IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology最新文献

Guest Editorial: Special Issue on Orthogonal Time Frequency Space Modulation and Delay-Doppler Signal Processing 特刊：正交时频空间调制与延迟多普勒信号处理

IF 5.3

IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology Pub Date : 2025-07-21 DOI: 10.1109/OJVT.2025.3585072

Qin Tao;Shuangyang Li;Weijie Yuan;Slawomir Stanczak;Emanuele Viterbo;Xianbin Wang

引用次数: 0

Performance Analysis of RIS-Assisted RF-Based Detection of Unauthorized UAVs 基于ris辅助射频的非法无人机检测性能分析

IF 5.3

IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology Pub Date : 2025-07-07 DOI: 10.1109/OJVT.2025.3586263

Yousef Awad;Suhail Al-Dharrab;Wessam Mesbah

{"title":"Performance Analysis of RIS-Assisted RF-Based Detection of Unauthorized UAVs","authors":"Yousef Awad;Suhail Al-Dharrab;Wessam Mesbah","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2025.3586263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2025.3586263","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the problem of unauthorized drone detection is considered. In particular, we propose a novel RF-based UAV detection technique aided by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) considering realistic air-to-ground (A2G) channel conditions under Rician fading channels. Furthermore, we develop an analytical framework that provides the optimal phase shifts of the RISs and closed-form expressions for the detection probabilities. Additionally, the impact of the RISs placement is investigated considering the worst-case scenario in which we have a minimum detection probability. Finally, the minimum number of reflecting elements per RIS required in the case of blocked direct line-of-sight (LoS) is derived to outperform the LoS conditions without the assistance of RISs. Monte Carlo simulations corroborate and confirm the accuracy of the derived expressions under the aforementioned channel conditions and we demonstrate the average detection probability given randomly distributed RISs. Our results have shown that an overall accuracy of 0.99 can be achieved under the scenarios when active RISs are utilized along with an existing direct LoS link.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"1963-1976"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11072289","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144704952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analysis and Prediction of Coverage and Channel Rank for UAV Networks in Rural Scenarios With Foliage 农村有叶场景下无人机网络覆盖和信道等级分析与预测

IF 5.3

IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology Pub Date : 2025-07-02 DOI: 10.1109/OJVT.2025.3585537

Donggu Lee;Ozgur Ozdemir;Ram Asokan;Ismail Guvenc

{"title":"Analysis and Prediction of Coverage and Channel Rank for UAV Networks in Rural Scenarios With Foliage","authors":"Donggu Lee;Ozgur Ozdemir;Ram Asokan;Ismail Guvenc","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2025.3585537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2025.3585537","url":null,"abstract":"Uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) are expected to play a key role in 6G-enabled vehicular-to-everything (V2X) communications, requiring high data rates, low latency, and reliable connectivity for mission-critical applications. Multi-input multi-output (MIMO) technology is essential for meeting these demands. However, UAV link performance is significantly affected by environmental factors such as signal attenuation, multipath propagation, and blockage from obstacles, particularly dense foliage in rural areas. In this paper, we investigate RF coverage and channel rank over UAV channels in foliage-dominated rural environments using ray tracing (RT) simulations. We conduct RT-based channel rank and RF coverage analysis over Lake Wheeler Field Labs at NC State University to examine the impact on UAV links. Custom-modeled trees are integrated into the RT simulations using NVIDIA Sionna, Blender, and the Open Street Map (OSM) database to capture realistic blockage effects. Results indicate that tree-induced blockage impacts RF coverage and channel rank at lower UAV altitudes. We also propose a Kriging interpolation-based 3D channel rank interpolation scheme, leveraging the observed spatial correlation of channel rank in the given environments. The accuracy of the proposed scheme is evaluated using the mean absolute error (MAE) metric and compared against baseline interpolation methods. Finally, we compare the RT-based received signal strength (RSS) and channel rank results with real-world measurements from the NSF AERPAW testbed, demonstrating reasonable consistency between simulation results and the measurements.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"1943-1962"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11066253","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

LR-FHSS Transceiver for Direct-to-Satellite IoT Communications: Design, Implementation, and Verification 用于直接到卫星物联网通信的LR-FHSS收发器：设计，实现和验证

IF 5.3

IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1109/OJVT.2025.3585160

Sooyeob Jung;Seongah Jeong;Jinkyu Kang;Gyeongrae Im;Sangjae Lee;Mi-Kyung Oh;Joon Gyu Ryu;Joonhyuk Kang

