{"title":"Instrumentation for laboratory X-ray scattering techniques","authors":"A. Kern","doi":"10.1107/97809553602060000936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1107/97809553602060000936","url":null,"abstract":"Today's home-laboratory X-ray diffractometers can be used for a wide range of applications, from X-ray scattering from any solids or liquids with any degree of order to X-ray absorption (radiography) and X-ray emission (XRF) techniques. This chapter gives an overview of commonly used instrumentation, with the focus on X-ray scattering analyses. Instruments and beam-path components are described in their diversity, but the discussion is limited to recent designs.","PeriodicalId":338076,"journal":{"name":"International Tables for Crystallography","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125033264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Overview and principles of powder diffraction","authors":"R. Dinnebier, S. Billinge","doi":"10.1107/97809553602060000935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1107/97809553602060000935","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter gives an overview of the types of information available from powder diffraction as well as explaining the fundamental origins of the features containing that information.","PeriodicalId":338076,"journal":{"name":"International Tables for Crystallography","volume":"204 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128405417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Ehrenberg, M. Hinterstein, A. Senyshyn, H. Fuess,
{"title":"Powder diffraction in external electric and magnetic fields","authors":"H. Ehrenberg, M. Hinterstein, A. Senyshyn, H. Fuess,","doi":"10.1107/97809553602060000943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1107/97809553602060000943","url":null,"abstract":"Crystal structure studies performed in situ under external electric and magnetic fields or external charge are reviewed. The focus is on instrumentation, time-resolved techniques and selected properties of neutron beams and X-rays. Representative examples of studies include: ferroelectrics at high electric fields in steady state and in stroboscopic mode, in situ studies of electrode materials and in operando investigations of Li-ion batteries, as well as selected examples of diffraction in high magnetic fields.","PeriodicalId":338076,"journal":{"name":"International Tables for Crystallography","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132917857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cells for in situ powder-diffraction investigation of chemical reactions","authors":"W. Beek, P. Pattison","doi":"10.1107/97809553602060000944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1107/97809553602060000944","url":null,"abstract":"An overview is presented of in situ chemical-reaction cells for time-resolved X-ray and neutron powder diffraction. Emphasis has been placed on following the development of in situ experiments from the early days up to the present, including some of the latest enabling technologies. Case studies are described that highlight the challenges of extracting the maximum chemical and structural information, despite the compromises on data quality associated with most in situ experiments.","PeriodicalId":338076,"journal":{"name":"International Tables for Crystallography","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126509154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synchrotron radiation and powder diffraction","authors":"A. Fitch","doi":"10.1107/97809553602060000937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1107/97809553602060000937","url":null,"abstract":"An overview of the production, properties and use of synchrotron radiation for high-quality powder-diffraction studies is given. The intensity, wavelength tunability and collimation of the beam can be exploited via a variety of instruments to obtain high angular resolution, to carry out anomalous-scattering measurements to enhance elemental selectivity, or to follow processes evolving in situ.","PeriodicalId":338076,"journal":{"name":"International Tables for Crystallography","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121995122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neutron powder diffraction","authors":"C. Howard, E. Kisi","doi":"10.1107/97809553602060000938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1107/97809553602060000938","url":null,"abstract":"An introduction is given to neutrons and their scattering from assemblies of atoms. This is linked with how neutrons may be exploited in the study of a variety of phenomena in the fields of crystallography, magnetism, solid-state reaction chemistry, engineering and materials science. Neutron-scattering instrumentation such as neutron sources, guides, collimators, choppers and monochromators, and detectors are described individually as well as how they are combined to make distinct diffractometers for high-resolution, high-intensity or specialized studies. Examples of data recorded on selected diffractometers are given and guidance is provided on the selection of diffractometer type, experimental arrangement and the ancillary equipment required for non-ambient studies.","PeriodicalId":338076,"journal":{"name":"International Tables for Crystallography","volume":"1987 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125479463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Electron powder diffraction","authors":"J. Zuo, J. Lábár, J. Zhang, T. Gorelik, U. Kolb","doi":"10.1107/97809553602060000939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1107/97809553602060000939","url":null,"abstract":"Electron powder diffraction patterns can be recorded from small volumes of nanoparticles or localized areas of nanocrystalline thin films, which makes electron diffraction a complementary technique to X-ray and neutron powder diffraction for challenging samples. This chapter covers electron diffraction techniques for powder diffraction data collection and analysis, including electron-probe formation, background treatment and reduction of diffraction data to pair distribution functions.","PeriodicalId":338076,"journal":{"name":"International Tables for Crystallography","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123047680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High-pressure devices","authors":"A. Katrusiak","doi":"10.1107/97809553602060000942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1107/97809553602060000942","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, high pressure is a routine variable for powder and single-crystal diffraction experiments. By combining high pressure with variable-temperature attachments, one can reproduce in the laboratory the conditions inside planets and use them to study geological, biological and physical phenomena or for making new materials. In many X-ray, neutron and spectroscopic laboratories throughout the world, the diamond-anvil cell and other high-pressure devices are common. Their development has progressed dynamically in recent decades and this chapter outlines their history, the main types of devices and details of their operation, their advantages and limitations, their installation at large synchrotron and neutron facilities, and the latest achievements in static and dynamic high-pressure generation. Modern equipment can combine powder and single-crystal diffractometry with spectroscopic, dielectric, magnetic and other measurements on samples of various kinds compressed, cooled or heated to unprecedented magnitudes. The results obtained provide a broad perspective for understanding both fundamental physics and complex processes in living tissue.","PeriodicalId":338076,"journal":{"name":"International Tables for Crystallography","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125895320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"exciting core-level spectroscopy","authors":"C. Draxl, C. Cocchi","doi":"10.1107/s1574870720003341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1107/s1574870720003341","url":null,"abstract":"We delineate an ab initio approach for obtaining x-ray absorption spectra as provided by many-body perturbation theory, together with its realization within an all-electron framework. Employing the Bethe-Salpeter equation, we address excitations from different absorption edges in a broad range of material classes, analyzing exciton binding strengths and character. We also discuss when the supercell core-hole approach is likely to fail.","PeriodicalId":338076,"journal":{"name":"International Tables for Crystallography","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127656539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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