International Journal of Thermal Sciences最新文献

{"title":"A novel spectral emissivity model for rough surfaces applicable beyond geometrical optics region","authors":"Wu Jiangyuan ,&nbsp;Wang Ningtao ,&nbsp;Dong Wei ,&nbsp;An Baolin ,&nbsp;Peng Bo ,&nbsp;Yang Zhen ,&nbsp;Duan Yuanyuan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109887","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109887","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The accurate prediction of emissivity for rough surfaces is critical in fields such as solar thermal energy and radiation thermometry. For practical rough surfaces, directly solving electromagnetic equations is computationally intensive and often lacks analytical solutions. Geometrical optics approximation offers computational efficiency and, in some cases, explicit formulas. However, their applicability is inherently limited, particularly for surfaces with steep slopes or small <em>σ</em>/<em>λ</em> ratios. This paper introduces a formula for calculating a roughness factor based on Gaussian random rough surfaces and presents a concise, wide-range emissivity model that integrates the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method. Results demonstrate that the predicted roughness factor deviates by less than 5 % compared to measurements of sandblasted surfaces, while the derived emissivity values exhibit a maximum relative deviation of less than 3 % from experimental results. In regions where geometrical optics approximation is invalid, emissivity is governed by two dimensionless parameters: <em>σ</em>/<em>τ</em> and <em>σ</em>/<em>λ</em>, within specific ranges. By incorporating an effective roughness factor related to <em>σ</em>/<em>λ</em> into the geometrical optics model, the proposed approach significantly extends the model's applicability. The new model reduces the maximum absolute error compared to FDTD results from 0.43 (using conventional geometrical optics models) to 0.09. This study addresses the limitations of existing emissivity models for rough surfaces where geometrical optics approximation fails, while advancing the understanding of how surface morphology influences emissivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109887"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143696150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Element mixing and solidification behavior during multi-track overlapping laser deposition of Cr-based alloys","authors":"Gaosong Li ,&nbsp;Xinjian Yin ,&nbsp;Yanqing Lai ,&nbsp;Wenfeng Bai ,&nbsp;Suai Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhenya Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109890","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109890","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multi-track overlapping laser deposition has been applied more widely than single track laser deposition in engineering practices. However, it is difficult to predict the solidification behavior and element mixing of multi-track overlapping laser deposition layers under existing conditions. Hence, in this paper, we not only derive the formula for calculating the arbitrary arc length of the overlapping cross-section, but also establish a three-dimensional multi-track overlapping laser deposition element mixing and solidification behavior prediction model. By the proposed model, the solidification behaviors of multi-track overlapping deposition layer and element concentrations of iron (Fe), nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) are predicted. The element redistribution and remelting solidification characteristics of the overlapping zone are further investigated. The results reveal that the element of Cr in the overlapping zone is 2 wt % higher than the first track non-overlapping zone. With the increase of deposition track, the concentrations of elements in the deposition layer tend to be uniform. The Peclet_m number, convection time and mixing velocity of the melt pool in the track joint decrease significantly, but these values are still 1.5, 3.5 and 1.5 times higher than at the beginning (35 ms) of first track, respectively. Meanwhile, the change in crystal size and morphology of deposition layer is predicted according to cooling rate (<span><math><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>∙</mo><mi>R</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></math></span>) and morphological parameters (<em>G/R</em>). The crystal size gradually increases from the top to the bottom of the deposition layer, and the morphology changes from equiaxed dendritic, columnar, and cellular crystals to planar crystals. In addition, the element distribution at the edge of multi-track overlapping laser deposition is uneven than in other regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109890"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143714317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical model and multiple moth-flame optimization fusion temperature field prediction in large-space building fires","authors":"Bin Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109892","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109892","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To achieve accurate and fast temperature field prediction in large-space building fires, a fusion method is developed, which