Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow最新文献

{"title":"Effects of acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligament stability on acromioclavicular joint dislocation: insights from a cadaveric study.","authors":"Fumiya Hattori, Nobuyasu Ochiai, Eiko Hashimoto, Yohei Shimada, Shohei Ise, Kenta Inagaki, Yu Hiraoka, Seiji Ohtori","doi":"10.5397/cise.2025.00157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5397/cise.2025.00157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acromioclavicular (AC) joint (ACJ) dislocation can lead to superior clavicular instability when the AC and coracoclavicular (CC) ligaments are torn. No previous study has assessed the effects of combined AC-CC ligament resections in fresh-frozen cadavers with preserved soft tissues around the thorax and shoulder girdle. This study aimed to develop such an ACJ dislocation model and evaluate stability following ligament resections.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Nine fresh-frozen cadaver shoulders (mean age, 86.6 years) without clavicular fractures or ACJ osteoarthritis were used. Each specimen included the thoracic spine, scapula, clavicle, and shoulder. Biomechanical testing was performed with a customized system to assess displacement and evaluate superior and posterior stability. Three conditions were compared: intact ligaments, AC ligament resection, and AC-CC ligament resection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Superior translations were 0.0 mm (intact), 1.1 mm (AC resection), and 9.6 mm (AC-CC resection). Posterior translations were 0.0 mm, 3.2 mm, and 9.0 mm, respectively. The AC-CC resection group showed significantly increased translations compared to the intact and AC resection groups. No significant difference was observed between the intact and AC resection groups in superior translation. Posterior translation increased progressively from intact to AC and then AC-CC resection.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This is the first study to assess both superior and posterior ACJ stability using cadavers with preserved soft tissues. Our findings demonstrate the importance of the AC and CC ligaments in maintaining ACJ stability. Notably, the AC ligament contributes to posterior stability, indicating the need for reconstruction to achieve overall joint stability. Level of evidence: Controlled laboratory study.</p>","PeriodicalId":33981,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144561274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonoperative management of terrible triad injuries: clinical outcomes of 39 cases.","authors":"Shai Factor, Sagi Kaz, Tamir Pritsch, Gilad Eisenberg, Ron Gurel, Yishai Rosenblatt","doi":"10.5397/cise.2025.00381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5397/cise.2025.00381","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Terrible triad injury (TTI) poses therapeutic challenges in joint stability and functional recovery. While surgery has traditionally been preferred, recent interest in nonoperative management for select cases has emerged, with studies suggesting positive outcomes for carefully chosen patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study, conducted at a tertiary medical center, included patients treated conservatively for TTI between 2014 and 2022. Patients younger than 18 years with open or pathological fractures or multiple injuries were excluded. Conservative treatment was chosen for elbows with good alignment, minimal displacement, and no motion block. Progress was monitored clinically and radiographically. Functional outcomes were assessed using the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-nine patients (59% male; mean age, 44.7±18.3 years) were included, with a mean follow-up of 78.5±29.4 months. Falls (46%) and scooter accidents (36%) were the primary injury mechanisms. Radial head fractures comprised Mason type 1 (36%), type 2 (54%), and type 3 (10%), while coronoid fractures were Regan-Morrey type 1 (69%), type 2 (28%), or type 3 (3%). Final range of motion averaged 128.2° flexion, with an 8.2° extension deficit and 85° forearm rotation. The MEPS was excellent in 11, good in 19, and fair in 9 patients; the mean DASH score among all fractures was 12.6. Five patients (13%) required subsequent surgery, and mechanical clicking was reported in 16 patients (41%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Nonoperative treatment of TTI might be a viable option for selected patients, yielding generally satisfactory outcomes and an acceptable complication rate. Level of evidence: IV.</p>","PeriodicalId":33981,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144561275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virtual reality arthroscopic simulator in shoulder arthroscopy training improves trainee efficiency with limited improvement in quantitative skills: a systematic review.","authors":"Shawn Js Seah, Mark Hx Yeo, Denny Lie","doi":"10.5397/cise.2025.00143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5397/cise.2025.00143","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Shoulder arthroscopy is associated with a steep learning curve. Virtual reality (VR) arthroscopic simulator training has recently gained prominence as a promising training modality for shoulder arthroscopy. However, there is a lack of high-quality evidence regarding its efficacy. Thus, in this study we perform a systematic review to investigate the effects of VR simulator in shoulder arthroscopy training.