International Journal of Thermal Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Numerical simulation of microwave ablation of lung tumor near the bronchus","authors":"Ning Wu ,&nbsp;Huihui Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaohua Song ,&nbsp;Qun Nan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109958","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109958","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper aims to investigate the key factors affecting the efficacy of microwave ablation (MWA) of lung tumors near the bronchus. A lung anatomical model with three-level bronchial branches was established and a finite element analysis was developed to determine the temperature distribution. The ablation effect under different antenna-bronchial outer wall spacing, air velocity, and tumor diameter was compared and evaluated. The results show that there is a heat sink effect significantly related to the distance of antenna-bronchial outer wall. When the distance increases from 5.0 mm to 12.5 mm, the ablation volume of lung tissue increases by 0.96 cm³, while the air velocity increases from 0.5 m/s to 1.0 m/s, the maximum ablation volume decreases by 0.11 cm³. Tumor size also has a significant effect on MWA. When a 1 cm-diameter tumor is close to the bronchial outer wall, even if we choose the ablation scheme with less energy, which is [40 W, 2 min], the ablation process still penetrates the bronchus. The increase in tumor size leads to the increase of incomplete ablation rate. For 2 cm-diameter tumor, it is necessary to choose the ablation combination with higher energy [50 W, 8 min] or [60 W, 5 min] to avoid inadequate ablation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 109958"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143878626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A modified lumped parameter droplet flash evaporation model based on one-dimensional flash evaporation model","authors":"Zhongyuan Huang ,&nbsp;Haojie Xie ,&nbsp;Zhenzhong Li ,&nbsp;Shanshan Bu ,&nbsp;Deqi Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109950","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109950","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spray flash evaporation technology is widely applied in various industrial and medical fields, including energy utilization, chemical engineering, nuclear power plants, and pharmaceutical engineering. Achieving accurate numerical simulation of the spray flash evaporation process is critical. According to the linear relationship between the evaporation residue and time on the semi-logarithmic scale during droplet flash evaporation, this study modifies the conventional droplet lumped parameter flash evaporation model based on one-dimensional flash evaporation model to improve the prediction accuracy of the transient characteristics of the droplet temperature. The results demonstrate that the modified model provides better agreement with both the one-dimensional flash evaporation model and experimental data compared to the unmodified lumped parameter model. The modified model can accurately predict the temperature variation of droplets. Subsequently, this study focuses on a vertical flash vessel, where the modified lumped parameter flash evaporation model is implemented into commercial software ANSYS Fluent within the Eulerian-Lagrangian framework using User Defined Functions (UDF). The numerical simulation results of the original model and the modified flash evaporation model are compared with experimental data, verifying the accuracy of the modified spray flash evaporation numerical simulation. Furthermore, through three-dimensional numerical simulation of the spray flash evaporation process, the transient characteristics of vapor and droplets are analyzed. This study proposes a modified lumped parameter droplet flash evaporation model and a spray flash numerical simulation method, which provide effective tools for a deeper understanding of the spray flash process and its industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 109950"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143876630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy and flow conjuncture in knee joint synovial fluid: A Brinkman-based numerical study","authors":"Shahid Hasnain ,&nbsp;Nawal Odah Al-Atawi ,&nbsp;Muhammad Saqib","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109934","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109934","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this article, we explore the modeling of the synovial membrane, which plays an essential role in regulating the flow of synovial fluid, ensuring proper lubrication, facilitating nutrient transport, and removing waste within the knee joint. The flow of synovial fluid, a non-Newtonian fluid containing large hyaluronan molecules, is intricately influenced by the properties of the synovial membrane, which acts as a porous medium. To explore this dynamic, the Brinkman equation, an extension of Darcy’s law, is utilized for the first time to study the synovial membrane, introducing a novel approach to the analysis. This equation is particularly relevant as it accounts for both viscous forces and the permeability of the membrane, allowing for a more accurate representation of fluid behavior in regions where synovial fluid interacts with the porous membrane. Additionally, the energy equation is critical in understanding how heat transfer influences synovial fluid dynamics. Within biological joints, temperature variations can occur due to metabolic processes, friction from movement, or external factors such