{"title":"LR-FHSS Transceiver for Direct-to-Satellite IoT Communications: Design, Implementation, and Verification","authors":"Sooyeob Jung;Seongah Jeong;Jinkyu Kang;Gyeongrae Im;Sangjae Lee;Mi-Kyung Oh;Joon Gyu Ryu;Joonhyuk Kang","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2025.3585160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2025.3585160","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a long range-frequency hopping spread spectrum (LR-FHSS) transceiver design for the Direct-to-Satellite Internet of Things (DtS-IoT) communication system. The DtS-IoT system has recently attracted attention as a promising non-terrestrial network (NTN) solution to provide high-traffic and delay-tolerant data transfer services, such as wide-area situational awareness (WASA) in smart grids and car share management in automotive applications, to IoT devices in global coverage. In particular, this study provides guidelines for the overall DtS-IoT system architecture and design details that conform to the Long Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN). Furthermore, we also detail various DtS-IoT use cases. Considering low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellites, we develop the LR-FHSS transceiver to improve system efficiency, which is a leading attempt to build practical satellite communication systems using LR-FHSS, excluding commercial products. Moreover, we apply a robust synchronization scheme against the Doppler effect and co-channel interference (CCI) caused by LEO satellite channel environments, including signal detection for the simultaneous reception of numerous frequency hopping signals and an enhanced soft-output-Viterbi-algorithm (SOVA) for the header and payload receptions. Lastly, we present proof-of-concept implementation and testbeds using an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chipset and a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) that verify the performance of the proposed LR-FHSS transceiver design of DtS-IoT communication systems. The laboratory test results reveal that the proposed LR-FHSS-based framework with the robust synchronization technique can provide wide coverage, seamless connectivity, and high-throughput communication links for the realization of future satellite communication networks.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"1920-1942"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11062698","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Indoor Localization and Tracking in Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Aided mmWave Systems 可重构智能表面辅助毫米波系统的室内定位与跟踪

IF 5.3

IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology Pub Date : 2025-06-25 DOI: 10.1109/OJVT.2025.3582885

Kunlun Li;Mohammed El-Hajjar;Chao Xu;Lajos Hanzo

{"title":"Indoor Localization and Tracking in Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Aided mmWave Systems","authors":"Kunlun Li;Mohammed El-Hajjar;Chao Xu;Lajos Hanzo","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2025.3582885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2025.3582885","url":null,"abstract":"Millimeter wave (mmWave) carriers have a high available bandwidth, which can be beneficial for high-resolution localization in both the angular and temporal domains. However, the limited coverage due to severe path loss and line-of-sight (LoS) blockage are considered to be major challenges in mmWave. A promising solution is to employ reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) to circumvent the lack of line-of-sight paths, which can assist in localization. Furthermore, radio localization and tracking are capable of accurate real-time monitoring of the UE's locations and trajectories. In this paper, we propose a three-stage indoor tracking scheme. In the first stage, channel sounding is harnessed in support of the transmitter beamforming and receiver combining design. Based on the estimation in the first stage, a simplified received signal model is obtained, while using a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) matrix for the configuration of the RIS phase shifter for each time block. Based on the simplified received signal model, tracking initialization is carried out. Finally, in the third stage, Kalman filtering is employed for tracking. Our results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is capable of improving both the accuracy and robustness of tracking compared to single-shot successive localization. Additionally, we derive the position error bounds (PEB) of single-shot localization.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"1815-1831"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11050944","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144671199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hardware Evaluation of Interference Alignment Techniques Under Different Channel State Information Updating Rates 不同信道状态信息更新速率下干扰对准技术的硬件评价

IF 5.3

IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology Pub Date : 2025-06-24 DOI: 10.1109/OJVT.2025.3581878

David Alejandro Urquiza Villalonga;Alejandro López Barrios;Máximo Morales-Céspedes;M. Julia Fernández-Getino García

