Powder diffraction in external electric and magnetic fields

Abstract

Crystal structure studies performed in situ under external electric and magnetic fields or external charge are reviewed. The focus is on instrumentation, time-resolved techniques and selected properties of neutron beams and X-rays. Representative examples of studies include: ferroelectrics at high electric fields in steady state and in stroboscopic mode, in situ studies of electrode materials and in operando investigations of Li-ion batteries, as well as selected examples of diffraction in high magnetic fields.