Energetic Materials Frontiers最新文献

{"title":"Organic superbase-mediated synthesis of borohydride ionic liquids as novel composite hypergolic fuels","authors":"Zhi Wang ,&nbsp;Li-han Fei ,&nbsp;Hong-lei Xia ,&nbsp;Yun-he Jin ,&nbsp;Qing-hua Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2022.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2022.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study prepared a series of novel hypergolic fluids based on borohydride ionic liquids and organic superbase using an in situ synthetic method. In these hypergolic fluids, ionic liquids in 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN) and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) acted as triggers for the self-ignition of DBN and DBU upon contact with high-concentration hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). These hypergolic fluids had high densities (&gt;1.000 ​g ​cm⁻³), low viscosities (as low as 34.03 ​cP), and acceptable ignition delay times (IDT). The ignition processes of the hypergolic fluids with 90% H₂O₂ as an oxidizer were first investigated in this study, and they differed from the previously reported ignition phenomena. Different from the case with white fuming acid (WFNA) as an oxidizer, the ignition processes of hypergolic fluids with 90% H₂O₂ as an oxidizer did not exhibit secondary rebound and splashing and formed a homogeneous mixed layer when the droplets were in contact with 90% H₂O₂. The different ignition processes significantly influenced the properties of hypergolic fluids. Compared with the hypergolic fluids with WFNA as an oxidizer, those with 90% H₂O₂ as an oxidizer showed a shorter IDT (IDT_{min[90% H2O2]=}28.3 ​ms, IDT_min[WFNA]=126 ​ms) and formed stable flames without secondary combustion. These results demonstrate that the in-situ synthesized fuels in this study hold great promise as green fuels in hypergolic propulsion systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 77-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41496752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the mechanical performances of polymer bonded explosives using monomer tuned polythioureas","authors":"Shao-cong Deng ,&nbsp;Ya-jun Luo ,&nbsp;Yan-zhou Qu ,&nbsp;Xin-ru Yang ,&nbsp;Zhi-jian Yang ,&nbsp;Xu Zhao ,&nbsp;Yi-ding Liu ,&nbsp;Fu-de Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To improve the mechanical properties of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene-1,3,5-triamine (TATB)-based polymer bonded explosives (PBXs), four kinds of polythiourea binders, namely the polyetherthiourea (P1), aliphatic polythiourea (P2), aromatic polythiourea (P3) and silane polythiourea (P4), were prepared and used in the PBXs. These four polythioureas were synthesized via the copolymerization of carbon disulfide (CS₂) and diamines with various structures under mild conditions. They were then characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The interfacial binding energy between polythioureas and TATB was calculated via molecular dynamics simulations. The tensile and compression mechanical properties of various PBXs (PBX-P<em>n</em>, <em>n</em> ​= ​1–4) were studied through Brazilian and compression tests and were then compared with those of the PBX with a conventional fluoro polymer binder (PBX-FP). The results show that the PBX-P1 possessed the strongest interfacial interaction energy and the best mechanical properties among all the prepared PBXs. Its Brazilian strength and strain was 11.0 ​MPa and 0.56%, which was 89% and 256% higher than those of the PBX-FP with the same binder proportion, respectively. Furthermore, PBX-P1 showed excellent compression mechanical properties, with a compression strength of 40.7 ​MPa and a compression strain of 3.53%. Moreover, its Brazilian and compression fracture energy was 600% and 101% higher than those of PBX-FP, respectively, which was beneficial for improving the PBX stability. The results of this study provide a new idea for designing TATB-based PBX with improved mechanical properties using polyetherthiourea binders.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 85-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46764421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporating fluoropolymer-coated micron-sized aluminum with enhanced reactivity into aluminized explosives to improve their detonation performance","authors":"Ya Guo,&nbsp;Kai-yuan Tan,&nbsp;Hui-hui Liu,&nbsp;Chi Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Micro-sized aluminum (<em>m</em>-Al) has been widely applied in explosives as fuel additives. Unfortunately, <em>m</em>-Al displays long ignition delay and insufficient combustion, making it fail to fully release its energy in aluminized explosives. In this work, fluoropolymer-coated <em>m</em>-Al composites were prepared using the solvent evaporation method. Then, the surface state of the <em>m</em>-Al composites was determined based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, and their thermal behavior was investigated through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at