{"title":"Thermal risk evaluation of concentrated electrolytes for Li-ion batteries","authors":"Liwei Zhao, Atsushi Inoishi, Shigeto Okada","doi":"10.1016/j.powera.2021.100079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powera.2021.100079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Concentrated electrolytes have been attracting increasing attention due to their unique properties. However, despite the concern about their thermal stability, few research has been done on their exothermic behaviors, especially with the coexistence of electrodes. Herein, we report the results of detailed investigation into the thermal properties of LiBF<sub>4</sub>, LiPF<sub>6</sub>, LiTFSI, and LiFSI/carbonate concentrated solutions and their thermal behaviors with the coexistence of fully lithiated graphite. Concentrated LiBF<sub>4</sub> solutions showed no practical application possibilities because they were unstable on C<sub>6</sub>Li. Increasing the salt concentration decreased the thermal stability of LiPF<sub>6</sub>/PC solutions with the coexistence of C<sub>6</sub>Li. The organic salt dominated the thermal behavior of the solution when mixed with C<sub>6</sub>Li. A drastic exothermic reaction happened at 210–220 °C when C<sub>6</sub>Li was mixed with LiFSI solutions, indicating a very high thermal risk of LiFSI carbonate solutions as LIB electrolytes. In contrast, LiTFSI solutions showed much milder reactions with C<sub>6</sub>Li. On the other hand, because of the different LiF content in SEI, the exothermic onset temperature of the C<sub>6</sub>Li mixture with the concentrated solution increased in the order of LiFSI > LiTFSI > LiPF<sub>6</sub>. Comprehensively, concentrated LiTFSI electrolytes should be a good choice for LIB from the standpoint of battery safety.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources Advances","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100079"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666248521000342/pdfft?md5=a69e6ebf1a8db12450c8713862df4997&pid=1-s2.0-S2666248521000342-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47276870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kamil Wróbel , Jakub Lach , Justyna Wróbel , Piotr Podsadni , Andrzej Czerwiński
{"title":"Conductive porous carbon (CPC) as an alternative to reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) in lead acid battery current collectors","authors":"Kamil Wróbel , Jakub Lach , Justyna Wróbel , Piotr Podsadni , Andrzej Czerwiński","doi":"10.1016/j.powera.2021.100074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powera.2021.100074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Thea article presents the latest research on reticulated carbon collectors in lead-acid batteries. A comparison of the performance characteristics of lead-acid cells and batteries based on two porous conductive carbon materials is presented: commercially available reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC), used in earlier studies, and porous conductive carbon (CPC) developed at the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw. Lead layers electrodeposited on CPC had better properties and more uniform thickness. Carbon-based negative and positive plates were tested regarding their capacity using different current rates and cycle life. Experiments on complete 2 and 12 V batteries are presented as well. CPC is proven to be as good material as RVC for use as current collectors in lead-acid cells. Obtained results show that there are reticulated carbon materials different from RVC with properties that allow them to be successfully employed in construction of both negative and positive plates in lead-acid batteries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources Advances","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100074"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666248521000299/pdfft?md5=206bfc9e76cb261db27153abff402b00&pid=1-s2.0-S2666248521000299-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43796807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigating oxidative stability of lithium-ion battery electrolytes using synthetic charge-discharge profile voltammetry","authors":"Alma Mathew , Matthew J. Lacey , Daniel Brandell","doi":"10.1016/j.powera.2021.100071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powera.2021.100071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Electrolytes are an integral part of any electrochemical energy storage systems, including batteries. Among the many properties which determine the applicability of a Li-ion battery electrolyte, electrochemical stability – and for high voltage electrodes, in particular anodic stability – is a key parameter to consider. Despite being simple and straightforward to employ, the conventional linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) technique often leads to an over-estimation of the oxidative stability. In this study, an alternative approach termed Synthetic Charge-discharge Profile Voltammetry (SCPV) is explored to investigate the oxidative electrolyte stability. We have found this to be a convenient method of quantifying the anodic stability of the electrolyte in a more practically representative manner, in which passivation kinetics and electrode potential changes at the electrode-electrolyte interface are more appropriately reproduced. The viability of this technique is explored with liquid electrolytes based on ether, carbonate, sulfone and carbonate-sulfone mixtures, all with lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF<sub>6</sub>) salt, tested for a potential profile equivalent to LiNi<sub>0.5</sub>Mn<sub>1.5</sub>O<sub>4</sub> electrodes. The credibility of this technique is validated by correlations to the coulombic efficiencies of corresponding half-cells.