{"title":"Civitas/Community","authors":"Elisa Brilli","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198820741.013.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198820741.013.33","url":null,"abstract":"Dante is a ‘civic author’ and a ‘poet of the city’, but what do these labels mean? This chapter envisions the civitas (community) as an emotional and intellectual pivot of Dante’s theological-political thought and literary imagination. The comprehensive analysis of the uses of civitas(and synonyms) in Dante’s lexicon deploys its rich semantic field in the framework of typical late medieval tensions and cleavages. The chapter also focusses on some fundamental problems inherent to this notion—its articulation with, on the one hand, the pluralitas and, on the other hand, the universal monarchy—and dismisses the hypothesis that Dante developed an anti-civitasstance during his life. Finally, the chapter points out the legacy of Dante’s typological approach, namely concerning the new importance attributed to history, gendered personifications, and authorship in a vernacular literary work.","PeriodicalId":344891,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Dante","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123231316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Visual Theory","authors":"SIMON-PIERRE Gilson","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198820741.013.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198820741.013.18","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an overview and assessment of Dante’s use of medieval visual theories in his writings. It first surveys his use of the medieval Aristotelian tradition of visual theory in the Convivio, and discusses his reliance on other models of vision in the Vita nova and Rime, including those found both in medical writings and in the works of other poets. The chapter then discusses how, in the Commedia, Dante incorporates a variety of other late medieval discourses about vision into his narrative. Dante does this—it is argued—in carefully structured and stratified ways that often reveal his characteristic syncretism. The poet continues to use neo-Aristotelian theory but also draws upon a rich body of material on seeing found in medieval theology, contemplation, and Biblical exegesis. Particular attention is paid to how these multiple traditions inform the presentation of Dante-character’s own visual experiences throughout the poem.","PeriodicalId":344891,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Dante","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123834467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Language","authors":"Heather Webb","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198820741.013.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198820741.013.31","url":null,"abstract":"Focusing on the stagings of linguistic and personal encounters that emerge in Paradiso, but with the broad context of Dante’s work in mind, this chapter seeks to construct a picture of Dante’s view of language that accounts for a variety of modes of eloquence, from the textual to the emphatically verbal to the depiction of non-verbal communication. The Commedia stages an immense range of encounters and situations in which words and bodies are configured to meet and adapt to the new, performing a plurality of ways of seeing, hearing, reading, and recognizing the individual who speaks, gestures, or otherwise shows themselves as subject. For Dante, this chapter suggests, language communicates and constitutes selves and communities not by virtue of stability but indeed thanks to its ability to constantly transform itself.","PeriodicalId":344891,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Dante","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114745183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Eschatological Anthropology","authors":"M. Gragnolati","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198820741.013.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198820741.013.30","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores selfhood in the Commedia. Focusing on the concept of the aerial body that the separated soul creates in the afterlife and that continues to express sensitive faculties, it argues that this concept is paradoxical. On the one hand it can be taken as the symbol of the separated soul’s full experience in the eschatological time between physical death and the final resurrection of the flesh. This is most interesting in Purgatory, where physical pain is productive and transformative. On the other hand, the concept of the aerial body also indicates that an even fuller experience will only be possible with the final, fleshly reconstitution of the person. This applies not only to Hell but also to Heaven, where the blessed, who have learnt to renounce their identity and merge with God, nonetheless also long for a corporeal materiality that carries their memory and past desires.","PeriodicalId":344891,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Dante","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127033390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reading","authors":"M. Carruthers","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198820741.013.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198820741.013.15","url":null,"abstract":"Focused on canto I of Inferno and the frame narrative of the Vita Nova, this essay examines the medieval cultural traditions and techniques involved in careful reading. These derive from two bodies of traditional education, ancient Greco-Roman and early Judeo-Christian. These were enhanced by reforms from the twelfth century, many disseminated from the abbey of St Victor by Augustinians and other monastic orders, and later by friars including St Bonaventure. Reading, remembering, and imagining are interdependent activities in the practices of contemplative thinking. Such reading has three characteristics. It is forcefully engaged and intense, not detached and objective. It is frequent, in the sense of being often re-visited, for creative meditation begins with something familiar and expands on it. And it is profoundly social. Medieval meditational reading is a set of continuing conversations, not intended to close off interpretation but to stimulate fruitful reflection and contemplation.","PeriodicalId":344891,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Dante","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121810892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Encyclopaedism","authors":"F. Meier","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198820741.013.