as injury or inflammation. These temperature differences have a direct impact on the fluid’s viscosity and the membrane’s permeability, both of which are central to regulating fluid movement. When we consider the flow in the x-direction, it is largely governed by factors such as permeability, heat transfer properties, and viscous resistance within the fluid. In contrast, flow in the y-direction introduces an additional component, buoyancy forces driven by temperature gradients. These forces, characterized by the Grashof number, interact with the flow and modify its behavior in the vertical direction, where natural convection due to temperature differences may complement or oppose the flow driven by external forces. The Peclet number, derived from the energy equation, further highlights the balance between convective and diffusive heat transfer. This interplay is crucial in understanding how heat generated during joint movement, or from external sources, affects both the temperature profile and the fluid flow within the joint. By incorporating these non-dimensional numbers, the Grashof number, Darcy number, Peclet number, and Reynolds number into the modeling framework, we gain a deeper understanding of the complex mechanisms that govern synovial fluid movement and heat distribution within the knee joint. These numbers provide valuable insight into how external factors such as temperature, fluid viscosity, and joint movement interact, allowing for a more comprehensive study of both normal physiological conditions and pathological scenarios, such as inflammation or joint degeneration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 109934"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-performance dynamic thermal emitter based on Fabry−Pérot surface cavity comprising multi-phase VO2 layer","authors":"Jaehyeong Kim ,&nbsp;Dongkyun Kang ,&nbsp;Eun-Joo Lee ,&nbsp;Sun-Kyung Kim ,&nbsp;Myeongkyu Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109960","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109960","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dynamic control of thermal emission is applicable to various fields, including personal thermal management, energy-saving buildings, and camouflage. VO₂ is promising for this purpose because M1-phase VO₂ undergoes a reversible phase transition between insulating and metallic states at ∼68 °C, and its optical constants at mid-infrared wavelengths significantly differ in these two states. However, the thermodynamically narrow window and polymorphic nature of VO₂ render it extremely challenging to grow pure M1-phase VO₂ films. Herein, we investigate temperature-adaptive emissivity regulation with a Fabry−Pérot cavity comprising VO₂/ZnS/Al layers formed on a glass substrate and demonstrate that considerable emissivity modulation can be achieved even when the VO₂ layer is not of the pure M1-phase and contains other phases. An experimental emissivity modulation of 0.47 is obtained between 20 °C and 60 °C with an ordinary multi-phase VO₂ layer, which exhibits a resistivity change of 2.6 orders of magnitude. Another important finding in this study is that when the thickness of the VO₂ layer exceeds 60 nm, the emissivity is maximized before the layer is completely transformed into the metallic state. This feature, as demonstrated both experimentally and numerically, is encouraging because it can reduce the operating temperature of the emitter significantly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 109960"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Free convection heat transfer in thermal imaging processes","authors":"Li Wang,&nbsp;Wenyi Xu,&nbsp;Ning Tao,&nbsp;Jiangang Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109957","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109957","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surface heat transfer may play an important role in quantitative thermal-imaging analyses of low thermal conductivity materials. This study is a first investigation into the estimation of this surface heat transfer characterized by a heat-transfer coefficient consisting of radiative and convective contributions with the convective component predicted by free convection theories. Because these theories are not derived under precise thermal-imaging conditions, their applications are evaluated by experimental measurements of the convective heat-transfer coefficient in step-, square-, and flash-heating thermal imaging processes. To achieve a better measurement accuracy, the experiments were conducted using low conductivity polymer plate samples under optimized thermal-imaging conditions. The coefficients were calculated using conventional thermal-imaging models based on a constant heat-transfer coefficient. The experimental results were compared with free-convection predictions and found in general agreement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 109957"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of serrated finned plate exhaust heat exchangers coupled with soot deposition characteristics","authors":"Yuanxun Ding ,&nbsp;Hua Tian ,&nbsp;Ligeng Li ,&nbsp;Hongfei Zhang ,&nbsp;Ping Yuan ,&nbsp;Jiabao Chen ,&nbsp;Jinwen Cai ,&nbsp;Gequn Shu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In exhaust waste heat recovery (WHR) heat exchangers, the deposition of soot particles on the heat transfer surface significantly affects the performance of the heat exchanger. In this paper, the two-fluid model (TFM) for particle deposition was improved, and the performance of serrated finned plate exhaust heat exchanger considering soot deposition was studied. In