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a systematic search of four databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library). Studies that compared outcomes pre- and post-VR training as well as outcomes between VR groups and control (non-VR/low fidelity) groups were included. Primary outcomes between VR and control consisted of time to completion and arthroscopic evaluation score. Additionally, pre- versus post-training improvement in arthroscopic evaluation score was evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seven studies were included in this systematic review. Total cohort size was 143, with 93 in the VR group and 50 in the control group. Studies that compared time to completion in VR and control groups all showed significantly shorter time to completion in the VR group, with individual study standardized mean difference (SMD) ranging from -0.24 to -1.37. In terms of arthroscopic evaluation score, several studies showed pre- to post-training improvement in (individual SMD range, 0.32 to 2.32) but no difference between VR and control groups (individual SMD range, -0.02 to 0.82).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this study we found that VR training results in shorter task completion time for trainees, whereas there are no differences in arthroscopic evaluation scores between VR versus control groups. Hence, VR simulator training improves arthroscopic efficiency for orthopedic trainees, with limited improvement in quantitative skills. Level of evidence: II.</p>","PeriodicalId":33981,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potentials of SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of diabetic rotator cuff diseases: a comprehensive review.","authors":"Vivek Kumar Morya, Jun Lang, Mi-Kyung Kwak, Kyu-Cheol Noh","doi":"10.5397/cise.2024.00969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5397/cise.2024.00969","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Degenerative rotator cuff disease (RCD) is a common musculoskeletal condition that disproportionately affects individuals with diabetes mellitus, leading to pain, functional impairment, and a reduced quality of life. Emerging evidence suggests that sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), which are widely used for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, offer additional musculoskeletal benefits beyond their metabolic effects. This review explores the potential protective role of SGLT2is in diabetic RCD by examining the epidemiological link between diabetes and tendon degeneration and evaluating the biological mechanisms through which SGLT2 is influence tendon health. These potential benefits include reducing inflammation, altering metabolism to a more tendon-friendly state, combating oxidative stress with ketones, encouraging a healing environment through macrophage modulation, and improving overall health via weight and blood sugar management. Preclinical and observational studies provide preliminary support for therapeutic benefits, although high-quality randomized clinical trials are lacking. Understanding the multifaceted role of SGLT2is in tendon biology will open new avenues for prevention and management of RCD, particularly in patients with metabolic disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":33981,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elbow hemiarthroplasty for unreconstructible distal humerus fractures: a case series.","authors":"Ron Gurel, Shai Factor, Tamir Pritsch, Daniel Tordjman, Gilad Eisenberg, Oren Rudik, Tal Nativ, Yishai Rosenblatt","doi":"10.5397/cise.2024.01018","DOIUrl":"10.5397/cise.2024.01018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To evaluate the outcomes of distal humerus hemiarthroplasty (DHH) in a series of eight consecutive patients with unreconstructible distal humeral fractures or failed open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective data including demographics, postoperative outcomes, and complications were extracted from electronic records at a level 1 trauma center. Surgeries were performed by a single fellowship-trained upper extremity surgeon. The indications for DHH were unreconstructible distal humerus fracture or failed ORIF. Eventually, as accepted by current literature, no weight restrictions were applied. Range of motion (ROM), functional scores, and pain levels were evaluated during follow-up appointments. Minimum follow-up time was 12 months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between 2014 and 2024, eight consecutive patients underwent DHH. The mean patient age at the time of surgery was 68.1 years, with an average follow-up of 46.6 months. Patients exhibited satisfactory ROM, with near-complete pronosupination and mean flexion and extension of 125° and 25°, respectively. Functional scores, including Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score (35.2) and Mayo Elbow Performance Score (78.1), were good. Mean Numeric Pain Rating Scale was 3.9. Complications included two conversions to total elbow arthroplasty due to elbow instability and postoperative infection (staged conversion), one ligament reconstruction for postoperative elbow instability, two cases of ulnar periprosthetic fracture, and one case of ulnar nerve neuropathy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>DHH for unreconstructible distal humerus fractures and failed ORIF allows for unrestricted postoperative lifting and yields satisfactory functional outcomes but does have a relatively high complication rate. Level of evidence: IV.