Biomedical Research Journal最新文献

{"title":"Recent advances in nanomedicine for antimalarial drug delivery","authors":"M. Gogoi","doi":"10.4103/2349-3666.240598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2349-3666.240598","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria is one of the major public health problems caused by parasites belonging to plasmodium genus in the tropical and subtropical countries. Advancement of nanotechnology is opening up a window of huge opportunities for better treatment of malaria. Different nano drug delivery systems such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, dendrimer, nano-emulsion and polymeric nanoparticles are widely investigated for treating malaria. In this review, the recent advances in nanomedicine for antimalarial drug delivery are summarised.","PeriodicalId":34293,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89440248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polycomb group proteins: Emerging players in neurogenesis","authors":"Divya Desai, Niloufer P Dumasia, Prasad Pethe","doi":"10.4103/2349-3666.240596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2349-3666.240596","url":null,"abstract":"Neural development is a multi-factorial process, one that is governed by several interconnected factors. Fate of neural progenitor cells is determined by an intricate interplay between developmental genes, promoters, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifiers that act as transcription activators or silencers. Gradients of signalling molecules such as - SONIC HEDGEHOG, Retinoic Acid, BMP4, WNT and NOGGIN are generated during development and differentiat on, these bind to their cognate receptors leading to activation or repression of specific genes necessary for differentiation. Silencing of nonlineage sp cific genes is a key factor in maintaining the identity of a cell during subsequent proliferation and maturation post gastrulation. Gene silencing or repression of genes can be carried out by nucleotide modifications (cytosine methylation), histone modifications (acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitylation) and/or heterochromatization. Histone modifiers such as Polycomb Group proteins (PcGs), Histone Acetyltransferases (HAT), Histone Deacetylases (HDAC) regulate gene expression in early development as well as play an important role in adult organism. Polycomb Group proteins (PcGs) bring aboutgene repression by catalysing histone modifications such as di- and trimethylation on histone H3 (H3K27me2 and H3K27me3) and mono-ubiquitylation of histone H2A (H2AK119Ub) at the promoters of specific genes. In this review, we would discuss the activity of Polycomb group (PcG) proteins in neurogenesis, their role in histone modification and silencing of key development genes to bring about precise development and differentiation.","PeriodicalId":34293,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85781716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of hyperglycaemia-induced epc dysfunction using a panel of cellular assays: Validation of experimental murine and human model systems","authors":"Kadambari Dixit, M. Kanitkar, Sheetal Kadam, Rucha Deshpande, V. Kale","doi":"10.4103/2349-3666.240594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2349-3666.240594","url":null,"abstract":"Although human and murine Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) are routinely used for research, the results can only be imperfectly analyzed due to our limited understanding of source-specific differential responses to stress. Although the routinely used cellular and functional assays are effective for detection of EPC dysfunction (EPD) in single source test systems, there is lack of a universal detection system capable of detecting high glucose (HG) and/or Diabetes mellitus (DM)-induced EPD irrespective of source or site. To remedy this lacuna we compared the test systems from both cell sources. Comparison of sensitivity of various cellular assays revealed that of all the assays performed, only colony formation assays (CFU) showed comparable responses to diabetes/high glucose in both test systems, while cell adhesion assay (CAA), proliferation potential and viability differed in their responses to HG. On the other hand, the functional assays i.e. tubule formation, chemotactic migration assay and CXCR4 and VEGFR2 mRNA expression were uniformly affected by HG in vitro and DM in vivo. Interestingly, other parameters studied i.e. nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) showed dissimilar responses to HG and DM exposure. On this basis, we propose a panel of assays comprising CFU, tubule formation, chemotactic-migration and CXCR4 and VEGFR2 mRNA expression that can accurately detect HG-/DM-induced EPD irrespective of various systemic factors. These assays will also enhance uniformity across data sets and increase accuracy of EPD detection in human and murine systems.","PeriodicalId":34293,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83125776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lithium induced neural plasticity","authors":"R. Mukhopadhyaya, M. Rajadhyaksha","doi":"10.4103/2349-3666.240597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2349-3666.240597","url":null,"abstract":"Neural plasticity refers to the brain’s ability to make new cellular connections. Drugs that can induce neural plasticity are of basic as well as clinical interest. Lithium, a drug already in use, has been demonstrated to be neuroprotective and is likely to find wider use. The spectrum of diseases that can be potentially treated with lithium suggests that there could be a common cellular mechanism, such as neural plasticity, in operation. We review effects of lithium on major cellular processes that comprise