a temperature range of 30–1200 ​°C. Moreover, the reactivity and combustion kinetics of aluminum were explored using laser ignition experiments. To evaluate the metal acceleration ability and detonation performance of CL-20-based explosives containing fluoropolymer-coated <em>m</em>-Al composites, the disc acceleration experiment (DAX) was specially designed taking into account the influence of aluminum particle size. The results of this study show that fluoropolymers were uniformly distributed on the surface of <em>m</em>-Al, and most of the as-prepared particles were microspheres without apparent agglomeration. The presence of fluoropolymers is beneficial to the oxidation of aluminum particles. The explosive sample containing fluoropolymer-coated aluminum composites exhibited shortened ignition delay and an increase in the burning speed from 3.3 ​mm·s⁻¹ to 7.9 ​mm·s⁻¹ compared to the sample with uncoated Al. Most especially, its specific kinetic energy increased from 8.45 ​kJ·g⁻¹ to 9.29 ​kJ·g⁻¹, its detonation velocity increased from 7.75 ​km·s⁻¹ to 7.82 ​km·s⁻¹, and its detonation pressure increased from 25.57 ​GPa to 30.89 ​GPa.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 103-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47994473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cover Story","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2666-6472(23)00029-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-6472(23)00029-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"4 2","pages":"Page ii"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50191352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graphical Abstract","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2666-6472(23)00030-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-6472(23)00030-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages iii-v"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50191589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Base-promoted decarboxylative gem-diazo-C-coupling: Synthesis, characterization and performance of nitrotriazolylformazans","authors":"Xiu-e Jiang ,&nbsp;Bo Wu ,&nbsp;Bo Yang ,&nbsp;Zai-chao Zhang ,&nbsp;Ya-lin Yang ,&nbsp;Hui-ying Du ,&nbsp;Cong-ming Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Formazans, containing the characteristic chain of atoms –N<img>N-CR<img>N–NH- (R ​= ​–CN or tetrazyl) are nitrogen-rich and conjugated compounds exhibiting unique properties. In this work, new cyano and tetrazylformazans and their series of nitrogen-rich energetic salts were synthesized via base-promoted <em>gem</em>-diazo coupling reaction. The resulting derivatives were well characterized, and their performances were further investigated. The experimental results indicated that the decomposition temperatures of <strong>1</strong>–<strong>12</strong> lie between 159 ​°C and 279 ​°C. All of them are much less impact sensitive (≥20 ​J) than trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). They have relatively high positive heats of formation between 987.7 and 1457.3 ​kJ ​mol^-1, which are much higher than those of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), RDX and HMX. The calculated detonation pressures (<em>p</em>) range between 23.2 and 30.2 ​GPa and calculated detonation velocities (<em>D</em>) between 7480 and 8274 ​m ​s^-1. Interestingly, compound <strong>4</strong> shows excellent laser ignition combustion performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 68-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41398141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal decomposition and combustion behavior of potassium perchlorate catalyzed by LaFeO3","authors":"Jing-shuang Tang,&nbsp;Fei-fan Liu,&nbsp;Chen-guang Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.03.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To improve the combustion behavior of potassium perchlorate-based pyrotechnics, this study successfully prepared perovskite LaFeO₃ with nitrates as raw materials using the co-precipitation method and characterized perovskite LaFeO₃ through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). Moreover, it investigated the catalytic effect of LaFeO₃ on the thermal decomposition of potassium perchlorate (KP) through the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and explored the thermal reaction behavior of pyrotechnics composed of KP and lactose. The results show that the thermal decomposition temperature of KP was 552 ​°C by adding LaFeO₃, reduced by 58 ​°C. The temperature of catalytic decomposition was exactly the extrapolated onset temperature of the endothermic melting peak of KP. The addition of LaFeO₃ caused the premature decomposition of the KP not yet molten, thus generating more heat in its thermal decomposition. Moreover, the addition of LaFeO₃ reduced the thermal reaction peak temperature of pyrotechnics by 7 ​°C and increased the burning rate to more than two times.