IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society最新文献

{"title":"Multi-OLT Multi-Lane PON for 5G Fronthaul and Differential Services Through Access Class Priority-Based 2D Scheduling","authors":"Fahmida Rawshan;Monir Hossen;Md. Rafiqul Islam","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3479241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3479241","url":null,"abstract":"Optical and wireless convergence is a quest of time. The rising bandwidth demand focuses on optical technology while increasing mobile bandwidth access requires wireless connectivity. Network convergence is a must to go through the solution. Multi-optical line terminal (multi-OLT) passive optical network (PON) has gained consideration for this solution for its widespread integration aptitudes. This paper proposes a multi-OLT multi-lane PON-based access network that provides service to the fifth-generation (5G) centralized radio access network (C-RAN) fronthaul on top of the existing access services. The design follows 100 Gb/s next-generation Ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON) standards along with an optical network unit (ONU) structure to provoke dynamic channel bonding. A novel wavelength and bandwidth allocation scheme named access class priority-based 2D scheduling (ACP-2D) for upstream traffic is also designed. Computer simulations are performed to justify the performance of the ACP-2D scheme in a mini-slot-based 5G new radio (5G NR). Four different service providers (SPs) occupy four different OLTs. The services provided by the SPs are the Internet of Things (IoT), fiber-to-the-home (FTTH), wireless sensor network (WSN), and 5G. Simulation results show that 5G fronthaul traffic is successfully transmitted (owing to the full desired throughput of 0.798) within the 3GPP delay requirement of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$250~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000sec while maintaining other services. For example, the maximum FTTH service jitter is achieved to be \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.26~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000sec for a maximum delay of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$546.94~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000sec at a mini-slot of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$250~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000sec. Network upstream bandwidth utilization is achieved by about 99.9%, which indicates a very small amount of network overhead. This innovative work signifies that multi-OLT PON can promote acceleration on the journey from C-RAN to open RAN.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"6593-6610"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10715724","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142517867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Hybrid TIM-TDMA to Maximize the Total Throughput With Fairness Constraints","authors":"David Jia;Xavier Leturc;Christophe J. Le Martret;Mohamad Assaad","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3480325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3480325","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses the problem of topological interference management (TIM) in ad hoc networks operating under a frequency-flat Rayleigh fading channel in single-input single-output (SISO). Assuming that the nodes have access to the statistical channel state information of the direct and interfering links, we introduce an extension of TIM referred to as enhanced TIM (eTIM) that maximizes an approximation of the expected average sum rate (EASR) when all the nodes communicate on the same channel. The drawback of eTIM is that it leads to poor fairness. By fairness, we mean in this paper ensuring a minimum average data rate for each user. To address this issue, we provide a second extension of the TIM, called eTIM-hybrid, by combining eTIM with time-division multiple access (TDMA) to improve both the EASR and the user fairness. The main idea of eTIM-hybrid involves partitioning the links into two groups: the “good links” on which we apply eTIM and “bad links” on which TDMA is used. Subsequently, a scheduling optimization phase optimizes the time allocation for each link within a given frame. We provide the closed-form expression of the optimal solution of the scheduling optimization to maximize eTIM-hybrid’s EASR while ensuring an expected average minimum user rate (EAMUR) for each link in the network. Additionally, we extend eTIM-hybrid to scenarios with two available channels by combining a novel channel allocation strategy with eTIM-hybrid, and called this method joint channel allocation eTIM-hybrid (JCA-eTIM-hy). Numerical results show that both eTIM-hybrid and JCA-eTIM-hy outperform the simulated state-of-the-art approaches in various scenarios in terms of EASR while satisfying an EAMUR constraint.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"6780-6801"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10716534","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142587628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing CP-ABE Decryption in Urban VANETs: A Hybrid Reinforcement Learning and Differential Evolution Approach","authors":"Muhsen Alkhalidy;Mohammad Bany Taha;Rasel Chowdhury;Chamseddine Talhi;Hakima Ould-Slimane;Azzam Mourad","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3479069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3479069","url":null,"abstract":"In urban environments, efficiently decrypting CP-ABE in VANETs is a significant challenge due to the dynamic and resource-constrained nature of these networks. VANETs are critical for ITS that improve traffic management, safety, and infotainment through V2V and V2I communication. However, managing computational resources for CP-ABE decryption remains difficult. To address this, we propose a hybrid RL-DE algorithm. The RL agent dynamically adjusts the DE parameters using real-time vehicular data, employing Q-learning and policy gradient methods to learn optimal policies. This integration improves task distribution and decryption efficiency. The DE algorithm, enhanced with RL-adjusted parameters, performs mutation, crossover, and fitness evaluation, ensuring continuous adaptation and optimization. Experiments in a simulated urban VANET environment show that our algorithm significantly reduces decryption time, improves resource utilization, and enhances overall efficiency compared to traditional methods, providing a robust solution for dynamic urban settings.