Energetic Materials Frontiers最新文献

{"title":"UV-curing 3D printing of composite energetic materials and its challenges","authors":"Lin Zhong ,&nbsp;Hao Li ,&nbsp;Qi-fa Yao ,&nbsp;Min Xia ,&nbsp;Qing-jun Wang ,&nbsp;Zhi-shuai Geng ,&nbsp;Fan-zhi Yang ,&nbsp;Rui-bin Liu ,&nbsp;Yun-jun Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2026.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2026.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While 3D printing technologies based on various curing methods like thermal curing, photopolymerization, solvent evaporation molding, and melt cooling have been extensively studied in the field of composite energetic materials (CEMs), recent advancements in multi-material, multi-nozzle, and acoustic resonance techniques are now enabling the fabrication of CEMs with highly complex architectures and novel formulations, including polymer-bonded explosives (PBX), propellants, and pyrotechnics. 3D printing provides a more convenient and reliable approach for the structural design and study of the structure-performance relationship in CEMs, which is challenging to achieve through traditional subtractive or equivalent material manufacturing. UV-curing 3D printing, as a rapid-curing 3D printing method, offers advantages such as superior safety, efficiency, and environmental friendliness over other methods, garnering significant attention in the 3D printing of CEMs. This paper focuses on UV-curing technology and provides a detailed overview of the research progress on various UV-curing 3D printing techniques in the field of CEMs. It also discusses the advantages of 3D printing in the design of structured CEMs charges. Finally, based on the current research status of 3D printing for CEMs, we summarize some existing issues and present our perspectives on future development trends.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 122-133"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147556707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic dual dynamic bonds for enhanced self-repair performance in HTPB binders","authors":"Ming-hao Zhang ,&nbsp;Xing-ling Hu ,&nbsp;Zhi-shuai Geng ,&nbsp;Wei Yang ,&nbsp;Fan-zhi Yang ,&nbsp;Yun-jun Luo ,&nbsp;Min Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2026.01.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2026.01.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energetic materials serve as critical energy sources for weapon systems and equipment. During manufacturing and storage processes, microcracks may form in these materials, posing significant safety risks. Self-healing materials capable of autonomously repairing microstructural damage have emerged as a promising solution to mitigate such hazards. Therefore, this study focuses on the self-healing property of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), a widely utilized binder in solid propellants. We develop a self-healing adhesive film (HP-SS) by reacting isocyanate-terminated polybutadiene (IPDI-HTPB-IPDI) with two dynamic chain extenders, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)disulfide and bis(2-aminophenyl)disulfide. The optimized HP-SS exhibits exceptional healing efficiency of 96.0 %. Through systematic optimization of chain extender content, a series of adhesive films with tunable hydrogen bond density and hard segment content are prepared. The synergistic effects of disulfide metathesis and hydrogen bonding on self-healing performance are comprehensively investigated, including the influence of healing duration, temperature, and molecular mobility. This work proposes a novel strategy for regulating HTPB-based self-healing systems by balancing soft/hard segment ratios and hydrogen bond interactions, providing insights for designing high-performance energetic composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 31-38"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147557088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrosion inhibition mechanism and corrosion prediction models of NTO-based PBX against medium carbon steel","authors":"Man-man Wang ,&nbsp;Jin-long Dong ,&nbsp;Zhe Zhang ,&nbsp;Feng-qin Shang ,&nbsp;Jing Wang ,&nbsp;Cong-cong Zhai ,&nbsp;Hao-ming Zou ,&nbsp;Shuai Zhao ,&nbsp;Zi-yang Guo ,&nbsp;Bin Xu ,&nbsp;Qing-hai Shu","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2026.01.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2026.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polymer-bonded explosive (PBX) systems incorporating 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) have attracted significant research interest due to their excellent insensitive properties and detonation characteristics. This study prepared three distinct NTO-based PBXs (N-PBXs) under varying compression molding pressures (1800, 2200, and 2500 kg cm⁻²) to evaluate corrosion inhibition mechanism against medium carbon steel (MCS) under elevated temperature/humidity conditions. The N-PBXs follow the same corrosion-inhibition law. In the initial stage of corrosion, the amount of exposed NTO on the bottom of the N-PBXs has been the key step to determine the corrosion-inhibition dynamics. With the extension of corrosion periods, the migration efficiency of NTO from the internal pore structure was the key step in determining the corrosion rate. Corrosion pit depth progression was fitted as a classical prediction algorithm (power function) as a function of exposure duration. The N-PBX with compression molding pressure of 2200 kg·cm⁻² exhibits the highest corrosion-inhibition efficiency (87.75 %) against MCS and maintains stability with the corrosion periods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 88-97"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147556700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graphical Abstract","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2666-6472(26)00032-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2666-6472(26)00032-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages iii-vii"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147556696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuning energy properties via N-NH2 strategy: Construction of two isomeric energetic compounds based on nitro-substituted pyrazoles","authors":"Mei-qi Xu,&nbsp;Wen-shuai Dong,&nbsp;Qamar un Nisa Tariq,&nbsp;Zu-jia Lu,&nbsp;Cong Li,&nbsp;Chao Zhang,&nbsp;Bin-shan Zhao,&nbsp;Qi-yao Yu,&nbsp;Jian-guo Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.10.