</p>","PeriodicalId":33981,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow","volume":" ","pages":"180-186"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12151654/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Five-year clinical outcomes of metal-backed, hybrid, and polyethylene glenoid components in total shoulder arthroplasty.","authors":"John McDonald, Andrew D Lachance, Justin MacDonald, Oliver Sogard, Nathan Mooney, Joseph Y Choi","doi":"10.5397/cise.2025.00136","DOIUrl":"10.5397/cise.2025.00136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The glenoid components in total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) are numerous and have both advantages and disadvantages. This study aimed to compare 5-year functional outcomes, patient-reported outcomes, and conversion rates between patients who underwent TSA using metal-backed glenoid (MBG), hybrid, and all-polyethylene glenoid components.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The patients who were eligible for this study were retrospectively identified using electronic health records. The subjects underwent TSA performed by a fellowship-trained attending physician from November 2017 to December 2018 at a single institution. The inclusion criteria from 5-year follow-up data were adult-age patients (≥18 years old) who underwent TSA using MBG, hybrid, or all-polyethylene glenoid components.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 77 patients was included: 44 patients with all-polyethylene glenoid components, 17 with hybrid glenoid components, and 16 with MBG components. The mean patient age was 66.9 years, with the all-polyethylene patients being significantly younger (P<0.001). The all-polyethylene glenoid patients experienced a significantly longer operative time at 120 minutes (P=0.005) compared to those with other components. At the 5-year follow-up, no significant difference was shown in American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) and visual analog scale scores. However, a trend was evident in which the all-polyethylene patients had lower ASES scores (all polyethylene 87.0 vs. hybrid 100.0 vs. 97.0 MBG, P=0.086). The hybrid components tended to require revision more often at 12% vs. 6.8% of polyethylene glenoid vs. 0% of MBGs (P=0.310). No dislocation was reported, and only two complications occurred, both in the all-polyethylene group (P=0.387).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>At 5-year follow-up, patient-reported outcomes were similar when utilizing MBG, all-polyethylene, and hybrid glenoid components. Given the similar outcomes, MBGs and hybrid glenoid components could be considered favorable or preferred for potential surgical ease in a revision setting with conversion to reverse TSA. Level of evidence: III.</p>","PeriodicalId":33981,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow","volume":" ","pages":"196-203"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12151647/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144128072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Importance of suture Endobutton augmentation in type 2B clavicle fracture fixation using a locking plate.","authors":"Hilal Yağar, Ceyhun Çağlar, Zeynel Mert Asfuroğlu, Murat Aydın","doi":"10.5397/cise.2025.00038","DOIUrl":"10.5397/cise.2025.00038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Instability in distal clavicle fractures with impaired integrity of the coracoclavicular (CC) ligament poses a serious risk of nonunion, necessitating surgical intervention. Despite a consensus on the need for surgery in cases of unstable distal clavicle fractures, various surgical techniques are available. The aim of this study is to evaluate the radiological and functional outcomes of CC augmentation using the suture Endobutton technique for Neer type 2b clavicle fractures were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective study, 42 patients who met the criteria were divided into two groups: group 1 (locking plate with CC augmentation) and group 2 (locking plate without CC augmentation). Demographic data, Constant-Murley score (CMS), union time, range of motion, complications, and implant failures during the follow-up period were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among study patients, 13 (31.0%) were female and 29 (69.0%) were male. The mean age was 40.5±11.5 years. Significant differences were found in union time (week) (t(40)=-2.11, P=0.04) and the 6-month CMS (t(40)=4.19, P=0.01). Significant difference was not observed in postoperative complications between the groups (P>0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CC augmentation with a suture Endobutton in type 2b distal clavicle fractures resulted in more favorable short-term functional and radiological outcomes. Level of evidence: III.</p>","PeriodicalId":33981,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow","volume":"28 2","pages":"163-169"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12151649/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of immobilization period and anterior capsular injury on flexion contracture in distal humerus coronal shear fractures.","authors":"Ji-Ho Lee, Christopher W Jenkins, Gyeong Cheon Park, Kee-Baek Ahn, In Hyeok Rhyou","doi":"10.5397/cise.2024.00955","DOIUrl":"10.5397/cise.2024.00955","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Simple elbow dislocations exhibit residual flexion contracture after long-term immobilization. However, the factors affecting flexion contracture after fixation of distal humerus coronal shear (DHCS) fracture remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study enrolled 21 elbows in DHCS fracture (group A) from 2007 to 2017 and 30 elbows in elbow dislocation (group B) in 2020, all of whom attended a single trauma center. Group A was divided by immobilization period into less than 3 weeks (A1) and more than 3 weeks (A2). Injury patterns of the anterior capsule were divided into proximal stripping, middle displaced, and distal avulsion on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Range of motion and functional outcomes were compared between groups A1 and A2.