Energetic Materials Frontiers最新文献

Celebrating the 85th Anniversary of Beijing Institute of Technology 庆祝北京理工大学85周年校庆

IF 3.9

Energetic Materials Frontiers Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2026.02.006

引用次数: 0

Dynamic mechanical analysis and molecular structure analysis of an energetic thermoplastic elastomer 一种高能热塑性弹性体的动态力学分析和分子结构分析

IF 3.9

Energetic Materials Frontiers Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2026.01.015

Wen-hao Liu, Wu Yang, Cong Zhu, Tian-qi Li, Meng-jing An, Teng Wang, Jing Zhang, Yun-jun Luo

{"title":"Dynamic mechanical analysis and molecular structure analysis of an energetic thermoplastic elastomer","authors":"Wen-hao Liu, Wu Yang, Cong Zhu, Tian-qi Li, Meng-jing An, Teng Wang, Jing Zhang, Yun-jun Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2026.01.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2026.01.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the dynamic mechanical properties and molecular relaxation mechanisms of glycidyl azide polymer-based energetic thermoplastic elastomer (GAP-ETPE) through dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). This work quantitatively revealed the relationship between the molecular motion pattern and the macroscopic performance of GAP-ETPE. Frequency-dependent DMA tests demonstrated that increased loading frequency shifts storage modulus (<em>E</em>′) curves toward higher temperatures, with glass transition temperature (<em>T</em><sub>g</sub>, defined by <em>E</em>″ peak) ranging from −36.25 °C to −32.71 °C. Exponentially Modified Gaussian (EMG) deconvolution identified three molecular motional units: Peak 1 (soft-segment relaxation), Peak 2 (imperfect hard-segment domains), and Peak 3 (ordered hard-segment microcrystals). Frequency increases drove a 20.6 % reduction in Peak1 contribution while elevating Peak 2 and Peak 3 by 16.79 % and 3.75 %, respectively, indicating hard-segment reorganization under dynamic loads. A master curve for <em>E</em>′ was established via time-temperature superposition (TTS), enabling prediction of viscoelastic behavior across extended frequencies (10<sup>−3</sup>–10<sup>3</sup> Hz) with an Arrhenius-derived activation energy of 291.11 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>. This work provides important insights into the dynamic mechanical properties of GAP-ETPE under complex use conditions, supporting the design of adhesives for high-energy composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 98-105"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147556701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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A bi-alkyl-bridge strategy for highly thermally stable tetrazoles via enhanced conjugation 高热稳定性四氮唑的双烷基桥策略

IF 3.9

Energetic Materials Frontiers Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2026.01.013

Jin-yu Chang, Ning Ding, Yan-da Jiang, Xu-dong Xu, Bao-jing Tian, Qi Sun, Sheng-hua Li

{"title":"A bi-alkyl-bridge strategy for highly thermally stable tetrazoles via enhanced conjugation","authors":"Jin-yu Chang, Ning Ding, Yan-da Jiang, Xu-dong Xu, Bao-jing Tian, Qi Sun, Sheng-hua Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2026.01.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2026.01.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we introduced the “bi-alkyl-bridge” strategy to synthesize a bi-alkyl-bridged cyclotetrazole energetic material. This method improves the stability by introducing an alkyl bridge at the C and N positions of the tetrazole to form a bi-alkyl-bridged structure. The formed parallel ring structure effectively improves the degree of conjugation of the compound and improves the stability. The target compound (<strong>3</strong>) exhibits a high decomposition temperature (<em>T</em><sub>d</sub> = 289 °C), which is significantly superior to its mono-alkyl-bridged analogues, the C-bridged (<strong>1</strong>, <em>T</em><sub>d</sub> = 223 °C) and N-bridged (<strong>2</strong>, <em>T</em><sub>d</sub> = 200 °C) tetrazoles. This strategy realized the successful synthesis of bi-alkyl-bridged cyclotetrazole compounds, and further clarified the advantages of the bi-alkyl-bridged structure by comparing with two alkyl-bridged tetrazole compounds. The bi-alkyl-bridge strategy of this work provides new insights into the synthesis of new heat-resistant energetic materials in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 16-22"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147556718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Modification of electrostatic sensitivity by the resonant absorption of N-N bond under carbon dioxide laser irradiation 二氧化碳激光辐照下N-N键共振吸收对静电灵敏度的影响

IF 3.9

Energetic Materials Frontiers Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2026.02.005

Ye-ping Ren , Ying Zhang , Xiao-ning Yang , Xiao-dong Liu , Hao-han Sun , Xin-yu Zhang , An Li , Cai-hao Ding , Qing-hai Shu , Fan-zhi Yang , Min Xia , Rui-bin Liu

