Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of energetic compounds with superior comprehensive properties remains a central focus in energetic materials research. By employing positional pyrazole isomerization, we have successfully synthesized 2’-(1<em>H</em>-pyrazol-4-yl)-1<em>H</em>,2’<em>H</em>-5,5’-bistetrazole (<strong>2</strong>) and its several energetic salts (<strong>2a-f</strong>). The synthesized compounds were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The structure of compound <strong>2a</strong> was further confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Notably, compound <strong>2</strong>, featuring 4-substitution on the pyrazole, demonstrates superior overall properties compared to the previously reported isomer <strong>V</strong> with 3-substitution. Among the newly synthesized salts, compound <strong>2d</strong> exhibits exceptional thermal stability, while compound <strong>2c</strong> shows a detonation velocity comparable to RDX. These findings suggest that positional isomerization is a promising approach for enhancing the thermal stability of energetic compounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 347-353"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145365963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First comprehensive study of energetic (methoxy-NNO-azoxy)furazans: Novel synthetic route, characterization, and property analysis","authors":"Andrey A. Kulikov ,&nbsp;Nikita E. Leonov ,&nbsp;Michael S. Klenov ,&nbsp;Gennady A. Smirnov ,&nbsp;Yurii A. Strelenko ,&nbsp;Ivan V. Fedyanin ,&nbsp;Tatiana S. Kon'kova ,&nbsp;Yurii N. Matyushin ,&nbsp;Alla N. Pivkina ,&nbsp;Vladimir A. Tartakovsky","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.08.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.08.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper provides the first in-depth study of energetic methoxy-<em>NNO</em>-azoxy compounds. 3-Amino-4-(methoxy-<em>NNO</em>-azoxy)furazan (<strong>7</strong>) is a useful precursor to a number of high-enthalpy substituted (methoxy-<em>NNO</em>-azoxy)furazans enriched with explosophoric functionalities (azofurazan <strong>8</strong>, nitrofurazan <strong>9</strong>, azoxyfurazan <strong>10</strong> and methylene dinitramine <strong>11</strong>). It was shown for the first time that the interaction of nitroso compounds with salts of <em>O</em>-substituted <em>N</em>-nitrohydroxylamines leads to the formation of corresponding azoxy-oxy [N(O)=N–O] compounds, as exemplified by the reaction of 3-amino-4-nitrosofurazan (<strong>15</strong>) with the ammonium salt of <em>O</em>-methyl-<em>N</em>-nitrohydroxylamine (<strong>16</strong>) to give 3-amino-4-(methoxy-<em>NNO</em>-azoxy)furazan (<strong>7</strong>). This novel approach turned out to be the most suitable for the multigram synthesis of aminofurazan <strong>7</strong>. The resulting (methoxy-<em>NNO</em>-azoxy)furazans <strong>7</strong>–<strong>11</strong> have good thermal stability (onset decomposition temperatures 148–238 °C), high experimental enthalpies of formation (1435–2750 kJ⋅kg⁻¹) and acceptable densities (1.57–1.75 g⋅cm⁻³). In terms of detonation performance, all synthesized compounds (detonation velocities <em>D</em> = 7.9–8.5 km⋅s⁻¹, detonation pressures <em>P</em>_C–J = 26–32 GPa) lie between 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) (<em>D</em> = 8.9 km⋅s⁻¹, <em>P</em>_C–J = 36 GPa) and <em>N</em>-methyl-<em>N</em>-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)nitramide (Tetryl) (<em>D</em> = 7.6 km⋅s⁻¹, <em>P</em>_C–J = 26 GPa). The sensitivity study was performed and the results were compared to those for prevalent energetic materials. We have shown the extent to which introduction of the methoxy-<em>NNO</em>-azoxy group into a molecule can be used to tune the crucial properties of energetic materials (enthalpy of formation and thermal stability).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 370-382"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145365966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of energetic materials: from molecular design to performance control","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 265-266"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145365857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitropyrazole energetic compounds functionalized with dinitroethyl, trinitromethyl, or oxadiazolyl group: Synthesis, structure and energetic performance","authors":"Yang-rui Cui,&nbsp;Jian-shuo Cheng,&nbsp;Yuan-gang Xu,&nbsp;Ming Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pyrazole derivatives with polynitro groups were extensively researched in energetic material field as they show high energy density and excellent detonation properties, but the specific synthesis process still encounters challenges. In this paper, we firstly combined trinitromethyl, dinitroethyl, oxadiazolyl moieties with pyrazole, successfully designed and synthesized three novel poly-nitro pyrazole energetic compounds by nitration. Their structural features were investigated using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy. 3-(3,5-Dinitro-1<em>H</em>-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4<em>H</em>)-one (<strong>12</strong>) possessed a superior thermal stability (235.1 °C) due to the presence of strong conjugated interaction in this structure. Among all, 3-nitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1<em>H</em>-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid (<strong>8</strong>) exhibited a good thermal stability (163.7 °C), a high density of 1.829 g cm⁻³ at 298 K in combination with excellent detonation properties (<em>D</em>: 8747 m s⁻¹; <em>P</em>: 33.613 GPa). The results indicate that three compounds have promise to act as novel energetic materials and the synthesis provides a direction for polynitro compounds and oxadiazol based energetic compounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 318-325"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145365859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constructing high-performance and stable energetic salts through enhanced conjugation and increased hydrogen bonds","authors":"Li-nan Zhang,&nbsp;Guang Wu,&nbsp;Ze Xu,&nbsp;Shuai-jie Jiang,&nbsp;Ming Lu,&nbsp;Qiu-han Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2024.