combines a developed physical model based on heat transfer as well as physical characteristics and an improved multiple moth-flame optimization. The artificial intelligence-based method has advantages like real-time prediction, physical explanations, and no prior data training. According to these advantages, the method can meet the real firefighting application requirements. Supported by two numerical cases of temperature predictions in a large underground parking fire and a large logistics warehouse fire, the results support that the developed method is effective and superior to the traditional moth-flame optimization algorithm and its variant. The developed fusion method of the physical model and multiple Moth-flame optimization can support an effective and useful tool to achieve quick temperature field prediction in large-space building fires for better fire rescue.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109892"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of tapered pin fins for enhanced heat transfer in microchannel heat sink","authors":"Tabish Alam ,&nbsp;Md Muslim Ansari ,&nbsp;Kishor S. Kulakrni ,&nbsp;Injamamul Haque ,&nbsp;Naushad Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109889","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109889","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microchannel heat sinks (MHSs) are critical components in thermal management applications, such as photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collectors, where efficient heat dissipation is essential to enhance system performance and maintain temperature stability. Despite the growing adoption of MHS, there remain research gaps concerning the optimization of pin fin geometries for improved thermohydraulic performance. This study investigates tapered-angle pin fins with angles of 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, and 35° along with similar dissected ribs on the wall in MHS under laminar flow conditions with Reynolds numbers ranging from 100 to 900. Numerical simulations were conducted to evaluate the effects of these pin fin angles on key performance parameters: Nusselt number, friction factor, pumping power, and Thermo-hydraulic Performance Parameter (THPP). The results indicate that smaller taper angles (e.g., θ = 15°) are more effective at lower Reynolds numbers (e.g., Re = 100), achieving a Nusselt number of 9.81. However, as the flow rate increases (e.g., Re = 900), larger taper angles such as θ = 30° perform better, with the Nusselt number reaching approximately 30.62. The friction factor data reveal that larger angles, while enhancing heat transfer, also increase flow resistance, impacting the overall hydraulic efficiency. At Re = 900, the highest friction factor is observed for θ = 35° (0.191). THPP values consistently remain above 1, confirming the effectiveness of pin fin designs, with θ = 30° achieving the highest value (1.77) at Re = 900. These findings highlight the importance of selecting optimal taper angles to balance thermal performance and hydraulic efficiency, filling existing research gaps and advancing the design of MHS for PVT collectors and other high-performance applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109889"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A radiation heat transfer model based on the morphology and composition of fibrous insulation using isotropic scaling method","authors":"Yuheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanyou Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Wu ,&nbsp;Jianyao Yao ,&nbsp;Jianqiang Xin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper studies the radiation heat transfer model for high-porosity fibrous insulation under high-temperature conditions. Compared with heat convection and heat conduction, thermal radiation becomes more significant with temperature increasing. In addition to semi-empirical methods, i.e., inverse methods, predictive models based on the morphological properties have been proposed. The Lee model considered the distribution of fiber diameter, orientation in space and distribution characteristic of the radiation scattered by fibers. Nevertheless, the modification process for anisotropic media in the Lee Model is computationally challenging due to the singularity in the integral of the phase function. To tackle this issue, this study presents a similar modification method combining the Lee model and the isotropic scaling model to predict the thermal radiation in fibrous insulation based on diffusion approximation. It features a simplified integration process, leading to a decline in computational cost. The validation of the new prediction method against experimental measurements for carbon, alumina-based and silicon fibers reveals a remarkable agreement in effective thermal conductivity. This study provides significant perspectives regarding the precise prediction of thermal radiation within fibrous insulation materials. These insights have the potential to aid in the design and refinement of high-temperature insulation applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109869"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of surface gravity wave on liquid-phase heat transfer of flame spread over RP-3 under opposed flow","authors":"Xuanren Wang,&nbsp;Yuhang Chen,&nbsp;Keke