Silas Z. Gebrehiwot , Leonardo Espinosa-Leal , Paula Linderbäck , Heikki Remes
{"title":"Experimental investigation and modelling of the nonlinear creep behaviour of additive-manufactured carbon fibre-reinforced polyethylene terephthalate (CF-PET).","authors":"Silas Z. Gebrehiwot , Leonardo Espinosa-Leal , Paula Linderbäck , Heikki Remes","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, the nonlinear creep behaviour of additive-manufactured carbon fibre-reinforced polyethylene terephthalate (CF-PET) is characterised using experimental, theoretical and computational methods. The experimental approach investigates the influence of infill orientations on the creep deformation of the material. For the study, samples at 0°, 45<sup>○</sup>, and 90° infill orientations are produced with 90% infill density using fused filament fabrication (FFF). The infill orientation parameter highly influences the creep behaviour. Increasing the infill orientation from 0° to 90° monotonically improves the creep resistance of the material, which can be explained by orientation of the fibre-matrix reinforcement towards the uniaxial stresses. Surface examinations of creep-ruptured samples via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveal that a combination of matrix failure, fibre pull-out, fibre-matrix debonding, inter-layer debonding, and the presence of voids cause the fractures. Based on the experimental data, the primary and secondary creep responses are modelled theoretically and computationally. The theoretical model is based on the dependence of the material's creep on stress and time parameters at the transient and steady state stages. Combined stress and time functions are used to model the creep of the material. Parallelly, two-dimensional (2D) finite element (FE) analyses are made on COMSOL Multiphysics to model the creep computationally. The approach is based on the superposition of Norton's and Garofalo's creep models with predefined time hardening property. The results of the modelling are in good agreement with the experimental findings, showing a maximum of 1.04 % for the theoretical, and 2.9 % for the computational approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100530"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142571308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francesca Aliberti , Andrea Sorrentino , Barbara Palmieri , Luigi Vertuccio , Giuseppe De Tommaso , Roberto Pantani , Liberata Guadagno , Alfonso Martone
{"title":"Lightweight 3D-printed heaters: design and applicative versatility","authors":"Francesca Aliberti , Andrea Sorrentino , Barbara Palmieri , Luigi Vertuccio , Giuseppe De Tommaso , Roberto Pantani , Liberata Guadagno , Alfonso Martone","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes a new strategy for designing a 3D-printed heater that can overcome some criticalities of current commercial heater devices for application in the transport and energy sectors. A semiconductive nanocomposite material, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene filled with carbon nanotubes (ABS-CNT), was processed via Fused Filaments Fabrication (FFF). The printing was set to favor the current flow along the printing direction, consequently increasing the material's electrical conductivity. 3D-printed heater geometry, equivalent to several electrical resistances (resistive branches) connected in parallel, was optimized by varying the width, thickness, lengths, and number of branches. The adopted approach resulted in a flexible and scalable low-equivalent resistance value heater. Moreover, the optimized heater's flexibility allows it to be integrated into a curved fiberglass composite. Joule heating tests were experimentally performed and theoretically simulated by a multi-physics model. The numerical prediction resulted in good agreement with the experimental data. The results encourage the application of 3D-printed heaters as functional patches for the thermal management of different devices/components, including complex-shape composite structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100527"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142536090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reza Mohammadi , R Akrami , Maher Assaad , Ahmed Imran , Mohammad Fotouhi
{"title":"Comparative analysis of delamination resistance in CFRP laminates interleaved by thermoplastic nanoparticle: Evaluating toughening mechanisms in modes I and II","authors":"Reza Mohammadi , R Akrami , Maher Assaad , Ahmed Imran , Mohammad Fotouhi","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study considers the delamination resistance of carbon/epoxy laminates modified with Thermoplastic Nanoparticles of Polysulfone (TNPs). A new electrospinning nanofiber technique was utilized to convert polysulfone polymer into nanoparticles and uniformly disperse them within the resin. Fracture toughness was evaluated under loading modes I and II. In mode I, the toughness (<em>G<sub>IC</sub></em>) increased significantly from 170 to 328 J/m² with TNPs incorporation. However, mode II showed minimal change, with <em>G<sub>IIC</sub></em> values of 955 J/m² for virgin and 950 J/m² for TNPs-modified specimens. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was employed to depict the influence of TNPs on damage characteristics and crack propagation patterns. In mode I, crack deviation enhanced toughness as TNPs bypassed the PSU, while in mode II, cracks propagated through TNPs, resulting in particle smearing on the epoxy surface. This highlights TNPs' potential to modify the fracture toughness in mode I loading, but their effect is constrained in mode II loading scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100518"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eko Supriyanto , Nugroho Karya Yudha , Alvin Dio Nugroho , Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun
