Journal of Agriculture and Food Research最新文献

{"title":"Impact of adoption of fall armyworm and stemborer pest control practices on maize yields in Rwanda: A multinomial endogenous switching regression approach","authors":"Vincent Gadamba Misango ,&nbsp;Jonathan Makau Nzuma ,&nbsp;Patrick Irungu ,&nbsp;Menale Kassie","doi":"10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of push-pull technologies (PPT) as an alternative control method for fall armyworms and stemborer pests amongst maize farmers has recently received considerable global attention. However, the impact of adoption of PPT on the maize productivity remains largely unexplored. This study used a multinomial endogenous switching regression (MESR) to evaluate the impact of adoption of PPT on smallholder maize farmer's yields in Rwanda. The MESR model was estimated on a sample of 398 households operating 967 maize plots selected using a stratified random sampling technique. Overall, 25, 20, and 14 percent of the households used traditional methods, PPT and pesticides respectively in isolation to control the two maize pests in Rwanda. Another 8 and 7 percent of the households used a combination of pesticides and traditional methods and a mix of PPT and traditional methods respectively. Adoption of PPT was significantly affected by the perceived technological benefits and farmers' demographic characteristics. Moreover, adoption of PPT in the control of FAW and stemborer pests significantly improved maize yields in Rwanda. Development initiatives should therefore focus on awareness creation of the perceived technology benefits and avail the technology to smallholder farmers in Rwanda.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34393,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Food Research","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 102008"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of malting in grains and legumes for the development of high-functionality medical foods","authors":"Asa Alifia Ranini ,&nbsp;Azzahra Mutiara Ayu ,&nbsp;Gemala Anjani ,&nbsp;Ahmad Syauqy ,&nbsp;Etika Ratna Noer ,&nbsp;Fitriyono Ayustaningwarno","doi":"10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Malting is a process involving soaking, germination, and controlled heating, which significantly modifies the nutritional and bioactive profiles of grains and legumes. This process activates key enzymes that hydrolyze proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, leading to enhanced nutrient bioavailability and reduced antinutritional factors. Additionally, malting enhances the concentrations of flavonoids and polyphenols, thereby increasing antioxidant activity. The heating phase also induces the Maillard reaction, which contributes to improved flavor, color, and aroma. Research has demonstrated that malting improves nutrient composition, enhances texture and sensory properties, and enables the development of innovative functional foods such as snack cereals, biscuits, and enteral nutrition products. Given these benefits, malting presents a promising approach for creating health-promoting foods, particularly for individuals with specific dietary needs. This review examines the physicochemical transformations occurring during malting, including changes in nutrient and antinutrient composition, viscosity, texture, and color, while also highlighting its potential applications in high-functionality medical foods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34393,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Food Research","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 102031"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144088750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Melia azedarach L. based natural herbicide: formulation and efficacy studies","authors":"Pattharin Wichittrakarn ,&nbsp;Nutcha Manichart ,&nbsp;Chamroon Laosinwattana ,&nbsp;Patchanee Charoenying ,&nbsp;Potjana Sikhao ,&nbsp;Hataichanok Passara","doi":"10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the phytotoxic activity of <em>Melia azedarach</em> L. leaf extract against <em>Echinochloa crus-galli</em> and <em>Phaseolus lathyroides</em>. Crude extracts were obtained using sequential solvent separation, of which the dichloromethane fraction exhibited the highest phytotoxicity for both weed species. However, <em>P. lathyroides</em> appeared more sensitive to the extracts compared to <em>E. crus-galli</em>. GC-MS analysis of the dichloromethane crude extract identified phytol (29.14 %), linolenic acid (21.74 %), and palmitic acid (7.20 %) as the main chemical components. Three formulations, a soluble liquid (SL), pellet, and wettable powder, were developed and evaluated for their effects on seed germination and seedling growth. The SL formulation showed the highest efficacy in inhibiting germination (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Further testing of its pre-emergence utility via soil application in greenhouse conditions confirmed the herbicidal efficacy, effectively suppressing <em>P. lathyroides</em> emergence (36.8 % over control) and reducing growth parameters. Mechanistic assays showed the SL product to affect seed imbibition, α-amylase activity, and cell division in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting these as potential mechanisms of action. This study highlights the potential of a <em>M. azedarach</em>-based SL product as an alternative to synthetic herbicides, potentially leading to the development of a new botanical herbicide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34393,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Food