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"6535-6545"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10714404","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142518135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementing Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance Over Cellular Networks","authors":"Ziyi Zhou;Oluwakayode Onireti;Xinyi Lin;Lei Zhang;Muhammad Ali Imran","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3477930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3477930","url":null,"abstract":"Blockchain has shown significant potential as a key enabler in privacy and security in the forthcoming 6G wireless network, due to its distributed and decentralized characteristics. Practical Byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT) emerges as a prominent technology for deployment in wireless networks due to its attributes of low latency, high throughput, and minimal computational requirements. However, the high complexity of communication is the bottleneck of PBFT for achieving high scalability. To tackle this problem, this paper proposes a novel framework of PBFT, where the inter-node communication during the normal case operation is completed through base stations. The uplink and downlink communication between the base station and nodes are modelled based on the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) threshold. A novel ‘timeout’ mechanism is incorporated to reduce the communication complexity. The performance is evaluated by metrics including consensus success probability, communication complexity, view change delay, view change occurrence probability, consensus delay, consensus throughput and energy consumption. The numerical results show that the proposed scheme achieves higher consensus success probability and throughput, lower communication complexity and consensus delay compared to the conventional PBFT. The results of view change delay and view change occurrence probability and the optimal configuration provide analytical guidance for the deployment of wireless PBFT networks.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"6546-6560"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10713236","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142518030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient Robust Schedules (ERS) for Time-Aware Shaping in Time-Sensitive Networking","authors":"Thomas Stüber;Lukas Osswald;Michael Menth","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3477725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3477725","url":null,"abstract":"Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) extends Ethernet bridging with features for deterministic transmission. Periodic streams may be scheduled such that their frames hardly interfere in bridges. Additionally, the Time-Aware Shaper (TAS) can keep egress ports free from other traffic when scheduled traffic arrives. TAS scheduling determines transmission starts of scheduled streams at end stations and configures the TAS in bridges. Most TAS scheduling algorithms disregard jitter and synchronization errors at end stations and bridges, race conditions from simultaneously arriving frames with same egress ports, and hardware-based configuration limits of the TAS. We call the resulting schedules tight schedules (TS). However, all these challenges apply to real hardware bridges. Therefore, we present an algorithm using event times with uncertainty to compute efficient robust schedules (ERS) that respect these constraints. We also propose a repair for existing scheduling approaches and call their output naïve robust schedules (NRS). We evaluate and compare their bandwidth usage and stream admission with those of TS. ERS are more efficient than NRS, and the performance gap between ERS and TS quantifies the price for robust schedules. Moreover, the presented algorithm for ERS computes significantly faster than four well-known methods for TS, and it can solve larger problem instances.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"6655-6673"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10713245","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142517968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entropy Production-Based Energy Efficiency Optimization for Wireless Communication Systems","authors":"Litao Yan;Xiaohu Ge","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3476454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3476454","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between energy dissipation and information has been extensively studied in the emerging field of stochastic thermodynamics, where entropy production plays a core role in measuring the energy loss of irreversible processes. To analyze and optimize the energy efficiency of wireless communication systems from a fundamental and unified perspective, an entropy production model of a binary wireless communication systems is proposed in this paper for the first time. The proposed model serves as a minimal yet comprehensive model incorporating two key nonequilibrium processes in a wireless communication system: wireless information transmission and information processing. The entropy production of wireless information transmission is derived using tools from stochastic thermodynamics, and it is found that there is a specified transmission rate that minimizes the entropy production. For the information processing, the influence of error rate and parallel number of information processing on entropy production is analyzed, and a serial or parallel processing selection criterion is proposed to minimizes the entropy production. To minimize the total entropy production of wireless communication systems, we propose an optimal channel number algorithm and an optimal time allocation scheme. Simulation results show that the entropy production of the wireless communication system using the optimal time allocation scheme can be reduced by up to 20.2% compared to the traditional approach where the time allocated for wireless information transmission and information processing is equal. The proposed model and optimization method provide a novel perspective on analyzing and enhancing energy efficiency in wireless communication systems.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"6482-6494"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10711877","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142517784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AmBC-Assisted Mobility Vehicle System With Partial NOMA Transmission","authors":"Tien Hoa Nguyen;Kieu Ha Phung","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3474772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3474772","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes the performance of a novel ambient-backscatter communication (AmBC)-assisted mobility vehicle system with partial non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems, where a jointly composite signal of NOMA and orthogonal multiple access (OMA) transmission is investigated to enhance the performance of the vehicle with high mobility and weak channel conditions in light of imperfect channel state information (CSI) and imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC). Following that, we first derive exact closed-form expressions for the outage probability (OP) and ergodic capacity (EC) of vehicles and then conduct an asymptotic analysis in case of high signal-to-noise (SNR), gaining value information related to diversity order, modulation and coding gains, and ergodic slope. Through these mathematical frameworks, we clarify trade-offs in channel estimation procedure and vehicle performance, the advantages of partial NOMA in speeding up transmission rate operation area of weak vehicles compared to conventional NOMA, and the impact of imperfect SIC on the system outage performance. Monte-Carlo simulation examples validate the theoretical frameworks, along with several performance comparisons of the proposed partial NOMA and conventional NOMA. Moreover, it also shows that increasing the exploited portion bandwidth coefficient for individually serving vehicles with a weak channel condition enhances the operating target significantly without an outage event. Furthermore, exploiting partial NOMA for vehicles with a weak channel condition can save the transmit SNR of over 5 dB compared to using conventional NOMA while ensuring the performance of the rest vehicle.