{"title":"Hardware Evaluation of Interference Alignment Techniques Under Different Channel State Information Updating Rates","authors":"David Alejandro Urquiza Villalonga;Alejandro López Barrios;Máximo Morales-Céspedes;M. Julia Fernández-Getino García","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2025.3581878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2025.3581878","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless networks are evolving to provide high data rates, ultra-low latency, reliable communications, and the connectivity of multiple devices in a reduced area. However, massive densification of networks leads to an increase in interfering signals. In this context, interference alignment (IA) algorithms have been proposed to manage interference while increasing the achievable degrees of freedom. However, the practical implementation of IA algorithms faces several issues such as the lack of perfect channel state information (CSI), network synchronization, or modeling a highly heterogeneous signal-to-interference-plus-noise (SINR) distribution. In this work, we propose an experimental evaluation of IA emulating an interference-limited network but focusing on the user perspective. In contrast to previous works, a hardware testbed with universal software radio peripherals (USRPs) is implemented to model heterogeneous SINR networks. The role of both closed and open loops for providing CSI is evaluated. Then, the impact of CSI updating on the spectral efficiency and also on the bit error rate (BER) is analyzed. Furthermore, precoding techniques such as zero-forcing (ZF) or singular value decomposition (SVD) are also considered for comparison purposes. All the results are based on real measurements providing valuable insights into the performance of IA algorithms in real wireless networks.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"1760-1773"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11046342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144641054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Distributed RL-Based Resource Allocation and Task Offloading for Vehicular Edge of Things Computing 基于分布式rl的车辆物联网边缘计算资源分配与任务卸载

IF 5.3

IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology Pub Date : 2025-06-23 DOI: 10.1109/OJVT.2025.3582035

Ghada Afifi;Bassem Mokhtar

{"title":"Distributed RL-Based Resource Allocation and Task Offloading for Vehicular Edge of Things Computing","authors":"Ghada Afifi;Bassem Mokhtar","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2025.3582035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2025.3582035","url":null,"abstract":"Smart vehicles are increasingly equipped with advanced sensors and computational resources which enable them to detect surroundings and enhance driving safety. VEoTC (Vehicular Edge of Things Computing) solutions aim to exploit these embedded sensors and resources to provide computational services to other users. VEoTC can enhance the Quality of Experience (QoE) of vehicle and mobile users requesting computational tasks by providing context-aware services closer to the users that are otherwise not easily accessible in real time. Additionally, such solutions can extend the computational coverage to areas lacking Roadside Unit (RSU) infrastructure. However, VEoTC frameworks face several challenges in effectively localizing and allocating the distributed resources and offloading tasks successfully due to the high mobility of vehicles and fluctuating user densities. The paper proposes a distributed Machine Learning (ML)-based solution which optimizes task scheduling to smart vehicles and/or RSUs through joint resource allocation and task offloading. We formulate a belief-based optimization problem to maximize the QoE of vehicular users while providing performance guarantees that account for geospatial uncertainty associated with the availability of embedded resources. We propose a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL)-based solution to solve the formulated problem in real-time adapting to the dynamic network conditions. We analyze the performance of the proposed approach as compared to benchmark optimization and other ML-based techniques. Furthermore, we conduct hardware-based field test experiments to verify the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm to satisfy the stringent real-time latency requirements for various vehicular applications. According to our extensive simulation and experimental results, the proposed solution has the potential to satisfy the stringent QoE guarantees required for critical road safety applications.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"1796-1814"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11045983","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144646499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluating the Electrical Network Impact of EV Charging Strategies Used by Operators Across Residential, Workplace, and Public Users 评估住宅、工作场所和公共用户运营商使用的电动汽车充电策略对电网的影响

IF 5.3

IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology Pub Date : 2025-06-20 DOI: 10.1109/OJVT.2025.3581803

Cesar Diaz-Londono;Gibran David Agundis-Tinajero;Paolo Maffezzoni;Giambattista Gruosso;Josep M. Guerrero

{"title":"Evaluating the Electrical Network Impact of EV Charging Strategies Used by Operators Across Residential, Workplace, and Public Users","authors":"Cesar Diaz-Londono;Gibran David Agundis-Tinajero;Paolo Maffezzoni;Giambattista Gruosso;Josep M. Guerrero","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2025.3581803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2025.3581803","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing penetration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) presents significant challenges to the electrical grid, including potential overloads and voltage drops. This study assesses the impact of various EV charging strategies on grid performance within residential, workplace, and public charging environments. The strategies evaluated, either currently in use or readily adaptable by Charge Point Operators (CPOs), include the dispatch of maximum, mean, and intermediate power. The research focuses on key factors such as voltage stability, line loading, and network losses, while also exploring the flexibility that each charging strategy offers in energy service provision. Using comprehensive simulations of the IEEE 69-Bus test system, both with and without EV integration, the study identifies strategies that effectively enhance grid stability and efficiency. The results provide valuable insights for CPOs and grid managers, contributing to the improvement of EV charging infrastructure to ensure a resilient and efficient electrical grid.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"1721-1735"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11045421","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An Optimal Energy Management Strategy With Time-Varying Equivalent Factor Based on Transformer for Multi-Mode Hybrid Electric Mining Trucks 基于变压器的多模混合动力矿用卡车时变等效因子优化能量管理策略