{"title":"Modification of electrostatic sensitivity by the resonant absorption of N-N bond under carbon dioxide laser irradiation","authors":"Ye-ping Ren , Ying Zhang , Xiao-ning Yang , Xiao-dong Liu , Hao-han Sun , Xin-yu Zhang , An Li , Cai-hao Ding , Qing-hai Shu , Fan-zhi Yang , Min Xia , Rui-bin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2026.02.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2026.02.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quantitatively modulating sensitivity of the energetic materials while minimizing detonation energy impact is a persistent challenge as conventional modification methods often sacrifice energy output. Herein, we propose a novel strategy utilizing resonant absorption of vibrational energy levels by specific laser wavelengths to induce thermal effects, leading to controlled lattice disruption with negligible molecular changes.By this method, the irradiation with a 10.6 μm CO<sub>2</sub> laser line on RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) reduces electrostatic sensitivity by 30%, while detonation-related parameters (e.g., velocity, pressure) remain within acceptable error margins.Structural characterization confirmed irradiation-induced crystallographic changes and subtle molecular modifications in RDX. This finding highlights the underlying mechanism of the reduction process. CO<sub>2</sub> laser photons are resonantly absorbed by the N-N bonds in RDX molecules, inducing thermal effects in the crystal lattice, leading to crystal melting and partial N-NO<sub>2</sub> bond breakage, significantly reducing sensitivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 106-114"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147556702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cover Story 封面故事

IF 3.9

Energetic Materials Frontiers Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-27 DOI: 10.1016/S2666-6472(26)00031-X

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Revealing reaction kinetics in ammonium perchlorate (AP) combustion using an EM-HyChem approach 用EM-HyChem方法揭示高氯酸铵（AP）燃烧反应动力学

IF 3.9

Energetic Materials Frontiers Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2026.02.001

Xin-zhe Chen , Wei Sun , Yong-jin Wang , Ke-hui Pang , Yu-quan Liu , Min Wang , Qing-zhao Chu , Dong-ping Chen

{"title":"Revealing reaction kinetics in ammonium perchlorate (AP) combustion using an EM-HyChem approach","authors":"Xin-zhe Chen , Wei Sun , Yong-jin Wang , Ke-hui Pang , Yu-quan Liu , Min Wang , Qing-zhao Chu , Dong-ping Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2026.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2026.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The combustion kinetics of ammonium perchlorate (AP), a key oxidizer in solid propellants, remain debated due to the complexity of its solid-phase decomposition. In this study, the reaction kinetics of AP is resolved by decoupling the complex combustion process into solid-phase pyrolysis and gas-phase oxidation sub-processes, proposed as EM-HyChem approach. By this approach, the key pyrolysis products and reaction mechanisms are identified through molecular dynamics simulations. The chemical reaction neural network model is then employed to extract the rate parameters in pyrolysis model from thermogravimetric experiments. Subsequently, the pyrolysis model is coupled with an oxidation model for the pyrolysis products to build a kinetic model for AP. The kinetic model is used to simulate AP laminar flame via a one-dimensional method. Predicted burning rates, surface temperatures, and species profiles show good agreement with results from other experimental measurements and models. Sensitivity analysis of kinetic parameters provides insights into the factors contributing to the N-shaped curve of the AP burning rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 71-77"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147556706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Beyond conventional activation barriers: synergistic QM-MD/DFT exploration of fluorinated oxidizer-enhanced hydrocarbon decomposition 超越传统的活化障碍：协同QM-MD/DFT探索氟化氧化剂增强的碳氢化合物分解

IF 3.9

Energetic Materials Frontiers Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2025.10.002

Zhi-qiang Wang, Tian Ma, De-zhou Guo, Yi Tong, Feng-lei Huang

{"title":"Beyond conventional activation barriers: synergistic QM-MD/DFT exploration of fluorinated oxidizer-enhanced hydrocarbon decomposition","authors":"Zhi-qiang Wang, Tian Ma, De-zhou Guo, Yi Tong, Feng-lei Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrocarbon fuels are a major focus of fuel application and research due to the high volumetric calorific value. The addition of ClF<sub>3</sub>O with strong oxidizability as an initiator in fuels is considered to be an effective method to improve the overall thermal decomposition rate. This study employs the quantum mechanics molecular dynamics (QM-MD) and density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the thermal decomposition reaction of C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub> initiated by ClF<sub>3</sub>O, focusing on reaction mechanism, decomposition temperature, and product distribution. The decomposition reactions channels of ClF<sub>3</sub>O/C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub> mainly occur through two types of reactions: initiating decomposition by ClF<sub>3</sub>O and decomposition of fuel itself. From the QM-MD simulations, we find ClF<sub>3</sub>O can accelerate C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub> decompositions, since the H-abstraction on C1 site of C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub> can be initiated by ClF<sub>3</sub>O and other small molecular radical at relatively lower temperatures, which is more likely to occur due to its low activation energy compared to the C-C bond cleavage. The H· and CH<sub>3</sub>· radicals generated by dehydrogenation and C-C bond cleavage in the self-decomposition stage further promoted the decomposition of C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub> and produced a variety of alkane radicals. Meanwhile, the product HF could promote the self-decomposition of C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub> because of its acid properties. This work might provide important theoretical insights for fluorine-containing compounds as initiators to induce thermal decomposition reactions of hydrocarbon fuels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 61-70"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147556705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thermal decomposition mechanism of nitroguanidine via a chemical reaction neural network and experiments 基于化学反应神经网络的硝基胍热分解机理及实验