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198820741.013.23","url":null,"abstract":"At the beginning of the 1990s, the issue of whether and to what extent medieval encyclopaedias may have had an impact on Dante’s works seems to have been settled by Zygmunt Barański and Cesare Vasoli. Differently to their skeptical viewpoint, this chapter pleads for a reconsideration of the question by taking into account the results that almost thirty years of research on medieval encyclopaedias, their genres, their evolution, and the array of styles have brought to the fore. On the basis of this much more differentiated picture of how encyclopaedic writings organize knowledge, the chapter emphasizes the extent to which Dante’s Convivio may be placed within the range of experimental encyclopaedic forms that cropped up in the aftermath of Vincent of Beauvais’s Speculum. At the end, the chapter addresses encyclopaedic aspects in the Commedia.","PeriodicalId":344891,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Dante","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121868103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The East","authors":"B. Schildgen","doi":"10.1177/107769587002500304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/107769587002500304","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses four aspects of Dante’s use of the concept of oriens or the East: First, scientific, his geographical knowledge and orientation, that is the orbis terrarum model that underlies the Commedia and the Monarchia and the role of the East in it; second, political geography whereby he renders the theory of a tripartite single-landmass Earth in service to his historical theory that puts Rome in the center of the political world; third, his use of Arabic learning and philosophy; fourth, the fictive ‘orient’ or East, which poses political Islam as a danger and threat (and includes North Africa and the Middle East); imagines India as a revered East; finally, presents the ‘East’ as the source for ‘wonders’ that reveal God’s creative grandeur and incommensurability. Dante, thus, represents many Easts, including a political East and a geographical East, a learned East, as well as an imaginary East.","PeriodicalId":344891,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Dante","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120944355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Poetry","authors":"Elena Lombardi","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198820741.013.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198820741.013.16","url":null,"abstract":"‘AUIEO’ (Convivio IV, vi, 3): midway in his career, Dante explores an etymology for poetic authority that singles out poets as those who join together words with rhyme and rhythm. In his linguistic thought, Dante views poetry as a form of ‘binding’ that stabilizes and preserves the vernacular, and turns it into an established language (a ‘grammar’, like Latin or Greek), without annihilating the vitality of the natural language. This chapter argues that the reach of poetry in Dante’s work extends well beyond language, to become a true episteme that is able to accurately read and retell the world and even God. Disenfranchised from the burden of authenticity and authentication (and also from automatism and replication), the poet forges a new outlook on the universe, and endows poetry with powers of exploration and reflection, whilst still retaining its lyrical genetic code and its links to affectivity and individuality.","PeriodicalId":344891,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Dante","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129150385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Politics","authors":"Tristan J Kay","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198820741.013.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198820741.013.22","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses key aspects of Dante’s political thought in its cultural, biographical, and intellectual context. Its opening section stresses that Dante’s political theory responds to his lived experience of the volatility of fourteenth-century Italy. The chapter then questions the generic parameters of Dante’s ‘political writings’ and draws attention to some of the intellectual currents that inform them. The following two sections use passages from the Commedia and Monarchia, in particular, to illuminate key tenets of Dante’s theologized political philosophy: firstly, the institutions of papacy and empire and their respective functions and responsibilities; and secondly, the importance of cities, and specifically factional medieval Florence and imperial Rome, in the Commedia’s political imaginary. The final part of the chapter argues that, while critics sometimes address politics as a vital but intellectually isolated branch of Dante’s work, we should emphasize the ways in which he brings political ideas into fruitful contact with diverse forms of expression and knowledge.","PeriodicalId":344891,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Dante","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115439496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Memory","authors":"Lina Bolzoni","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198820741.013.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198820741.013.14","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter begins from the image of the book of memory with which the Vita Nova opens in order to demonstrate both the role that it plays in the structure of the libello and its links with the tradition of the art of memory. In the Convivio, memory takes on an ethical dimension, meaning that the writer feels the need to give knowledge to humankind. In the Commedia, memory continues to be essential in the writing of the work, however, it is memory of the other world, which endows it with a new value. The ordered structure of the three realms of the other world is animated by Dante’s encounters with diverse characters, who become in their turn imagines agentes of the sin committed or of the virtue that defined them. Thus, the pilgrim’s journey imprints on his body and mind the memory of divine order and generates an internal transformation.","PeriodicalId":344891,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Dante","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130265920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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