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources Advances","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100071"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666248521000263/pdfft?md5=645c56c0f30bcf8eddad0fe50e6a2292&pid=1-s2.0-S2666248521000263-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90011395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wuxiang Feng , Wei Wu , Congrui Jin , Meng Zhou , Wenjuan Bian , Wei Tang , Joshua Y. Gomez , Richard Boardman , Dong Ding
{"title":"Exploring the structural uniformity and integrity of protonic ceramic thin film electrolyte using wet powder spraying","authors":"Wuxiang Feng , Wei Wu , Congrui Jin , Meng Zhou , Wenjuan Bian , Wei Tang , Joshua Y. Gomez , Richard Boardman , Dong Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.powera.2021.100067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powera.2021.100067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Thin protonic ceramic electrolyte contributes to lower ohmic resistance and enhances electrochemical performance of protonic ceramic electrochemical cells. However, manufacturing of large-scale thin electrolyte remains a challenge. Wet powder spraying is an attractive technique to deposit <10 μm thin electrolyte when advanced atomizing techniques and optimized spraying process are integrated. Here ultrasonic atomization is integrated in the wet powder spray technique to reduce the thickness of electrolyte. Moreover, a parametric study is conducted to optimize the wet powder spray process to deposit uniform and crack-free electrolyte film. It is illustrated that tuning of solid loading rates and spray passes can affect the morphology of the as-sprayed electrolyte film, enabling the structural compactness of the sintered electrolyte layer. To maintain chemical stability of the electrolyte layer during sintering, effect of sintering temperature is further investigated to produce a physically thin, structurally dense, and chemically homogeneous electrolyte layer. The protonic ceramic electrochemical cells fabricated with optimized spraying and sintering parameters demonstrate excellent performance under both fuel cell and electrolysis modes. In addition, the cells exhibit remarkable structural integrity during redox and long-term stability tests.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources Advances","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100067"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.powera.2021.100067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47920847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karam Yassin , Igal G. Rasin , Sapir Willdorf-Cohen , Charles E. Diesendruck , Simon Brandon , Dario R. Dekel
{"title":"A surprising relation between operating temperature and stability of anion exchange membrane fuel cells","authors":"Karam Yassin , Igal G. Rasin , Sapir Willdorf-Cohen , Charles E. Diesendruck , Simon Brandon , Dario R. Dekel","doi":"10.1016/j.powera.2021.100066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powera.2021.100066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) show substantially enhanced (initial) performance and efficiency with the increase of operational temperature (where typical values are below 80 °C). This is directly due to the increase in reaction and mass transfer rates with temperature. Common sense suggests however that the increase of ionomeric material chemical degradation kinetics with temperature is likely to offset the above mentioned gain in performance and efficiency. In this computational study we investigate the combined effect of a high operating temperature, up to 120 °C, on the performance and stability of AEMFCs. Our modeling results demonstrate the expected positive impact of operating temperature on AEMFC performance. More interestingly, under certain conditions, AEMFC performance stability is surprisingly enhanced as temperature increases. While increasing cell temperature enhances degradation kinetics, it simultaneously improves water diffusivity through the membrane, resulting in higher hydration levels at the cathode. This, in turn, encourages a decrease in ionomer chemical degradation which depends on the hydration as well as on temperature, leading to a significant increase in AEMFC performance stability and, therefore, in its lifetime. These findings predict the possible advantage (and importance), in terms of performance and durability, of developing high-temperature AEMFCs for automotive and other applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources Advances","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100066"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.powera.2021.100066","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91665773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sofia B. Davey, Amanda P. Cameron, Kenneth G. Latham, Scott W. Donne