Research","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 102025"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144088749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning prediction of 18 date palm polyphenol protection against biomolecular damage","authors":"Nashi K. Alqahtani ,&nbsp;Tareq M. Alnemr ,&nbsp;Rania Ismail ,&nbsp;Hosam M. Habib","doi":"10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the diverse antioxidant and enzyme-inhibiting properties of 18 date palm cultivars, correlating these bioactivities with polyphenol profiles using biochemical methods and machine learning (ML). Maktoomi exhibited the highest phenolic content (759.42 mg GAE/100g), while Fard showed strong ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activity (2456.13 mmol/100g). Significant enzyme inhibition variation was observed, Jabri (8.69 % AChE inhibition), Shikat alkahlas (21.06 % α-amylase inhibition), and Barhe (51.39 % tyrosinase inhibition). Maghool provided the highest protein protection (95–100 % BSA). These bioactivity data were integrated into an extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) ML model to connect chemical features with experimental outcomes. The model demonstrated high predictive capability (R² ∼ 0.9–0.95) for amylase, acetylcholine, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, but lower values (R² &lt; 0.9) for more complex assays involving DNA or superoxide systems, indicating data quality limitations. This highlights targeted method improvements. These findings demonstrate that certain date components offer higher specific bioactivity, and the ML approach validates these methods, revealing benefits and limitations. Date extracts possess therapeutic potential, and the combined approach of experimental testing and ML mapping provides a framework for multi-parameter analysis of complex biological systems. However, further <em>in-vivo</em> validation is needed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34393,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Food Research","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 102019"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategies for resilience: Mitigating the effects of climate change on hunger and mental health","authors":"Kelechi Chinemerem Mezieobi ,&nbsp;Esther Ugo Alum ,&nbsp;Chukwuoyims Kevin Egwu ,&nbsp;Daniel Ejim Uti ,&nbsp;Benedict Nnachi Alum ,&nbsp;Christine Ainebyoona ,&nbsp;Daniel Omuna","doi":"10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Climate change is one of the most significant threats to global public health in the 21st century, affecting ecosystems, food systems, and psychological well-being. Climate change is predicted to cause 700,000 annual deaths by 2030, and by 2050, 150 million more protein shortage cases due to higher carbon (IV) oxide concentrations, resulting in 1.4 billion protein-deficient individuals. This narrative review aims to unravel the complex interactions between climate-induced food insecurity and mental health outcomes by thoroughly gathering peer-reviewed literature and global reports.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A thorough search was conducted across Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar from January 01, 2012 to February 31, 2025 using relevant keywords. Reports from intergovernmental bodies such as the United Nations, World Health Organisation, and the Food and Agriculture Organisation were also included. Data were thematically analyzed and discussed simultaneously in a narrative order using various smaller sections, tables and figures to enhance readability and flow.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Global warming's impacts on food systems, crop nutritional value, and fisheries and animal productivity exacerbate hunger. Global warming has decreased marine fish productivity by up to 35 % in some regions and contributed to micronutrient deficiency risks for over one billion people. Food insecurity affected up to 828 million people; marine productivity declined by 4–35 % in some regions. Food insecurity, exacerbated by climate-induced floods, droughts, and extreme weather, directly impacts mental health. Depression, anxiety, eco-grief, and suicidal ideation are more prevalent in vulnerable groups such as smallholder farmers and displaced populations. Effective interventions include green infrastructure, agroecological practices, and strengthened mental health services.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Addressing the intersecting crises of climate change, hunger, and mental health requires integrated policies, interdisciplinary collaboration, and global solidarity. Locally adapted interventions and mental health-informed resilience frameworks are crucial to reducing vulnerability and ensuring sustainable well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34393,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Food Research","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 102023"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144108110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An integrated framework for multi-commodity agricultural price forecasting and anomaly detection using attention-boosted models","authors":"Eko Sediyono ,&nbsp;Kristoko Dwi Hartomo ,&nbsp;Christian Arthur ,&nbsp;Intiyas Utami ,&nbsp;Ronny Prabowo ,&nbsp;Raymond Chiong","doi":"10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global agricultural systems are increasingly exposed to price instability driven by climate extremes, logistic disruptions, and market uncertainty. These conditions complicate efforts to monitor and manage price behaviours in essential commodity markets. Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), which operate with constrained resources and limited access to data-driven tools, are particularly susceptible to sudden and irregular price shifts. Their ability to maintain stable operations depends on timely identification of market anomalies and reliable planning information. This underscores the importance of accurate price forecasting, yet deep learning models such as Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and the Gated Recurrent Unit often struggle to capture long-term dependencies and detect irregular price behaviors. To bridge the gap, this study proposes a deep learning framework that integrates Transformer models for price prediction and an attention-boosted LSTM Variational Autoencoder (VAE) for anomaly detection. Using daily price data collected from the period of January 2020 to mid-June 2024, this study demonstrated that Transformers outperformed traditional models while accurately capturing market trends and sudden fluctuations. Additionally, the attention-boosted anomaly detection model can outperform standard LSTM and artificial neural network-VAEs in identifying unexpected price changes. The proposed models outperformed baseline methods by achieving lower forecasting and anomaly detection errors. By addressing critical limitations in existing forecasting approaches, specifically their inability to capture abrupt anomalies, this study provides essential support for enhancing MSMEs’ resilience and improving decision-making under volatile market conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34393,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Food Research","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 102021"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the role of policy in enhancing agrifood value chain competitiveness: A systematic literature review","authors":"Saroj Amgai,&nbsp;Adam M. Komarek,&nbsp;Rajendra P. Adhikari","doi":"10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The value chain, as an inter-firm concept, has been established as a distinctive source of sustainable competitive advantage. Similarly, sound institutions and policy responses in firms or businesses are crucial to improving value chain competitiveness. Previous studies on competitiveness have examined factors, drivers, and outcomes in isolation, lacking comprehensive evidence on their interrelations and the role of policy in enhancing overall chain competitiveness. This study adopted a deductive thematic approach to systematically review the literature on agrifood value chains and policy across five theoretical views of competitive advantage: resource-based, relational, innovation-based, dynamic capability, and institution-based. Competitiveness factors identified from 171 studies from the systematic literature review were mapped to the five themes using a systems thinking approach to illustrate their cause-and-effect relationships in a causal loop diagram. The results revealed that productivity, chain networking, product diversity, market access, and extension services are primary drivers that influence the interrelationships among competitiveness factors and overall chain competitiveness across five themes. In addition, policies, whether short-term or long-term, emerge as an overarching domain that drives chain-wide competitiveness. The findings also indicate that short-term policy initiatives aimed at facilitating participation in global value chains through improved market access can enhance chain competitiveness. However, sustaining long-term competitiveness requires policy measures to support chain actors, particularly by improving access to finance and essential input resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34393,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Food Research","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 102022"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of seed producer cooperatives membership on technical efficiency: Evidence from tef farmers in the central highlands of Ethiopia","authors":"Abera Gemechu ,&nbsp;Moti Jaleta ,&nbsp;Lemma Zemedu ,&nbsp;Fekadu Beyene","doi":"10.1016/j.jafr.2025.101997","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafr.2025.101997","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Farmers in Ethiopia face challenges associated with low efficiency and productivity, primarily due to limited access to improved seeds and complementary inputs. Despite empirical evidence of the vital role played by agricultural cooperatives in providing these basic inputs, there has been no empirical study examining the impact of membership in seed producer cooperatives (SPCs) on agricultural development. This study aimed to assess the impact of membership in SPC on the technical efficiency (TE) of farmers in the central highlands of Ethiopia. Using data from 425 selected tef farmers, the paper employed propensity score matching to match SPC members with non-members and applied a selectivity-corrected stochastic production frontier model to address unobserved biases. In addition, the meta-frontier approach was used to compare TE scores between the two groups of farmers. Results reveal that SPC members achieved a TE of 72 % of their potential output, whereas non-members achieved only 59 %. SPC members achieved meta technical efficiency (MTE) of 67 %, while non-members obtained MTE of 49 %. This indicates that non-members face tef production challenges due to limited access to improved technologies. In