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pursuit of novel energetic materials with enhanced energy and safety represents an enduring challenge. Towards this goal, we employed the energetic salts to design and synthesize a metal salt (<strong>1</strong>) as well as three nitrogen-rich energetic salts (<strong>2</strong>, <strong>3</strong>, <strong>4</strong>) derived from 1,2-bis(4,5-di(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl) diazene (<strong>NL24</strong>). The title compounds were fully characterized using Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR), and elemental analysis. The structures of the salts <strong>1</strong>, <strong>2</strong> and <strong>4</strong> were further confirmed by single crystal X-ray analysis. The results showed that the physiochemical properties of <strong>1</strong> were improved, including thermal stability (<em>T</em>_d = 281 °C), and explosive performance (<em>V</em>_D = 9200 m s⁻¹). Besides, the physicochemical stability of hydrazine salt (<strong>4</strong>) reached the optimum level, including thermal stability (<em>T</em>_d = 294 °C) and mechanical sensitivity (IS = 25 J, FS = 220 N). In addition, the structure-property relationship was elucidated through investigation of the crystal structure and the noncovalent interactions of <strong>1</strong>, <strong>2</strong> and <strong>4</strong>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 354-361"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145365964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combustion synthesis of Cu/CuO-doped porous carbon nitride nanocomposites: rapid preparation of high-performance catalysts for the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate","authors":"Xing-yang Cui, Jinchao Ma, Shuyan Xu, Ji-zhou Dong, Fengli Bei, Chuan Xiao, Hua Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.06.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmf.2025.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"There is a growing interest in the development of metal-doped carbon nitrides due to their extensive applications in photocatalysis, organocatalysis, electrocatalysis, nanozymes, and biosensing technologies. Here a series of transition metal-doped carbon nitride nanocomposite has been developed utilizing a rapid combustion synthesis method. Comprehensive characterization of the samples was conducted utilizing techniques such as X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersion X-ray spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area measurement analysis. The catalytic effects of the composites were evaluated through TG and DSC analyses. Among the composite materials studied, PCN-0.50Cu with the unique bivalent state structure of copper (Cu(0) and CuO(II)) demonstrated the highest catalytic activity, resulting in a reduction of the peak decomposition temperature of ammonium perchlorate (AP) by 101.5°C, a decrease in the duration of thermal decomposition by 54.7%, and a reduction in activation energy by 141.5 kJ·mol -1 . Moreover, the incorporation of PCN-1.00Cu at a concentration of 2 wt.% resulted in a 45.47% enhancement in the combustion rate of HTPB-based solid propellant. The combustion synthesis of transition metal-doped carbon nitride nanocomposites constitutes an effective approach for the development of solid propellants catalysts and advances the potential applications of nanocomposites in high-energy solid propellant technologies. Schematic diagram showing the preparation process for PCN-0.50Cu and accelerated electron transfer. • Rapid combustion synthesis of transition metal-doped carbon nitride nanocomposites; • The distinctive divalent configuration of Cu/CuO with improved electron transfer capabilities and thermal conductivity is advantageous for applications in AP catalysis; • Persuasive data stems from a comprehensive evaluation of catalytic performance, including thermal decomposition temperature, duration, and activation energy; • Significantly improve the combustion performance, energy performance, and mechanical sensitivity of HTPB-based solid propellants.","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"6 4","pages":"432-445"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147892633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modified double base propellants containing RDX with zero burning rate temperature coefficient","authors":"Chao Zhang ,&nbsp;Xue-Xue Zhang ,&nbsp;Ha Xiang ,&nbsp;Xiao-hong Zhang ,&nbsp;Qi-Long Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low temperature sensitivity coefficients are of great significance for improving the combustion stability of modified double-base propellants (MDBPs) under sensitive environmental conditions. In this work, different combined catalyst systems containing Pb-complex, magnesium oxide (MgO), carbon black (CB) and Cu-complex have been employed to tune the combustion behavior of MDBPs. The effects of these catalysts on the combustion properties of MDBP have been comprehensively investigated at the pressure range of 4–15 MPa and different initial temperatures (−40, 20 and 50 °C). The MDBPs with composite catalysts of Pb-complex, MgO, CB and Cu-complex (NR_PbMgCBCu) has almost zero temperature sensitivity coefficient. The combined catalyst systems have catalytic effect on thermal decomposition and combustion of MDBPs, which is more likely to cause an intensive combustion especially at lower pressures. The burning rate temperature sensitivity and pressure exponent of NR_PbMgCBCu have been largely reduced by adding this combined catalyst systems. The results show that the exothermic peak temperature of NR_PbMgCBCu was decreased by 8.2 °C, and its heat release has been increased by 26.4 %, whereas the heat of combustion is 4.1 % higher than that of the blank MDBP. More importantly, the burning rates of MDB propellants with catalysts are notably increased by 86.9 %–169.8 % at 4 MPa. The combination of Pb-complex, MgO, CB and Cu-complex may have the best stabilization effect on the burn rate sensitivity to the initial temperature for MDBPs. The calculated pressure exponent of NR_PbMgCBCu at 6–12 MPa was largely reduced to 0.03, whereas the corresponding temperature sensitivity coefficient was only 5.4E-4 %·°C⁻¹.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 202-211"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}