neuroplasticity – alterations, in vitro and in vivo, in neurites, axons and synapse formation. Lithium is known to support extension of cytoplasmic outgrowths. Lithium alters patterns of axonal modifications including their extensions or retractions and sprouting of new branches. However, there are few studies directly demonstrating lithium action of synapse formation. The molecular basis of lithium action is complex with various pathways involved in cross talk. Of these multiple pathways, we have focused on lithium induced inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β, block of inositol phosphate pathway and up regulation of neurotrophins as there are direct evidences of involvement of these in lithium induced neuroplasticity. This review provides a bird’s eye view of studies that could provide insight into special aspect of lithium action, induction of plasticity, which have implication for treating a wide variety of neurological conditions","PeriodicalId":34293,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77541532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles for cancer therapy","authors":"KC Barick, PA Hassan, S. Gawali, B. Dutta","doi":"10.4103/2349-3666.240591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2349-3666.240591","url":null,"abstract":"Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have attracted extensive applications in biomedical fields such as drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for medical diagnosis and cancer therapeutics. Designing efficient IONPs for cancer treatment requires their surface modification with suitable biocompatible organic and inorganic molecules having multifunctional groups. This review focuses on recent developments in the area of surface engineering of IONPs and their potential applications in cancer therapy. The imaging and targeting potential of IONPs in conjugation with luminescent markers and receptor molecules are briefly discussed.","PeriodicalId":34293,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85302424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapy induced senescence and its implications in cancer","authors":"Jyothi Nair, Poorvaja Muley, S. Dutt","doi":"10.4103/2349-3666.240590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2349-3666.240590","url":null,"abstract":"Senescence is a phenomenon of ‘end of cells replicative capacity’, characterized by irreversible cell cycle arrest which in the context of cancer, will contain the growth of tumour. Hence possibility of using pro-senescence therapies for cancer therapeutics has generated substantial interest. In this regards there are several reports showing that senescence can be induced in cancer cells by genotoxic agents used in anti-neoplastic therapy, such senescence is called ‘therapy induced senescence’ (TIS). Therapy induced senescent cells undergo cell death or eventual immune-mediated clearance. However, recent reports also show the existence of ‘therapy induced senescence reversal’ mechanisms in some cancers, wherein after a definite period of time, senescent cells overcome the arrest and re-enter the cell cycle, eventually repopulating the tumour which will limit the use of senescence for cancer therapeutics. The data also highlighs that TIS is complex and we do not fully understand many aspects of this phenomenon. Therefore to harness senescence for cancer therapeutics, a deeper understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms governing establishment and reversal of senescence is required. In the current review, we have discussed current knowledge of the therapeutic agents inducing senescence, their mechanism of induction and the implication of senescence reversal in cancers.","PeriodicalId":34293,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88666977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system","authors":"D. Saranath, A. Khanna","doi":"10.4103/2349-3666.240595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2349-3666.240595","url":null,"abstract":"Biomedical Applications of CRISPR/ Cas9 Genome Editing System The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and associated protein 9 (CRISPR/cas9) gene editing system enables manipulation of any gene in cells and tissues originally associated with the adaptive immune system of Streptococcus pyogenes. CRISPR/cas9 induces double strand DNA breaks (DSB) in the genome at precise, predetermined loci. The essential CRISPR-Cas components constitute the Cas9 RNA-guided endonuclease which cuts DNA at a specific site, a singleguide RNA (sgRNA) that carries a sequence (protospacer) complementary to the DNA target and a short sequence in the target called the protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) essential for Cas9 binding. The system enables replacement or modification of the aberrant/diseased gene by insertion or deletion in the genome at the precise position. The applications of the system, capable of simultaneous alteration of multiple genes, are immense in the areas of agriculture and biomedical fields and are of critical value in the current scenario. Thus tackling almost insurmountable, global, biomedical problems such as antimicrobial drug resistance, reversal of hereditary gene defects, and complete cure in cancers with currently no known cure, is feasible. The future envisaged is symptomatic treatment with the endpoint of a complete cure and/or reversal of the disease progression. New delivery systems to induce permanent effects safely will be a requirement for clinical applications. The drawback is the nonspecific recognition and digestion of non-target sites, introducing mutations at off-target sites with untoward effects in treatment of human disease. Inroads have been made using the system towards treatment in monogenic