{"title":"Characteristics and evaluation of recycled waste PVCs as a filler in composite structures: Validation through simulation and experimental methods","authors":"Eko Supriyanto , Nugroho Karya Yudha , Alvin Dio Nugroho , Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar Cell as a renewable energy utilization in today's era is considered a suitable choice due to encompass sustainability, environmental preservation, and energy processing efficiency. Solar cells have a finite lifespan that need replacement to maintain energy absorption efficiency. Unfortunately, discarded materials are often underutilized or improperly disposed of. In this study, used photovoltaic solar cell materials are explored as reinforcements in composites. The results showed that 4 % cell filler specimen exhibited highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS) with 51.43 MPa. Followed by Compression strength with 35.38 MPa and flexural strength with 45.54 MPa. SEM/EDS analysis of PV filler specimens revealed the dominance of Carbon (C) and Silica (Si) materials, comprising over 60 %. FT-IR analysis indicated varying compound bond intensities affecting polymerization and material strength under applied forces. Simulation results showed a difference of <2 % when compared to experimental testing outcomes. The current study benefited in environmental conservation efforts through waste reduction and the reuse of recycled materials and are listed in several applications such as in wind turbine, structures, lightweight laminates, automotive structures, and sport equipment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100525"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142437707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Vigneshwaran , N. Venkateshwaran , R. Shanthi , Gokul Kannan , B.Rajesh Kumar , Vigneshwaran Shanmugam , Oisik Das
{"title":"The acoustic properties of FDM printed wood/PLA-based composites","authors":"K. Vigneshwaran , N. Venkateshwaran , R. Shanthi , Gokul Kannan , B.Rajesh Kumar , Vigneshwaran Shanmugam , Oisik Das","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The acoustic properties of the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) printed PLA wood composite was investigated. Initially tensile and flexural of wood PLA composite was studied with respect to varying layer thickness (0.15 mm, 0.20 mm, and 0.30 mm), infill density (30 %, 60 %, and 90 %), and pattern (Layer, Triangle, and Hexagon). The outcomes demonstrated that the specimen produced with a hexagonal pattern, 90% infill density, and 0.2 mm layer thickness had the highest tensile (16 MPa) and flexural strength (16 MPa). Utilizing this optimized parameter, micro-perforated panels were printed and acoustic properties were studied. Five specimens with a 3 mm thickness, various perforation diameters (5 mm, 4 mm, and 3 mm), and architecturally tapered perforations were fabricated. Using the impedance tube approach, the sound transmission loss and sound absorption coefficients were measured. The findings indicate that, in comparison to all the printed specimens, tapered type perforation with an exterior diameter of 5 mm and an internal diameter of 4.7 mm showed highest sound absorption coefficient of 0.60 Hz. A viscous loss is obtained by its convergent hole diameter reduction, which results in sound attenuations and is easily absorbed in the micro-perforated panel. Similar to this, the specimen printed with smaller perforation diameters (3 mm) had a high sound transmission loss of 79 dB. The small diameter of the perforations prevented the passage of sound waves. The current study is anticipated to lay the groundwork for extensive future research on these classes of materials, potentially serving as a catalyst for advancements in FDM based polymeric materials research and development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100532"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mojtaba Gorji Azandariani , Mehdi Vajdian , Mehrdad Javadi , Ali Parvari
{"title":"Durability and compressive strength of composite polyolefin fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete: An experimental study","authors":"Mojtaba Gorji Azandariani , Mehdi Vajdian , Mehrdad Javadi , Ali Parvari","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates of using recycled concrete aggregates along with the reinforcement of polyolefin fibers to augment both the compressive strength and durability of concrete, in alignment with the principles of sustainable development. This study experimentally investigated the compressive strengths and durability of composite polyolefin fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (PFRRAC) exposed to chloride and acidic environments. For this purpose, 150 cubic concrete samples of 100 × 100 × 100 mm with various combinations of recycled aggregates and polyolefin fibers were made and subjected to axial compressive loading. The results show that the addition of fibers significantly enhances the compressive strength of concrete, with an increase of up to 34.36 % at 5 % fiber content. However, increasing the proportion of recycled aggregates reduces the compressive strength, with reductions ranging from 21.12 % to 43.85 % as the recycled aggregate content rises to 70 %. Moreover, the combination of fibers and recycled aggregates demonstrates potential for improving the sustainability and durability of concrete under challenging environmental conditions, particularly in chloride and acidic environments. In acidic environments, the inclusion of fibers significantly enhances the resistance to strength reduction. Furthermore, the study uncovers that a higher concentration of recycled aggregates exacerbates the reduction in strength in chloride-rich settings, emphasizing the imperative nature of meticulous mix design and material selection. The findings for the integration of even minor quantities of polyolefin fibers to amplify the performance and sustainability of concrete mixtures, especially when utilizing recycled aggregates, thus promoting eco-friendly construction practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100533"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fefria Tanbar , Alvin Dio Nugroho , Ariyana Dwiputra Nugraha , Seno Darmanto , Djarot Widagdo , Gil N.C. Santos , Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun
{"title":"Hybrid lattice structure with micro graphite filler manufactured via additive manufacturing and growth foam polyurethane","authors":"Fefria Tanbar , Alvin Dio Nugroho , Ariyana Dwiputra Nugraha , Seno Darmanto , Djarot Widagdo , Gil N.C. Santos , Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The utilisation of lightweight structures is a common practice across a range of disciplines, including the construction of light steel frames, sandwich panels, and transportation infrastructure, among others. The advantages of lightweight structures include design flexibility, weight reduction, and the sustainability of materials that can be easily recycled. However, these advantages also present significant weaknesses. Compared to solid materials with compact weight, lightweight structures do not have the same characteristics. With the reduction in material weight, the strength of the lightweight structure decreases significantly compared to solid materials. In this study, the lightweight structure was made using additive manufacturing and reinforced with solid Composite Polyurethane Foam reinforced with graphite filler expanded into the lightweight structure. The results showed that in the compression test, the mixture with 2 % graphite filler had the highest value of 2.5 kN. The highest hardness test on the specimen with a 2 % graphite mixture was 19.8 HA. FT-IR testing showed that the carbon bonds from graphite in the 2 % specimen had the highest intensity. The test results showed that the addition of Polyurethane Foam into the structure could enhance material strength effectively without adding significant material weight.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100516"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mousa Shhabat , Mohammad Al-Zu'bi , Mu'tasim Abdel-Jaber
{"title":"A review of repairing heat-damaged RC beams using externally bonded- and near-surface mounted-CFRP composites","authors":"Mousa Shhabat , Mohammad Al-Zu'bi , Mu'tasim Abdel-Jaber","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite numerous investigations conducted in the field and the evident importance of this area of study, comprehensive reviews are still lacking, resulting in a noticeable gap in comprehension. Therefore, this paper presents an in-depth review of repair methods for heat-damaged reinforced concrete (RC) beams utilizing carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites through both externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) and near-surface mounted (NSM) techniques. The paper meticulously compiles and analyses relevant experimental data, examining flexural and shear repair mechanisms, associated failure modes and factors influencing the repair processes, such as the form, length, spacing, orientation and number of CFRP reinforcement layers, as well as the type of bonding agent. Thus, this review serves as a valuable resource and guide for engineers and researchers seeking to deepen their knowledge in this field.</div><div>The review concludes with recommendations for future research directions aimed at advancing the development and application of repair technologies for heat-damaged RC members.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100519"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A machine learning enhanced characteristic length method for failure prediction of open hole tension composites","authors":"Omar A.I. Azeem, Silvestre T. Pinho","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100524","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100524","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The characteristic length method is a non-local approach to predicting the failure of open and closed-hole composite features. This method requires the determination of the linear elastic stress field of the composite laminate at its failure load. Typically, this requires computationally expensive progressive damage and linear elastic modelling and simulation with finite element analysis (FEA). In this study, we demonstrate the benefit of machine learning methods to efficiently and accurately predict characteristic lengths of composite laminates with open holes. We find that the prediction of the load-displacement profile usefully informs ultimate failure load prediction. We also find that linear elastic stress fields are more accurately predicted using a long-short term memory neural network rather than a convolutional decoder neural network. We show indirect prediction of characteristic length, via prediction of failure loads and linear elastic stress fields independently, results in more flexible, interpretable and accurate results than direct prediction of characteristic length, given sufficient training data. Our machine learning-assisted characteristic length method shows over five orders of magnitude of time-saving benefit compared to FEA-based methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100524"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142437706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Meghdadian , Amir R. Masoodi , Mansour Ghalehnovi
{"title":"Experimental study to unraveling the seismic behavior of CFRP retrofitting composite coupled shear walls for enhanced resilience","authors":"Mohammad Meghdadian , Amir R. Masoodi , Mansour Ghalehnovi","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on the empirical examination of the nonlinear seismic performance of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP)-strengthened composite coupled reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls. The experimental setup involves testing the structure in two distinct states, wherein CFRP sheets are utilized for retrofitting and reinforcement. In the initial phase, three samples undergo reinforcement utilizing distinct patterns of CFRP sheets. In the subsequent stage, an additional trio of specimens is fabricated and tested without the application of CFRP sheets. Subsequently, all structures are exposed to a load equivalent to 60 % of their flexural capacity. Following this, the tested specimens undergo retrofitting with CFRP sheets, utilizing the same patterns as in the initial phase. The retrofitted composite coupled shear walls are then subjected to retesting. The principal aim of CFRP retrofitting is to amplify the flexural and shear capacities of the specimens, empowering them to endure heightened seismic loads in comparison to their original configurations. This research contributes by evaluating ductility, ultimate strength, energy dissipation, and construction costs associated with composite coupled steel plate-concrete shear walls. All specimens underwent cyclic loading in accordance with the ATC-24 guidelines [1], which provide standard protocols for testing the cyclic performance of structural components. These guidelines, outline procedures for simulating seismic loading conditions in laboratory settings to evaluate the performance of structural systems under cyclic loading. Finally, a parametric study explores the impact of CFRP sheets and their adhesion patterns on the seismic behavior of composite coupled shear walls. The selection of the optimal retrofitting scheme considers the construction cost of each specimen based on the total area of CFRP sheets utilized.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100523"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}