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 44-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47000886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facile synthesis of three low-sensitivity energetic materials based on pyrimidine backbones","authors":"Ying Li ,&nbsp;Si-wei Song ,&nbsp;Si-tong Chen ,&nbsp;Kang-cai Wang ,&nbsp;Qing-hua Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.03.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2023.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using commercially available raw materials, novel pyrimidine-based energetic compounds were synthesized, namely <em>N</em>-(7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-[1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-<em>d</em>]pyrimidin-5-yl)nitramide (<strong>1</strong>), 2,4,6-triamino-5-nitropyrimidin-1-ium nitrate (<strong>2</strong>), and 4,6-diamino-5-nitro-2-oxo-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-1-ium nitrate (<strong>3</strong>). They were fully characterized using NMR (¹H and ¹³C), IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The crystal structures of compounds <strong>1</strong> and <strong>3</strong> were determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The decomposition temperatures of compounds <strong>1</strong>–<strong>3</strong> were measured to be 190.2 ​°C, 156.8 ​°C, and 234.6 ​°C, respectively. Their densities were tested to be 1.84, 1.85 ​g ​cm⁻³, and 1.81 ​g ​cm⁻³, respectively. They exhibited desirable insensitive properties, with impact sensitivity ≥15 ​J and friction sensitivity &gt;360 ​N. In addition, the detonation performances of compounds <strong>1</strong>–<strong>3</strong> were calculated with detonation pressure of 26.9, 29.6 ​GPa, and 26.0 ​GPa, respectively; detonation velocity of 8089, 8644 ​m ​s⁻¹, and 7996 ​m ​s⁻¹, respectively). Simple synthetic processes and high performance make them potential candidates for low-sensitivity energetic materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 16-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45341651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tricyclic compounds with 1,4,2,5-dioxadiazine bridged triazoles and pyrazoles as potential energetic materials","authors":"Cong-cong Ge,&nbsp;Ting-ou Yan,&nbsp;Guang-bin Cheng,&nbsp;Hong-wei Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2022.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2022.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, two energetic molecules with 1,4,2,5-dioxadiazine as a bridge were created by adding triazoles and pyrazoles to the oxazine skeleton. The structural characteristics, thermal behavior, and explosive properties of the obtained compounds 3,6-bis(1-nitro-1<em>H</em>-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-1,4,2,5-dioxadiazine (<strong>4a</strong>) and 3,6-bis(1-nitro-1<em>H</em>-pyrazol-3-yl)-1,4,2,5-dioxadiazine (<strong>4b</strong>) were investigated using experimental and theoretical techniques. To further elucidate the structure-property relationship, this study conducted calculations and analyses of quantum chemistry, such as the Hirshfeld surface analysis, the electrostatic potential (ESP) surface analysis, and the localized orbital locator (LOL) calculation. Compounds <strong>4a</strong> and <strong>4b</strong> have higher detonation velocities (<strong>4a</strong>: <em>D</em>_v ​= ​8328 ​m ​s⁻¹; <strong>4b</strong>: <em>D</em>_<em>v</em> ​= ​7681 ​m ​s⁻¹) than the conventional explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (<strong>TNT</strong>; <em>D</em>_<em>v</em> ​= ​6881 ​m ​s⁻¹) according to an energetic evaluation. Moreover, the thermal properties and sensitivities of <strong>4a</strong> (<em>T</em>_d ​= ​155 ​°C, <em>IS</em> ​= ​15 ​J, <em>FS</em> ​= ​288 ​N) and <strong>4b</strong> (<em>T</em>_d ​= ​192 ​°C, <em>IS</em> ​= ​20 ​J, <em>FS</em> ​= ​216 ​N) were greatly improved compared with the previously reported energetic furazan-1,4,2,5-dioxadiazine derivatives <em>N,N</em>'-((1,4,2,5-dioxadiazine-3,6-diyl)bis(1,2,5-oxadiazole-4,3-diyl))dinitramide (<strong>i</strong>; <em>T</em>_d ​= ​106 ​°C, <em>IS</em> ​= ​4.5 ​J, <em>FS</em> ​= ​100 ​N) and 3,6-bis(4-nitro-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1,4,2,5-dioxadiazine (<strong>ii</strong>; <em>T</em>_d ​= ​148 ​°C, <em>IS</em> ​= ​2.2 ​J, <em>FS</em> ​= ​116 ​N). The excellent sensitivities and acceptable detonation velocities of compounds <strong>4a</strong> and <strong>4b</strong> make them good candidates for potential mechanically low-sensitive explosives. These findings will enrich the further application of nitrogen heterocycle 1,4,2,5-dioxadiazine in the field of energetic materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 10-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48481776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cover Story","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2666-6472(23)00012-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-6472(23)00012-X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"4 1","pages":"Page ii"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50203404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}