Strategies for resilience: Mitigating the effects of climate change on hunger and mental health

Abstract

Objectives

Climate change is one of the most significant threats to global public health in the 21st century, affecting ecosystems, food systems, and psychological well-being. Climate change is predicted to cause 700,000 annual deaths by 2030, and by 2050, 150 million more protein shortage cases due to higher carbon (IV) oxide concentrations, resulting in 1.4 billion protein-deficient individuals. This narrative review aims to unravel the complex interactions between climate-induced food insecurity and mental health outcomes by thoroughly gathering peer-reviewed literature and global reports.

Method

A thorough search was conducted across Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar from January 01, 2012 to February 31, 2025 using relevant keywords. Reports from intergovernmental bodies such as the United Nations, World Health Organisation, and the Food and Agriculture Organisation were also included. Data were thematically analyzed and discussed simultaneously in a narrative order using various smaller sections, tables and figures to enhance readability and flow.

Results

Global warming's impacts on food systems, crop nutritional value, and fisheries and animal productivity exacerbate hunger. Global warming has decreased marine fish productivity by up to 35 % in some regions and contributed to micronutrient deficiency risks for over one billion people. Food insecurity affected up to 828 million people; marine productivity declined by 4–35 % in some regions. Food insecurity, exacerbated by climate-induced floods, droughts, and extreme weather, directly impacts mental health. Depression, anxiety, eco-grief, and suicidal ideation are more prevalent in vulnerable groups such as smallholder farmers and displaced populations. Effective interventions include green infrastructure, agroecological practices, and strengthened mental health services.

Conclusion

Addressing the intersecting crises of climate change, hunger, and mental health requires integrated policies, interdisciplinary collaboration, and global solidarity. Locally adapted interventions and mental health-informed resilience frameworks are crucial to reducing vulnerability and ensuring sustainable well-being.