IF 5.3

IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology Pub Date : 2025-06-19 DOI: 10.1109/OJVT.2025.3581072

Xinxin Zhao;Jiaqi Li;Menglei Liu;Jinggang Zhang;Nasser Lashgarian Azad

{"title":"An Optimal Energy Management Strategy With Time-Varying Equivalent Factor Based on Transformer for Multi-Mode Hybrid Electric Mining Trucks","authors":"Xinxin Zhao;Jiaqi Li;Menglei Liu;Jinggang Zhang;Nasser Lashgarian Azad","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2025.3581072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2025.3581072","url":null,"abstract":"Incorporating hybrid electric technology in mining trucks efficiently allocates energy between the diesel engine and electric motors, significantly reducing fuel consumption and emissions. This paper introduces an advanced Transformer network model aimed at an adaptive Energy Management Strategy (EMS) to improve the fuel efficiency of Hybrid Electric Mining Trucks (HEMTs). Initially, we outline models representing various HEMT subsystems, including its complex powertrain. Subsequently, leveraging the established vehicle model, we employ Dynamic Programming (DP) to ascertain the globally optimal control strategy for a standard driving cycle. Utilizing the Transformer model with ProbSparse self-attention, we determine the state of charge (SOC) associated with this globally optimal control strategy. We then implement a Proportional-Integral (PI)-based SOC tracking controller to achieve a time-varying Equivalent Factor (EF). Additionally, we compare the proposed strategy across various driving cycles, underscoring the Transformer network's superior generalization capabilities over the Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) model. Compared to the rule-based (RB) strategy and the traditional Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS), our proposed EMS with time-varying EF based on the Transformer model shows substantial performance improvements of 15% and 12%, respectively. Furthermore, our strategy exhibits a 2% fuel economy advantage over an LSTM-based EMS algorithm with time-varying EF.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"1749-1759"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11045108","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Autonomous Vehicle Security: Hybrid Threat Modeling Approach 自动驾驶汽车安全：混合威胁建模方法

IF 5.3

IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology Pub Date : 2025-06-17 DOI: 10.1109/OJVT.2025.3580538

Amal Yousseef;Yu-Zheng Lin;Shalaka Satam;Banafsheh Saber Latibari;Jesus Pacheco;Soheil Salehi;Salim Hariri;Pratik Satam

{"title":"Autonomous Vehicle Security: Hybrid Threat Modeling Approach","authors":"Amal Yousseef;Yu-Zheng Lin;Shalaka Satam;Banafsheh Saber Latibari;Jesus Pacheco;Soheil Salehi;Salim Hariri;Pratik Satam","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2025.3580538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2025.3580538","url":null,"abstract":"Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are poised to revolutionize modern transportation, offering enhanced safety, efficiency, and convenience. However, AV architectures' increasing connectivity and complexity have introduced significant cybersecurity risks. This survey provides a comprehensive review of AV security challenges, focusing on widely adopted threat modeling frameworks such as STRIDE, DREAD, andMITRE ATT&CK. By examining common attack vectors and real-world case studies, including the Jeep Cherokee and Tesla Model S exploits, we highlight the urgent need for robust cybersecurity in in-vehicle systems and external interfaces. To complement existing modeling practices, we introduce Hybrid-SCDM, a novel framework that combines STRIDE-based threat classification with CVSS-derived DREAD scoring. This model transforms qualitative threat identification into quantitative risk prioritization by mapping CVSS metrics to DREAD dimensions through normalization. Applied to a generic multi-layered AV architecture, our findings show that intra-vehicle networks, especially CAN bus spoofing and fuzzing attacks, and suspension attacks, represent the most critical vulnerabilities due to their high exploitability and systemic impact. Beyond technical modeling, the survey explores emerging defense mechanisms such as blockchain-enabled Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication, AI-driven anomaly detection, and secure Over-The-Air (OTA) updates. We also examine legal and ethical considerations surrounding data privacy, user safety, and regulatory compliance. By integrating analytical modeling with broad system insights, this work provides actionable recommendations for advancing the cybersecurity posture of autonomous vehicles.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"6 ","pages":"1774-1795"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11039067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144641055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0