{"title":"Thermodynamic and kinetic examination of the glassy carbon electrode in neutral aqueous electrolytes","authors":"Sofia B. Davey, Amanda P. Cameron, Kenneth G. Latham, Scott W. Donne","doi":"10.1016/j.powera.2021.100062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powera.2021.100062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Herein we report on the charge storage behaviour of a non-porous planar glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in an aqueous electrolyte of 0.5 M Na2SO4 at temperatures in the range 25 °C to 50 °C. Preliminary cyclic voltammetry (CV) data indicate a decrease in electrode performance at increasing temperatures, and this was supported by detailed analysis of step potential electrochemical spectroscopy (SPECS) data. Kinetic analysis of the deconvoluted SPECS data using the Arrhenius equation has indicated that diffusional charge storage is not thermally activated, instead being possibly influenced by thermal scattering of electrolyte ions. Entropimetric analysis of the SPECS data has generated entropy and enthalpy data for charge storage in this system. These results are discussed in terms of charge storage at this interface.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources Advances","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100062"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.powera.2021.100062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48648591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wet/dry cycle durability of polyphenylene ionomer membranes in PEFC","authors":"Toshiki Tanaka , Haruhiko Shintani , Yasushi Sugawara , Akihiro Masuda , Nobuyuki Sato , Makoto Uchida , Kenji Miyatake","doi":"10.1016/j.powera.2021.100063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powera.2021.100063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The mechanical durability of our hydrocarbon polymer electrolyte membrane, poly(sulfophenylene quinquephenylene) (SPP-QP) or polyphenylene ionomer, was evaluated in wet/dry cycle tests in fuel cells according to the US-DOE protocol, where the effect of gas diffusion layers (hard or soft GDL) was investigated. The membrane exhibited mechanical failure with the hard GDL and H<sub>2</sub> crossover (permeation through the membrane) jumping from 0.01% to ca. 2% after 4,000 cycles. Post-test analyses indicated that the edge of the membrane under the gasket was the most damaged, where the dimensional change upon humidification/dehumidification was restricted. Use of the soft GDL significantly improved the wet/dry cycle durability of the membrane with no practical changes in the H<sub>2</sub> crossover, even after 30,000 cycles, due to the strong adhesion of the GDL to the catalyst layers. The mechanical durability of the SPP-QP membrane was better than that of our previous aromatic-based ionomer membrane containing ether and ketone groups in the main chain. The loss of molecular weight and the sulfonic acid groups was rather minor for the SPP-QP membrane, indicating chemical robustness of the membrane under the severe wet/dry cycle conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources Advances","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100063"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.powera.2021.100063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41668117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pascal Hauenstein , Iosif Mangoufis-Giasin , Dominik Seeberger , Peter Wasserscheid , Karl J.J. Mayrhofer , Ioannis Katsounaros , Simon Thiele
{"title":"Impact of catalyst loading, ionomer content, and carbon support on the performance of direct isopropanol fuel cells","authors":"Pascal Hauenstein , Iosif Mangoufis-Giasin , Dominik Seeberger , Peter Wasserscheid , Karl J.J. Mayrhofer , Ioannis Katsounaros , Simon Thiele","doi":"10.1016/j.powera.2021.100064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powera.2021.100064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHC) offer a promising solution for hydrogen storage in the existing infrastructure for conventional fuels. Within this framework, the isopropanol/acetone couple as a light-LOHC system is used to generate electricity in a direct isopropanol fuel cell (DIFC). This work focuses on the impact of catalyst loading, ionomer content and catalyst support on the performance of DIFCs. We achieve a performance rise from 95 mW cm<sup>-2</sup> to 219 mW cm<sup>-2</sup> under air operation by increasing the anode catalyst loading from 0.5 mg cm<sup>-2</sup> to 4 mg cm<sup>-2</sup>, which can be attributed to the increased abundance of active catalyst sites with higher loadings. In contrast, we find that the cathode