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.10.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The <em>N</em>-site functionalization strategy of nitrogen-rich heterocycles has attracted considerable research attention due to its crucial role in achieving structural diversity and outstanding performance of high-energy compounds. However, research on isomerism-guided <em>N</em>-functionalized heterocycles is still limited thereby impeding a thorough understanding of their structure-property relationships. In this work, two energetic compounds, 3-azido-4,5-dinitropyrazole-1-amine (<strong>3-ADNP</strong>) and 4-azido-3,5-dinitropyrazole-1-amine (<strong>4-ADNP</strong>), with identical chemical structures were designed and synthesized based on the <em>N</em>-NH₂ synthesis strategy. The isomers <strong>3-ADNP</strong> (<em>D</em>_v: 9306 m s⁻¹; <em>P</em>: 38.3 GPa) and <strong>4-ADNP</strong> (<em>D</em>_v: 9375 m s⁻¹; <em>P</em>: 38.9 GPa) exhibit comparable and superior detonation performance compared to RDX. In addition, they exhibit consistency in density and sensitivity, but show significant differences in thermal stability. Specifically, <strong>3-ADNP</strong> shows no melting point, whereas <strong>4-ADNP</strong> has a melting point of 116.4 °C. The decomposition temperatures are 138.4 °C for <strong>3-ADNP</strong> and 156.7 °C for <strong>4-ADNP</strong>. Crystal structure analysis and theoretical calculations were performed to elucidate the reasons behind the observed performance differences. These findings provide important theoretical insights for the design and application of amino-substituted nitro-pyrazole-based energetic materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 23-30"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147556719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"N-functionalization of 3,4-dinitro-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (ADNP): Incorporating nitromethyl and diazidomethyl into energetic pyrazole derivatives","authors":"Dong-shuai Su ,&nbsp;Jin-xiong Cai ,&nbsp;Ping Yin ,&nbsp;Gang Zhao ,&nbsp;Si-ping Pang","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the field of energetic materials, <em>N</em>-functionalization on pyrazoles faces challenges such as low nucleophilicity and harsh reaction conditions. In this study, the <em>N</em>-functionalization on 5-amino-3,4-dinitropyrazole (ADNP) gave two compounds 3,4-dinitro-1-(nitromethyl)-1<em>H</em>-pyrazol-5-amine (<strong>5</strong>) and 1-(diazidomethyl)-3,4-dinitro-1<em>H</em>-pyrazol-5-amine (<strong>6</strong>). The compounds <strong>5</strong> and <strong>6</strong> were characterized by IR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound <strong>5</strong>, which was the isomer of 3,5-dinitro-1-(nitromethyl)-1<em>H</em>-pyrazol-4-amine (<strong>1</strong>), was obtained from ADNP by electrophilic reaction. <strong>5</strong> has a packing coefficient (PC) of 73.6 % and a density of 1.828 g cm⁻³, which surpasses its regioisomeric analogue <strong>1</strong> (<em>d</em> = 1.76 g cm⁻³; PC = 72.4 %). An unanticipated nucleophilic substitution of 3,4,5-trinitro-1-(nitromethyl)-1H-pyrazole (<strong>2</strong>) with sodium azide led to diazidomethyl-functionalized <strong>6</strong> by a streamlined one-step process, and <strong>6</strong> exhibited high sensitivity to external stimuli (Impact Sensitivity: <em>IS</em> = 2 J, Friction Sensitivity: <em>FS</em> = 10 N) due to the presence of azido groups, making it a potential candidate for primary explosives. These compounds are considered as promising candidates for high energy density materials (HEDMs) due to their high density, outstanding heat of formation and good detonation properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 3-9"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147556698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic detection, segmentation, and characterization of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) crystal particles during cooling crystallization using deep learning","authors":"Zhe Zhang ,&nbsp;Qing-hai Shu ,&nbsp;Wei Wu ,&nbsp;Hao-ming Zou ,&nbsp;Xi-juan Lv ,&nbsp;Shuai Zhao ,&nbsp;Jing Wang ,&nbsp;Man-man Wang ,&nbsp;Shu-sen Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2026.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2026.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The complex cooling crystallization process of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) directly affects its performance. The introduction of process analysis technology is expected to provide an effective solution for process monitoring and optimization. This study proposes a crystal instance segmentation method based on the Mask R-CNN framework and develops a semi-automatic annotation strategy combining model-assisted labeling and manual refinement. Additionally, image augmentation techniques were used to enhance model stability. Comparative experiments show that the model trained with data augmentation and semi-automatic annotation achieved an AP50 of 94.4 % on the validation set, improving annotation efficiency by approximately 12-fold. The model was successfully applied to the automatic segmentation and parameter extraction of NTO crystallization images, enabling effective quantitative analysis of particle count, size distribution, and morphology. This approach offers an efficient technical solution for online image monitoring of complex crystallization systems, with significant potential for industrial application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 78-87"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147556699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional microstructural characterization of HMX-based propellant via synchrotron X-ray tomography","authors":"Jun Wang ,&nbsp;Chen-xi Ma ,&nbsp;Pei-pei Wang ,&nbsp;Jun-feng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.08.