the model, the real wall temperature distribution was also considered, instead of the simplified constant wall temperature assumption. The particle wall adhesion energy criterion and particle adhesion probability were also considered. Using the model, the effects of fin spacing, fin height and fin interrupted length on particle deposition characteristics and thermal-hydraulic performance of the serrated finned plate heat exchanger were studied. The results show that when the initial kinetic energy of soot particles exceeds the critical value, the adhesion probability decreases with the increase of initial kinetic energy. Moreover, larger particles exhibit a lower critical value, indicating that smaller particles are more likely to stick on the heat transfer surface. After 4 h deposition of soot particles, the comprehensive performance <em>j/f</em>^1/3 of the heat exchanger decreased by 24.78 %–31.94 %. The deposition of soot particles is more significant in serrated fin heat transfer structures with large fin spacing, large fin height, and small fin interrupted length. In addition, the particle deposition distribution inside the heat exchanger has also been studied. More deposition occurs in the front and back regions of the fins, and the amount of deposition inside the heat exchanger gradually decreases along the direction of exhaust flow.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 109952"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143870662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on heat transfer deterioration and critical heat flux of DNB type in helically coiled tubes","authors":"Fucheng Chang ,&nbsp;Jiacheng Lou ,&nbsp;Xiaoyi Wu ,&nbsp;Shuai Li ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Yang ,&nbsp;Xi Li ,&nbsp;Huixiong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109956","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109956","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Helically coiled tubes (HCTs) are extensively utilized in numerous engineering fields due to their exceptional heat transfer and structural capabilities. The thermal safety within HCTs is crucial for the long-term stable operation of heat transfer systems. The heat transfer deterioration and critical heat flux (CHF) of departure from nucleate boiling (DNB) type in the HCTs at subcritical pressure were experimentally studied in this paper. The special circumferential wall temperature distribution was obtained and the effects of inlet cooling, pressure, mass velocity and HCT orientation on CHF were investigated. As the inlet subcooling increased, the CHF increased almost linearly. As the mass velocity increased, the turbulence degree in the HCT increases significantly, bubbles were less likely to merge and accumulate, and the CHF increased substantially. It was found that the CHF in the vertical HCT was higher than that in the horizontal HCT under the same working conditions because of the combined action of gravity and centrifugal force. The CHF_v/CHF_h exhibits a reduction with elevated inlet subcooling and pressure, and the influence of mass velocity on CHF_v/CHF_h is related to the pressure. New orientation-specific CHF correlations for vertical and horizontal HCTs are developed, achieving high prediction accuracy across pressures of 16–20 MPa and mass fluxes of 320–560 kg m⁻² s⁻¹. These findings can provide theoretical support for the optimization design and safe operation of the HCT heat transfer systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 109956"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143870663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combustion characteristics and heat transfer mechanisms analysis of cable fire over ladder-type tray","authors":"Zhizhen Zhang,&nbsp;Peng Chen,&nbsp;Zhihao Lin,&nbsp;Shaodong Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109935","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109935","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cable trays are the most common cable arrangement in nuclear power plants, yet their heat transfer mechanisms remain poorly understood. This paper investigates the combustion characteristics and heat transfer mechanisms of highly loaded cables over ladder-type trays. Focusing on low-smoke, halogen-free, flame-retardant cables, we analyze the effects of cable loading and arrangement on combustion temperature distribution, heat radiation distribution, and changes in the heat release rate (HRR) of cable fire over the ladder-type tray, utilizing data from cone calorimeter experiments and full-scale tests. In a dense arrangement, the ignition source flame initially overflows to form a “U”- shaped flame. Concurrently, the increase in thermal inertia within the dense arrangement impedes the rise in temperature, heat radiation, and peak HRR. In contrast, the loose arrangement exhibits the opposite effect; for instance, the peak HRR in Configuration 3 (densely arranged 120 cables over one tray) is approximately 0.5 times that in Configuration 2 (densely arranged 40 cables over one tray), while the peak HRR in Configuration 4 (loosely arranged 240 cables over two trays) is about five times that in Configuration 3. The results of the heat transfer analysis indicate that loosely arranged cables exhibit higher convective heat transfer coefficients and greater heat of combustion in adjacent cables compared to densely arranged cables, resulting in a larger total heat flux around the loosely arranged cables. Consequently, the width parameter in the HRR calculation equation for cable tray fires under external heat sources was modified to be the