Wang,&nbsp;Longhua Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109867","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109867","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Subflash temperature flame spread under opposed forced flow is controlled by heat transfer of subsurface flow depending on fuel thickness. In this work, the weakened subsurface flow by the surface gravity wave under opposed flow was observed, suggesting that the aerodynamic effect of opposed flow should be determined. Thus, flame propagation under the opposed flow was investigated where both shallow and deep pool condition are available. The flame spread rate and velocity of subsurface flow were determined by the measured position of flame front and leading edge of subsurface flow over time respectively. Results showed that the flame spread rate and relevant velocity of subsurface flow monotonically decrease with the opposed forced flow regardless of fuel depth. By introducing the velocity of surface wave that composed of Stokes drift speed and wind-drag speed, a new equation of subsurface flow velocity under opposed flow was proposed. Furthermore, a newly proposed model of flame spread rate was analytically established based on the modified velocity of subsurface flow, which has a higher forecasting accuracy than the previous model incorporating the effect of wind-induced gravity wave. This work facilitates the fundamental understanding of liquid fuel flame spread behavior under the action of wind-induced gravity wave.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109867"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation on the uneven distribution characteristics of sCO2 flow in vertically parallel double pipes with non-uniform heating","authors":"Wenxuan Cao ,&nbsp;Jinliang Xu ,&nbsp;Enhui Sun ,&nbsp;Yaru Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exploring the matching relationship between heat source heat and working fluid flow is crucial to improve boiler thermal efficiency and suppress superheating of heat exchanger walls. This paper takes the cooling wall of supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO₂) boilers as the research object, and investigates the influence of inter-tube heat deviation <em>φ</em> on flow distribution characteristics. Specific experiments were conducted on parallel dual pipelines with an inner diameter of 10 mm for sCO₂ flow heat transfer, with a test pressure of 7.5 MPa∼15 MPa, total mass flow rate <em>G</em>_all of 600 kg/m²s∼1400 kg/m²s, heat flux <em>q</em>_w of 50 kW/m²∼350 kW/m², and <em>φ</em> of 0.8∼1.25. In this study, <em>Bu</em> number and <em>Re</em> number were used to characterize the promoting effect of shear force on vertical upward flow, while <em>K</em> number was used to characterize the hindering effect of evaporative momentum force on flow. The results show that, unlike the traditional flow distribution theory based on the same principle of total pressure drop in parallel tube branches, this new experimental correlation equation obtained from the perspective of force analysis has an average relative error, average absolute relative error, and root mean square relative error of −0.04%, 0.73%, and 0.90%, respectively. It can more accurately predict the flow distribution characteristics between the rising tube group, providing theoretical guidance and assistance for the design and operation of sCO₂ boilers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109897"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effect of synthesized Fe3O4@Graphene oxide nanohybrids on heat transfer enhancement and flow efficiency in nanofluids for advanced thermal applications","authors":"Altynay Sharipova ,&nbsp;Mojtaba Shafiee ,&nbsp;Marzieh Lotfi ,&nbsp;Farshid Elahi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109878","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109878","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The advancement of hybrid nanofluids has attracted significant interest for their ability to address the limitations of single-component nanofluids in thermal management applications. This study focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation of Fe₃O₄@Graphene Oxide (Fe₃O₄@GO) nanohybrids, utilizing the exceptional thermal conductivity of GO along with the stability and magnetic properties of Fe₃O₄ to enhance heat transfer efficiency. Fe₃O₄@GO nanohybrids were synthesized via a modified chemical method and characterized using XRD, FTIR, and SEM, confirming uniform decoration of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles on GO sheets. Experimental investigations in a helical coil heat exchanger revealed a maximum heat transfer enhancement (HTE) of 270 % for Fe₃O₄@GO nanofluids compared to 56 % for pure GO nanofluids at optimal conditions (0.1 wt% concentration, Reynolds number <em>Re</em> = 17,000). At <em>Re</em> = 8,000, Fe₃O₄@GO nanofluids exhibited a 50–120 % improvement in heat transfer efficiency, depending on concentration. The friction factor analysis demonstrated that Fe₃O₄@GO nanofluids reduced flow resistance more effectively than GO nanofluids, achieving up to 4 % drag reduction at <em>Re</em> = 11,000 and 0.075 wt% concentration. This improvement is attributed to the synergistic effects of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and GO, which