IF 3.9

Energetic Materials Frontiers Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2025.12.006

Ya-bei Xu , Yong-jin Wang , Dong-ping Chen

{"title":"Thermal decomposition mechanism of nitroguanidine via a chemical reaction neural network and experiments","authors":"Ya-bei Xu , Yong-jin Wang , Dong-ping Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.12.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.12.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitroguanidine (NQ) plays a central role in aerospace and industrial fields, and a deep understanding of its dynamic behavior and reaction mechanisms is crucial for accurately predicting its combustion and explosive properties. To this end, this work proposes a novel kinetic modelling approach that combines a chemical reaction neural network (CRNN) with thermogravimetric (TG) experiments to conduct an in-depth study of NQ reaction kinetics. The results demonstrate that the kinetic model constructed via the CRNN accurately fits the experimental data, revealing the main reaction pathways of NQ and extracting kinetic parameters. Two simplified models have been developed: a single-step reaction model and a multistep reaction model. The single-step model, regarded as the global reaction of NQ, effectively predicts the pyrolysis process of NQ and the formation of its solid products, with activation energy values that are consistent with the experimental results. The multistep reaction model successfully reproduces the TG curve and offers a detailed depiction of the NQ reaction mechanism, covering the initial decomposition pathway, intermediate products, and interconversion reactions among gases. Compared with other data-driven modelling techniques, the CRNN modelling approach incorporates constraints from both experimental and numerical results, making the derived kinetic models more physically reasonable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 39-47"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147557089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mechanisms of jet formation and energy release in aluminized explosives: A DEM-FDM study 含铝炸药射流形成和能量释放机理：DEM-FDM研究

IF 3.9

Energetic Materials Frontiers Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2025.11.004

Jia-yu-qing Liu , Qing-guan Song , Sheng-li Jiang , Rui Sun , Ze-zhou Li , Xin Yu , Si-ping Pang , Lei Zhang

{"title":"Mechanisms of jet formation and energy release in aluminized explosives: A DEM-FDM study","authors":"Jia-yu-qing Liu , Qing-guan Song , Sheng-li Jiang , Rui Sun , Ze-zhou Li , Xin Yu , Si-ping Pang , Lei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the coupled jet dynamics and afterburning reaction of aluminum particles in aluminized explosives remains a challenge due to the ultra-fast interaction, surpassing the resolution capabilities of current experimental equipment. In this study, we employ a coupled Discrete Element Method-Finite Difference Method (DEM-FDM) framework to investigate the jet formation and energy release mechanisms in a prototypical TNT/aluminum system. The simulations explore how varying the mass ratio, particle radius, and packing density influence particle jetting behavior and spatial dispersion. A three-stage jet formation mechanism is identified, characterized by uniform, gradient, and non-monotonic velocity distributions. We demonstrate that the mass ratio dominates jet morphology, while particle radius and packing density exert secondary effects. The afterburning process, captured by finite-rate combustion modeling, reveals a non-monotonic dependence of energy release on both particle dispersion speed and reaction rate. An optimal dispersion speed and reaction rate are identified for maximizing impulse. These findings offer mechanistic insights and design guidelines for performance-optimized aluminized explosive formulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 48-60"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147557090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

UV-curing 3D printing of composite energetic materials and its challenges 复合含能材料的uv固化3D打印及其挑战

IF 3.9

Energetic Materials Frontiers Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.enmf.2026.01.005

Lin Zhong , Hao Li , Qi-fa Yao , Min Xia , Qing-jun Wang , Zhi-shuai Geng , Fan-zhi Yang , Rui-bin Liu , Yun-jun Luo

{"title":"UV-curing 3D printing of composite energetic materials and its challenges","authors":"Lin Zhong , Hao Li , Qi-fa Yao , Min Xia , Qing-jun Wang , Zhi-shuai Geng , Fan-zhi Yang , Rui-bin Liu , Yun-jun Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2026.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2026.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While 3D printing technologies based on various curing methods like thermal curing, photopolymerization, solvent evaporation molding, and melt cooling have been extensively studied in the field of composite energetic materials (CEMs), recent advancements in multi-material, multi-nozzle, and acoustic resonance techniques are now enabling the fabrication of CEMs with highly complex architectures and novel formulations, including polymer-bonded explosives (PBX), propellants, and pyrotechnics. 3D printing provides a more convenient and reliable approach for the structural design and study of the structure-performance relationship in CEMs, which is challenging to achieve through traditional subtractive or equivalent material manufacturing. UV-curing 3D printing, as a rapid-curing 3D printing method, offers advantages such as superior safety, efficiency, and environmental friendliness over other methods, garnering significant attention in the 3D printing of CEMs. This paper focuses on UV-curing technology and provides a detailed overview of the research progress on various UV-curing 3D printing techniques in the field of CEMs. It also discusses the advantages of 3D printing in the design of structured CEMs charges. Finally, based on the current research status of 3D printing for CEMs, we summarize some existing issues and present our perspectives on future development trends.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 122-133"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147556707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0