sum of the cable base circumference. This modification significantly improved the accuracy of peak HRR predictions for highly loaded and loosely arranged ladder-type cable tray fires. The findings of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the flame spread behavior over cable trays and aid in optimizing the fire protection design of these systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 109935"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat transfer characteristics of supercritical R134a in micro-fin tubes","authors":"Youyou He ,&nbsp;Xiyan Guo ,&nbsp;Zhouhang Li ,&nbsp;Yuling Zhai","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109943","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109943","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Micro-fin roughness has been well proven as an efficient heat transfer augmentation technique in subcritical energy systems. Its application in transcritical power cycles has not be fully exploited, due to insufficient fundamental knowledge of supercritical heat transfer in micro-fin tubes. To fill this gap, heat transfer of supercritical R134a in micro-fin tubes (MFT) under supercritical conditions is numerically investigated under various operating conditions and geometrical parameters. Results indicated that two classical cortices (right up and left down) appear in MFT due to the competition between the vortex flow and the buoyancy force. As the ratio of heat flux to mass flux or inlet temperature increase, wall temperatures of the micro-fin tube distribute more uniformly. Among the geometric parameters, rib pitch has the most significant effect on heat transfer. rib pitch has the most significant effect on the heat transfer, every 0.23 mm increase in pitch (1.23–0.53 mm) results in 5 %–8 % decreases in heat transfer coefficients. Overall, micro-fins are effective in suppressing buoyancy in mixed convection (q/G˂0.1 kJ/kg), and the degree of suppression depends on the specific rib geometries. However, forced convection is more favorable case for the utilization of MFT, since the Performance evaluation criteria is 2.08 in forced convection, which is 54 % higher than that of mixed convection (1.38) and its friction factor <em>f</em> (0.02–0.024) is 14–28 % lower than in mixed convection (0.028–0.032). Finally, the correlation of Wang et al. is found to have the highest accuracy in predicting both forced and mixed convection heat transfer, which can captures 87 % of the data within an error of 30 %, within an average error of 14.1 %.This correlation can be well extended to cover the present geometrical range of rib heights (0.02–0.05 mm), helix angles (20–40°), and rib axial pitch (0.5–1.2 mm). As for the friction factor, the R-B correlation captures 78 % of the data within an error of 30 % and has an average error of 13.5 %, proving its acceptable accuracy in supercritical fluid flow.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 109943"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving channel layouts in printed circuit heat exchangers for efficient supercritical carbon dioxide cooling","authors":"Morteza Khoshvaght-Aliabadi ,&nbsp;Arezoo Heidari Zahiri ,&nbsp;Ho Seon Ahn ,&nbsp;Sang Moon Kim ,&nbsp;Omid Mahian","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109932","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109932","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An analysis is conducted to investigate the impact of channel layouts in a Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger (PCHE) on the cooling process of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO₂) using water (H₂O). Sixteen different models are evaluated under two cooling conditions: one far from the pseudo-critical point and the other near it. To assess the performance of the PCHE, a conjugate heat transfer model is solved using the finite volume method. The variations in the thermo-physical properties of supercritical CO₂ are obtained from the NIST REFPROP database. The findings reveal that reducing the channel diameter has a more significant impact on the thermal performance of the cold-side than the hot-side. Under cooling conditions far from the pseudo-critical point, this reduction increases the heat transfer coefficient by 43.5 % on the cold-side and by 8.4 % on the hot-side. However, this effect on the hot side becomes increasingly pronounced as CO₂ approaches the pseudo-critical point. Under the specified cooling conditions, flipping only the hot-side plate enhances CO₂ cooling efficiency by improving synergy and mitigating heat transfer deterioration. Notably, this modification results in a 7.12 % improvement in the overall performance of the PCHE. This configuration is particularly effective when cooling conditions are near the pseudo-critical point and when the channel diameter is reduced. The optimal channel layout is influenced by the channel diameter. For heat transfer plates with large and equally sized channel diameters, flipping only the hot-side plate achieves the highest overall performance, with an improvement of approximately 6.87 %. In contrast, for heat transfer plates with small and equally sized channel diameters, simultaneously flipping both the hot-side and cold-side plates yields superior performance, with an improvement of approximately 7.11 %. Furthermore, when dealing with heat transfer plates of different channel diameters, it is recommended to flip only the hot-side plate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 109932"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143860315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}