loading for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) plays a minor role in the performance of DIFCs. Therefore, the cathode loading can be minimized to decrease the total amount of platinum-group metals and, consequently, to save cost. It was also found that an ionomer content of 30% on the anode side is optimal. Additionally, different carbon supports were investigated, where advanced high surface area carbon support showed superior performance to <span>Vulcan</span> with an increase of 20% in power density, motivating the development of new carbon supports for DIFCs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources Advances","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100064"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.powera.2021.100064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48461074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Electrode performance of amorphous MoS3 in all-solid-state sodium secondary batteries","authors":"Gaku Shirota, Akira Nasu, Minako Deguchi, Atsushi Sakuda, Masahiro Tatsumisago, Akitoshi Hayashi","doi":"10.1016/j.powera.2021.100061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powera.2021.100061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>All-solid-state Na–S secondary batteries that use sodium and sulfur, both available in abundance, are the most attractive next-generation batteries. In this study, two types of amorphous MoS<sub>3</sub> (a-MoS<sub>3</sub>) were prepared as electrode active materials for use in all-solid-state sodium secondary batteries using the thermal decomposition (TD) of (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>MoS<sub>4</sub> and mechanochemical (MC) processes, denoted a-MoS<sub>3</sub> (TD) and a-MoS<sub>3</sub> (MC), respectively. X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses revealed that a-MoS<sub>3</sub> (TD) and a-MoS<sub>3</sub> (MC) had different local structures. The a-MoS<sub>3</sub> (TD) and a-MoS<sub>3</sub> (MC) electrodes showed high reversible capacities of 310 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> and 260 mAh g<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, for five cycles in all-solid-state sodium secondary batteries. XPS analysis of the discharge–charge products suggested that the dissociation and formation of disulfide bonds occurred during the discharge–charge reaction. The results show that a-MoS<sub>3</sub> is a promising active electrode material for all-solid-state sodium batteries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources Advances","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100061"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.powera.2021.100061","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45446527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Three-dimensional foam-type current collectors for rechargeable batteries: A short review","authors":"Nurbolat Issatayev , Arailym Nuspeissova , Gulnur Kalimuldina , Zhumabay Bakenov","doi":"10.1016/j.powera.2021.100065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.powera.2021.100065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Energy storage systems as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become an essential part of our lives, powering on-the-go technologies we use every day. Until recently, immense attention was paid to designing and synthesizing advanced active materials for LIBs to enhance the battery characteristics. However, not the least crucial part of the battery, the current collector, was left unattended for a long time. Therefore, it is not surprising that the batteries reached their limits in power and energy densities, leaving the battery progress equal to an almost flat line. The only way to go ahead with the battery technology would be to design new architectures or to investigate new materials. Changing the battery current collector from planar to three-dimensional (3D) would offer dimensionality to the electrodes meaning short diffusion length for Li-ions, which will boost power density, more active material, and mechanical stability. Herein, in this review, various 3D architecture current collectors will be summarized, and recent advances in synthesis routes will be discussed to point out the importance of 3D structures. In addition, the correlation between the electrochemical performances of batteries and current collector architecture will be reviewed. More than 50 research publications related to the synthesis and performance of different 3D current collectors were reviewed and compared. The review results suggest that despite the outstanding performance, currently used technologies to obtain 3D current collectors make them unacceptable in the commercial sphere, and cheaper, faster and simple synthesis routes are desired to be explored.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources Advances","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100065"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.powera.2021.100065","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46961550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}