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All patients in group A exhibited proximal stripping of the anterior capsule, while group B showed middle displaced (37%) and distal avulsion (63%) injuries (P<0.001). The mean flexion contracture was 2° in A1 and 8° in A2 (P=0.139), demonstrating no significant difference by immobilization duration. Similarly, the groups had no significant differences in Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) or Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Flexion contracture following elbow trauma appears to be more closely related to the pattern of anterior capsule injury than the duration of immobilization. Early identification of anterior capsule injury patterns via MRI could inform treatment decisions, particularly in cases where stable surgical fixation is challenging. Prolonged immobilization may be a viable adjuvant treatment option in such cases. Level of evidence: III.</p>","PeriodicalId":33981,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow","volume":" ","pages":"187-195"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12151643/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144019489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An overview of artificial intelligence and machine learning in shoulder surgery.","authors":"Sung-Hyun Cho, Yang-Soo Kim","doi":"10.5397/cise.2025.00185","DOIUrl":"10.5397/cise.2025.00185","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Machine learning (ML), a subset of artificial intelligence (AI), utilizes advanced algorithms to learn patterns from data, enabling accurate predictions and decision-making without explicit programming. In orthopedic surgery, ML is transforming clinical practice, particularly in shoulder arthroplasty and rotator cuff tears (RCTs) management. This review explores the fundamental paradigms of ML, including supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning, alongside key algorithms such as XGBoost, neural networks, and generative adversarial networks. In shoulder arthroplasty, ML accurately predicts postoperative outcomes, complications, and implant selection, facilitating personalized surgical planning and cost optimization. Predictive models, including ensemble learning methods, achieve over 90% accuracy in forecasting complications, while neural networks enhance surgical precision through AI-assisted navigation. In RCTs treatment, ML enhances diagnostic accuracy using deep learning models on magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound, achieving area under the curve values exceeding 0.90. ML models also predict tear reparability with 85% accuracy and postoperative functional outcomes, including range of motion and patient-reported outcomes. Despite remarkable advancements, challenges such as data variability, model interpretability, and integration into clinical workflows persist. Future directions involve federated learning for robust model generalization and explainable AI to enhance transparency. ML continues to revolutionize orthopedic care by providing data-driven, personalized treatment strategies and optimizing surgical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":33981,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow","volume":" ","pages":"242-250"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12151650/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rationale and methodology for injection therapy to treat rotator cuff disease: a scoping review.","authors":"Jong-Ho Kim, Sung Min Rhee, Jung-Taek Hwang, Chris Hyunchul Jo","doi":"10.5397/cise.2024.01053","DOIUrl":"10.5397/cise.2024.01053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rotator cuff disease is a prevalent musculoskeletal condition associated with significant pain and functional impairment. Various injection therapies, ranging from corticosteroids to advanced biologic approaches, offer potential solutions for managing rotator cuff disease. This scoping review consolidates evidence on the efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of these treatments. Corticosteroid injections, while effective for short-term pain relief, pose risks of tendon degeneration with prolonged use. Platelet-rich plasma demonstrates promise in promoting tendon healing and improving long-term outcomes, but variability in preparation methods limits its clinical consistency. Hyaluronic acid and prolotherapy show potential in improving pain and tendon function, often serving as adjuncts in combined therapeutic strategies. Emerging regenerative options, such as polydeoxyribonucleotide and bone marrow aspirate concentrate, leverage growth factors and stem cells to enhance tendon repair and reduce degeneration, with preliminary evidence supporting their clinical efficacy. By synthesizing current knowledge on injection therapy for rotator cuff disease, this review provides valuable insights for clinicians and researchers seeking to enhance the management of rotator cuff disease through injection therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":33981,"journal":{"name":"Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow","volume":" ","pages":"223-241"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12169693/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144128484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}