IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society最新文献

{"title":"A Novel Approach to Approximating Generalized Pointing Errors Modeled by Beckmann Distribution in FSO Communication Systems","authors":"Emna Zedini;Yalçin Ata;Abla Kammoun;Mohamed-Slim Alouini","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3523304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3523304","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we introduce a new and accurate approximation for the Beckmann distribution, a widely employed model for describing generalized pointing errors in the context of free-space optical (FSO) communication systems. More specifically, this four-parameter distribution, which considers distinct jitter variances along horizontal and vertical displacements and accounts for nonzero boresight errors at the receiver, is approximated using a Gamma distribution with shape and scale parameters. By applying this approximation to the generalized pointing error model and incorporating angle-of-arrival (AOA) variations, we present novel analytical equations for the cumulative distribution function and the probability density function of the composite Gamma-Gamma turbulence channel. These unified formulations are applicable to intensity modulation with direct detection and heterodyne detection methods, and are expressed using the generalized Meijer's-G function. Utilizing these results, we provide expressions for the moments, the ergodic capacity, the average bit-error rate for several modulations, and the outage probability. Additionally, employing a moments-based approach, we derive a highly accurate asymptotic approximation for the ergodic capacity for high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regimes using simple functions. All analytical expressions are validated using Monte-Carlo simulations.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"727-741"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10816714","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid Blockchain-Based Multi-Operator Resource Sharing and SLA Management","authors":"Sidra Tul Muntaha;Qasim Z. Ahmed;Faheem A. Khan;Zaharias D. Zaharis;Pavlos I. Lazaridis","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3523362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3523362","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a hybrid blockchain-based framework for multi-operator resource sharing and SLA management in 5G Standalone (5GSA) networks. Leveraging Hyperledger Fabric (HLF), we implement secure resource sharing between multiple seller Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) and a single buyer MNO, evaluating HLF’s performance in terms of transaction latency and throughput. The framework incorporates a two-level Multi-Leader Single-Follower (MLSF) Stackelberg game to model pricing and buying strategies. For the upper-layer game, we determine the pricing strategies of seller MNOs using Pattern Search Algorithm (PSA), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Fmincon, comparing their performances. In the lower-layer game, we design a Lagrange multiplier-based solution for the buyer MNO’s strategy, benchmarking it against PSA, GA, and Fmincon. Our framework also employs smart contracts for SLA automation and enforcement, utilizing Ethereum and IOTA-EVM blockchains. These contracts are implemented with Hardhat and deployed across Goerli, Linea-Goerli, Sepolia, Polygon (Mumbai), and Shimmer EVM Testnets. We measure key metrics, such as transaction latency and throughput, to evaluate the performance of our SLA management system. Results demonstrate the framework’s effectiveness in enhancing resource allocation and SLA enforcement in 5G networks, highlighting the capabilities of different blockchain platforms in managing complex network operations.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"362-377"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10816675","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mobile Cell-Free Massive MIMO: A Practical O-RAN-Based Approach","authors":"Robbert Beerten;Vida Ranjbar;K Andrea P. Guevara;Sofie Pollin","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3523217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3523217","url":null,"abstract":"Cell-Free Massive MIMO is a promising solution for next-generation radio access networks. Especially the user-centric variant, where users are served by a subset of access points, a cluster, has garnered significant interest. However, managing these clusters in case of user mobility remains a significant issue. Additionally, the practical implementation of such a network remains an open problem. This work introduces a realistic temporal channel model for Cell-Free Massive MIMO. Subsequently, we propose a framework to facilitate handover procedures in a distributed topology considering limited channel knowledge for cluster formation. Next, we develop two clustering and handover strategies: 1) a fixed clustering strategy where the central processing unit computes the ideal cluster when a cluster handover threshold is exceeded and 2) an opportunistic strategy where access points make autonomous decisions based on the local channel. Finally, we establish a significant connection between our findings and O-RAN, an emerging network architecture that offers open interfaces and network-wide control capabilities. Simulation results show that even low-complexity handover mechanisms can significantly improve spectral efficiency under user mobility compared to cellular networks.