conclusion, SPC membership significantly enhances the TE of members compared to non-members indicating that improving TE could greatly boost productivity in the tef sector. The findings of the study suggest that the government of Ethiopia should enhance the skills of SPC members by providing training and promoting knowledge sharing among farmers to improve seed access. Similarly, private seed producers should be strengthened to meet the growing demand for improved seeds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34393,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Food Research","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101997"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144114982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contribution of agri-food cooperatives in rural development and the safety status of their local food products","authors":"Christelle F. Iskandar ,&nbsp;Reine Abi Khalil ,&nbsp;Razan ZeinEddine ,&nbsp;Mostapha Shbaro ,&nbsp;Youssef Doughan ,&nbsp;Walid El Kayal","doi":"10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cooperatives play a significant role in rural development in many countries, contributing to household food security and sustainability. In Lebanon, local food products are mainly produced by agri-food cooperatives. However, their economic movement is relatively weak, mainly due to non-compliance with safety standards. Our study aimed to assess the safety of these local food products, identify and address hazards for safer production, and evaluate the contribution of agrifood cooperatives in Lebanese rural areas. Sixty-three traditional preserved food products were collected from 16 cooperatives around the Litani River Basin and tested for their microbiological properties. The testing was done in two production cycles. The gaps were identified to be addressed before the second cycle. Moreover, an interview was conducted with the cooperatives' directors to further understand the cooperatives' social and economic contribution. The results showed that, initially, 28 products were contamination-free, 21 held spoilage microorganisms, and 14 harbored foodborne pathogens. Following our intervention, 43 products became contamination-free, six held spoilage microorganisms, and only one product retained pathogens. The remaining 13 products were discarded due to major non-conformities with the good manufacturing practices. The value chain assessment revealed that cooperatives played a pivotal role in the social and economic development of the area by providing employment opportunities and driving economic growth. However, cooperatives had many challenges related to funding and marketing. This study provided a deeper understanding of the importance of food safety in supporting agri-food cooperatives in enhancing their operations. It highlighted the importance of agri-food cooperatives in contributing to national food security. The public sector's role in monitoring and organizing this value chain should be emphasized.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34393,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Food Research","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 102017"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144088679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pollination-driven modulation of amino acid biosynthesis in plum: A multi-omics approach","authors":"Lijun Deng ,&nbsp;Binshu Yuan ,&nbsp;Xiaojun Jin ,&nbsp;Yingying Xu ,&nbsp;Yuhuan Feng ,&nbsp;Xuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Hui Zhang ,&nbsp;Bo Xiong ,&nbsp;Xun Wang ,&nbsp;Guochao Sun ,&nbsp;Mingfei Zhang ,&nbsp;Siya He ,&nbsp;Ling Liao ,&nbsp;Zhihui Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plum is a popular fruit worldwide, possessing a rich nutritional profile. In agronomic practices, different pollen sources can influence fruit metabolites. However, few studies have been conducted on the effects of various pollinated cultivars on amino acid biosynthesis in plum fruit. In this study, ‘Fengtang’ plum was artificially pollinated using pollen from ‘Fenghuang’ plum and ‘Yinhong’ plum. The resulting fruit groups derived from ‘Fenghuang’ and ‘Yinhong’ pollination were designated as FF and FY, respectively. Subsequently, we performed metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of these fruits. The results showed that the total amino acid content in FF was significantly higher than that in FY throughout the fruit development period. A total of 191 amino acids (AAs) and their derivatives were identified by metabolome, including eight essential AAs. Among them, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, and L-phenylalanine were particularly abundant. Moreover, pollen sources induced variations in the levels of 58 AAs between FF and FY fruits. Nine key genes and 46 transcription factors (TFs) significantly influencing amino acid biosynthesis in ‘Fengtang’ plum were identified through redundancy analysis (RDA) and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The findings underscore the potential to improve the nutritional value of plums through the strategic selection of pollination cultivars. In addition, this research provides a foundation for a deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying amino acid biosynthesis in plum and supports the development of relevant functional foods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34393,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Food Research","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 102018"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}