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"6686-6696"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10706110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142555071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attention on the Preambles: Sensing With mmWave CSI","authors":"Tatsuya Kikuzuki;Mahdi Boloursaz Mashhadi;Yi Ma;Rahim Tafazolli","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3475989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3475989","url":null,"abstract":"The ubiquitous availability of wireless networks and devices provides a unique opportunity to leverage the corresponding communication signals to enable wireless sensing applications. In this article, we develop a new framework for environment sensing by opportunistic use of the mmWave communication signals. The proposed framework is based on a mixture of the conventional and Neural Network (NN) signal processing techniques for simultaneous counting and localization of multiple targets in the environment in a bi-static setting. In this framework, multi-modal delay, Doppler, angular features are first derived from the Channel State Information (CSI) estimated at the receiver, and then a transformer-based NN architecture exploiting attention mechanisms, called CSIformer, is designed to extract the most effective features for sensing. We also develop a novel post-processing technique based on Kullback-Leibler (KL) minimization to transfer knowledge between the counting and localization tasks, thereby simplifying the NN architecture. Our numerical results show accurate counting and localization capabilities that significantly outperform the existing works based on pure conventional signal processing techniques, as well as NN-based approaches. The simulation codes are available at: \u0000<uri>https://github.com/University-of-Surrey-Mahdi/Attention-on-the-Preambles-Sensing-with-mmWave-CSI</uri>\u0000.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"6430-6442"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10706812","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142447211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cislunar Communication Performance and System Analysis With Uncharted Phenomena","authors":"Selen Gecgel Cetin;Ángeles Vazquez-Castro;Gunes Karabulut Kurt","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3474571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3474571","url":null,"abstract":"The Moon and its surrounding cislunar space have numerous unknowns, uncertainties, or partially charted phenomena that need to be investigated to determine the extent to which they affect cislunar communication. These include temperature fluctuations, spacecraft distance and velocity dynamics, surface roughness, and the diversity of propagation mechanisms. To develop robust and dynamically operative Cislunar space networks (CSNs), we need to analyze the communication system by incorporating inclusive models that account for the wide range of possible propagation environments and noise characteristics. In this paper, we consider that the communication signal can be subjected to both Gaussian and non-Gaussian noise, but also to different fading conditions. First, we analyze the communication link by showing the relationship between the brightness temperatures of the Moon and the equivalent noise temperature at the receiver of the Lunar Gateway. We propose to analyze the ergodic capacity and the outage probability, as they are essential metrics for the development of reliable communication. In particular, we model the noise with the additive symmetric alpha-stable distribution, which allows a generic analysis for Gaussian and non-Gaussian signal characteristics. Then, we present the closed-form bounds for the ergodic capacity and the outage probability. Finally, the results show the theoretically and operationally achievable performance bounds for the cislunar communication. To give insight into further designs, we also provide our results with comprehensive system settings that include mission objectives as well as orbital and system dynamics.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"6404-6419"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10705126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142447210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distributed MIMO Networks With Rotary ULAs for Indoor Scenarios Under Rician Fading","authors":"Eduardo N. Tominaga;Onel L. A. López;Tommy Svensson;Richard D. Souza;Hirley Alves","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3474170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3474170","url":null,"abstract":"The Fifth-Generation (5G) wireless communications networks introduced native support for Machine-Type Communications (MTC) use cases. Nevertheless, current 5G networks cannot fully meet the very stringent requirements regarding latency, reliability, and number of connected devices of most MTC use cases. Industry and academia have been working on the evolution from 5G to Sixth Generation (6G) networks. One of the main novelties is adopting Distributed Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (D-MIMO) networks. However, most works studying D-MIMO consider antenna arrays with no movement capabilities, even though some recent works have shown that this could bring substantial performance improvements. In this work, we propose the utilization of Access Points (APs) equipped with Rotary Uniform Linear Arrays (RULAs) for this purpose. Considering a spatially correlated Rician fading model, the optimal angular position of the RULAs is jointly computed by the central processing unit using particle swarm optimization as a function of the location of the active devices. Considering the impact of imperfect location estimates, our numerical results show that the RULAs’s optimal rotation brings substantial performance gains in terms of mean per-user spectral efficiency. The improvement grows with the strength of the line-of-sight components of the channel vectors. Given the total number of antenna elements, we study the trade-off between the number of APs and the number of antenna elements per AP, revealing an optimal number of APs for the cases of APs equipped with static ULAs and RULAs.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"6367-6380"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10705116","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142438491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}