enhance dispersion stability and reduce interfacial thermal resistance. Key thermophysical parameters, including Nusselt number and pressure drop, were optimized to ensure efficient thermal-hydraulic performance. The study highlights the role of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in improving the stability and heat transfer properties of GO nanofluids. The combination of high thermal conductivity, enhanced flow behavior, and reduced viscosity effects positions Fe₃O₄@GO nanofluids as promising candidates for high-performance thermal management applications. These findings provide significant insights into the design of advanced hybrid nanofluids for industrial heat exchanger systems, addressing limitations in traditional nanofluids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109878"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metamodel-based design optimization for heat transfer enhancement of finned heat sinks","authors":"Peiqi Sun,&nbsp;Mohd Azmi Ismail,&nbsp;Ahmad Fikri Mustaffa","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109896","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109896","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Finned heat sinks are a highly efficient means of dissipating heat from electronic devices. Under constant power and operating temperature, it is ideal to choose the heat sink with the minimum thermal resistance. However, in some instances the desired heat sink is not suitable due to space constraints. This paper explores a heat sink optimization strategy that optimizes the heat transfer coefficient in order to achieve the compromise between heat sink temperature and heat sink size. The optimization strategy employs computational fluid dynamics simulations to examine the impact of heat sink dimensions, including length, width, fin spacing, and height, on heat sink thermal performance. A Latin hypercube sampling method is used to generate 100 heat sink variations of height, width, length and spacing between the fins. The width and length of heat sink are varied between 42 mm and 46 mm. The fin height varies between 4 mm and 11 mm and the fin spacing varies between 4 mm and 6 mm. The metamodel used for this study is a decision tree model called Random Forest. This metamodel is constructed by running numerical simulations of the 100 heat sink variations and coupled to an optimizer algorithm. The goal of the optimization algorithm is to search for the optimal heat sink design with maximum heat transfer coefficient. The optimal solution is validated by conducting an experiment to measure the heat transfer coefficient of the optimized heat sink and compared against the baseline model. Experimental results show that the optimized model exhibits a 35 % increase in heat transfer coefficient compared to the baseline model. Furthermore, the fin height was reduced by 43 %. The volume of the heat sink is decreased by about 26 %, resulting in a space-saving effect. On the other hand, the temperature increase penalty occurred due to space reduction is about 3 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109896"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical study on buoyancy-induced convection between two facing isothermal surfaces in an enclosure partitioned with a new arrangement of dividers; an application to double-glaze windows","authors":"A. Karami ,&nbsp;T. Izadi ,&nbsp;B. Ranjbar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109891","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109891","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy demand management is one of the most important factors that affects the economy of a society. Energy demand is directly related to energy consumption, and the lower energy consumption, follows the lower energy demand. Buildings are one of the most important sources by about 40 % energy consumption in any country and windows by about 10 % energy loss, as one of the components of buildings, play a key role in this regard. In most investigions, closed enclosures have been simulated as double-glaze windows and owing to this, the suppression of thermal exchange amount by incorporating geometric rectifications into closed enclosures has gained attentions more and more. In this experimental and numerical study, a vertical closed enclosure partitioned with multiple horizontal straight dividers, is considered and a new arrangement is introduced for the dividers inside the enclosure. To this end, each pair of dividers is placed off-center of the enclosure and in the opposite direction to other adjacent pair. Similar to double-glaze windows, the proposed enclosure has two isothermal cold and warm walls whereas, other walls are kept adiabatic. Then, optimized values of decision parameters including the Rayleigh number (<em>Ra</em>) varying from 6.5 × 10³ to 1.4 × 10⁴ and incline angle of the dividers (<em>φ</em>) from 0° to 180°, which results in a minimum thermal exchange amount, are specified. According to experimental results, the suggested asymmetric arrangement for the dividers, leads to a maximum of 17.01 % suppression in the thermal exchange amount between the isothermal surfaces, in comparison with symmetric arrangement of the dividers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109891"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}