diseases such as β-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, neurodegenerative disease including Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Dhananjaya Saranath and Aparna Khanna","PeriodicalId":34293,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81922506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contemporary cancer therapy","authors":"D. Saranath, A. Khanna","doi":"10.4103/2349-3666.240588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2349-3666.240588","url":null,"abstract":"On the Public Health scenario globally the major issues in provision of effective care from ‘Precision Medicine to Precision Care’ that need urgent solutions include ‘Antimicrobial resistance to negate the estimated death of 10 million individuals annually due to Antimicrobial Resistance by 2050’, and ‘Understanding of Cancer Biology with consequent complete cure in Cancer’ and translation care with patient centered approach. Besides an impetus for prioritising ‘Preventive Medicine’ in both communicable and non-communicable diseases is needed. The laudable 'Sustainable Development Goal target' of reducing maternal mortality to 70/100,000 live births by 2030 from the current 216/100,000 is feasible due to collective efforts. We look forward to similarly tackling both the problems of antimicrobial resistance and cancer cure. In the editorial we focus on the success of Contemporary approach to Cancer Care for individual patients indicating the use and efficacy of US FDA approved and globally implemented targeted treatment. Cancer is still an enigma both to the patients and to a considerable extent to the oncologists, due to its biological complexity and extreme heterogeneity in treatment responses in patients. The bane of cancer is metastasis of the cancer cells to distant organs introducing uncertainties in cancer cure. Over the past several years, a next generation of cancer treatment targeted to the molecular pathology of cancer has made a difference in cancers of lung, colorectal, breast, pancreas, brain, gasterointestinal, head and neck cancers including oral cancer, kidney, lymphoma, melanoma, mesothelioma, prostate, thyroid, leukemia and myeloma, tailored to an individual patient's tumor. The approach takes into account individual variability in the genes, environment and lifestyle, and this will enhance evidence informed decision making. Targeted molecular therapy is designed to treat cancer by interrupting unique molecular abnormalities that drive cancer growth. The drugs used in targeted therapy are designed to interfere with a specific biochemical pathway central to the development, growth and spread of the Dhananjaya Saranath and Aparna Khanna","PeriodicalId":34293,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72526223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of anti-aging gene klotho in oral and gastro-intestinal cancers","authors":"G. Pathare, K. Shalia","doi":"10.4103/2349-3666.240600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2349-3666.240600","url":null,"abstract":"Klotho, the anti-aging gene, has various roles, one of them being a tumor suppressor. Dysregulation of insulin/insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), Wnt and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling is major contributor to cancer. The tumor suppressor effects of Klotho have been attributed to its ability to modulate these pathways. In cancer cells, Klotho gene is silenced primarily through promoter hypermethylation. The ectopic expression or the restoration of Klotho directly corresponds to reduction in cancer. This implies its role in cancer therapeutics. In this article, the role of Klotho in oral and gastrointestinal cancers has been reviewed.","PeriodicalId":34293,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77681594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomagnetic interaction of functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles with bovine serum albumin","authors":"Mayank Gupta, S. Chandra","doi":"10.4103/2349-3666.240614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2349-3666.240614","url":null,"abstract":"Functionalized iron oxide (magnetic) nanoparticles are promising candidate for detection and sensing of target molecule as they can be manipulated and detected through magnetic interactions. The biological recognition moiety of the functionalized coating results in binding of the target analyte which causes a change in the interaction of the nanoparticles under the influence of an external magnetic field. This forms the basis of the fabrication of a bio-magnetic sensor. The current study reports the use of three different macromolecules viz. glycol chitosan (GC), poly ethylene glycol methyl ether (PEGME) and poly sodium stereo-4 sulphate (PSSNa) to functionalize and cap the magnetic nanoparticles. The magnetic nanoparticles were characterized using FTIR, XRD, TEM and TGA to evaluate their structural and surface properties. TEM showed spherical nanoparticles with mean size of ~11, 12 and 13 nm for GC, PEGME and PSSNa-MNPs respectively. TGA evaluates the weight loss of the modified MNPs and confirms the coating on the surface of the MNPs. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was immobilized on the functionalized MNPs and detection studies were carried out using AC susceptibility studies on a physical property measurement system. Detection of BSA immobilized MNPs was exhibited at 300 K by the measurement of the imaginary part of the magnetic susceptibility over a frequency range and is based on the changes of dynamic magnetic properties of the MNPs, making use of the Brownian relaxation.","PeriodicalId":34293,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88899121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}