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.08.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) plays a critical role in high-performance weapon systems, its microstructural behavior within the grains of solid propellants and PBXs has not been fully explored. This challenge arises from the difficulty of distinguishing HMX from other components during structural characterization. In this study, synchrotron X-ray tomography (SR-μCT) coupled with advanced image processing was employed to non-destructively characterize a cylindrical propellant grain composed of HMX, ammonium perchlorate (AP), aluminum (Al), and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) binder. The morphology, size, and distribution uniformity of HMX particles within the grain were successfully characterized. The calculated values from the 3D reconstruction closely matched the experimental results, confirming the accuracy of the proposed reconstruction methodology. The results also revealed that AP particles were more concentrated at the bottom of the propellant grain, likely due to gravitational settling during curing, while HMX and Al exhibited uniform distributions. However, at a finer scale, these particles were found to be unevenly distributed. This work pioneers the quantitative 3D characterization of HMX particulates within propellant grains, contributing to a better understanding of the microstructural behavior of solid particles within the grain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 115-121"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147556703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of high energy density azasydnone-pyrazole compounds","authors":"Wen-jin Zhang,&nbsp;Yu-xin Xue,&nbsp;He Huang,&nbsp;Cheng-hui Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmf.2025.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The search for advanced energetic materials has shifted beyond traditional groups like nitro to explore non-conventional explosophores. Among these, the azasydnone ring stands out, combining a zero-oxygen balance with high-energy bonds (N-N, N-O, N=N) for stable energy storage. Here, we report the introduction of azasydnone rings at different positions of dinitropyrazole. Although they have the same substituent group, the change of the position of the azasydone ring makes the two compounds show great differences in crystal density (4-azasydnone-3,5-dinitropyrazole 1.830 g·cm⁻³, 5-azasydnone-3,4-dinitropyrazole 1.981 g·cm⁻³). Molecular structures are confirmed by ¹H and ¹³C NMR, IR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystal diffraction. This serves as an example of the ability to construction of high-density azasydnone compounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 10-15"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147556704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insight of enhancing energy-release properties of high-energy DAN-2/B based ignition powder by using fluorinated polymer","authors":"Rui Wu, Jiaqi Li, Peng Ren, Hua Fang, Erhai An, Xiong Cao, Zhi-xian Wei, Ke-hua Han, Yi-Hong Tan, Peng Deng, Xiaoxia Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enmf.2026.01.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmf.2026.01.014","url":null,"abstract":"[(H 2 dabco)K(NO 3 ) 3 ]/Boron (DAN-2/B) composites have garnered much attention as novel high-energy ignition powder due to its high energy and favorable safety characteristics. Meanwhile, tailor energy-release properties of DAN-2/B composites through the introduction of functional adhesives is of considerable importance. In this work, three different polymer adhesives, including in the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), thermoplastic polyester amine (Estane 5703), and fluorinated polymer(F 2602 ), were employed to design and prepare the ternary ignition powder composites by the solvent evaporation method. The morphology and structure of the ternary ignition powder composites were analyzed, and their thermal decomposition and combustion performances were investigated by regulating the components and content. The results indicate that the incorporation of the fluorinated polymer F 2602 significantly enhanced the energy-release properties of DAN-2/B-based ternary composites. F 2602 not only effectively bonds DAN-2 and amorphous boron into uniform granular microparticles, but also improves the ignition and combustion performance of DAN-2/B. The DAN-2/B-20/F 2602 -3 exhibited higher combustion performances, including maximum the combustion peak pressure of 210.7 kPa, highest heat of reaction of 4216 J·g −1 , and a prolonged combustion duration of 2402 ms. The pre-ignition and combustion reaction mechanism of the DAN-2/B with fluorinated polymer F 2602 added was proposed. This study is beneficial for optimizing the ignition performance of DAN-2/B-based ignition powder composites, with the aim of improving its energy-release efficiency and promoting its engineering applications. • Polymer adhesives are used in the design of DAN-2/ B-based ignition powder • DAN-2/B/F2602 ignition powder formulations exhibited enhanced high energy properties • The pre-ignition and combustion reaction mechanism of DAN-2/B-based ignition powder composites were proposed","PeriodicalId":34595,"journal":{"name":"Energetic Materials Frontiers","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147896304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}