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"593-610"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10816506","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time Modulated Arrays Beamforming for Non-Terrestrial Network User Terminal","authors":"Gebrehiwet Gebrekrstos Lema;Eva Lagunas;M. R. Bhavani Shankar;Joel Grotz","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3522519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3522519","url":null,"abstract":"Though beamforming is the fundamental element of satellite communication, it incurs costs, complexity, and power consumption. In this paper, we study a Time-Modulated Array (TMA) beamforming design on the Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) User Terminal (UT) to receive a signal from a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite downlink. Despite its simplicity and cost-effectiveness, conventional TMA has intrinsic gain, flexibility, and interference limitations. We compared TMA beamforming with the conventional phased array and studied a tri-state switching method to address the TMA limitations. Based on the 3GPP beam pattern, we studied the beamforming cost and complexity to achieve a viable Signal-To-Noise Plus Interference Ratio (SINR). To facilitate low-cost TMA beamforming, we first derive the Direction of Arrival (DoA) to the TMA switching parameters mapping. Subsequently, we formulate a constrained nonlinear multi-variable problem and solve it using iterative optimization based on perfect DoA. Additionally, we use an analytical approach to suppress sidelobes and unused harmonics using alternating switching. Furthermore, we develop an Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) and Adaptive Switching Parameters Control (ASPC) methods to design TMA beamforming based on a beacon signal. We compare TMA and phased array beamforming techniques, confirming the promising performance of TMA with reduced cost, complexity, and power consumption.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"271-287"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10816113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minimum Operation Altitude for Self-Sustainable Operation of Solar-Powered Fixed-Wing AAVs in Airborne Networks","authors":"Khadijeh Ali Mahmoodi;Mohammed Elamassie;Murat Uysal","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3519714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3519714","url":null,"abstract":"Non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) play a pivotal role in advancing 6G and beyond networks by providing global coverage for backbone infrastructure, wireless access, and backhauling. In particular, fixed-wing autonomous aerial vehicles (AAVs) at tropospheric altitudes are positioned as an efficient platform to provide backhauling for ground-based base stations using high-capacity point-to-point wireless links that operate at either optical or radio spectrum. These AAVs are typically solar-powered to ensure self-sustainability for extended operation durations. Higher altitudes improve energy harvesting by bringing the AAV closer to the Sun and reducing energy consumption due to lower air density. Achieving self-sustainability requires determining the minimum operational altitude at which energy harvested consistently exceeds consumption. In this paper, we derive a closed-form expression for the minimum operational altitude of solar-powered fixed-wing AAVs, ensuring a balance between harvested and consumed energy. Key factors such as geographical location, time of year, AAV mass, and solar panel efficiency are shown to significantly influence this altitude, making them critical to the system’s sustainable operation.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"171-180"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10816023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging Large Language Models for Integrated Satellite-Aerial-Terrestrial Networks: Recent Advances and Future Directions","authors":"Shumaila Javaid;Ruhul Amin Khalil;Nasir Saeed;Bin He;Mohamed-Slim Alouini","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3522103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3522103","url":null,"abstract":"Integrated satellite, aerial, and terrestrial networks (ISATNs) represent a sophisticated convergence of diverse communication technologies to ensure seamless connectivity across different altitudes and platforms. This paper explores the transformative potential of integrating Large Language Models (LLMs) into ISATNs, leveraging advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) capabilities to enhance these networks. We outline the current architecture of ISATNs and highlight the significant role LLMs can play in optimizing data flow, signal processing, and network management to advance 5G/6G communication technologies through advanced predictive algorithms and real-time decision-making. A comprehensive analysis of ISATN components is conducted, assessing how LLMs can effectively address traditional data transmission and processing bottlenecks. The paper delves into the network management challenges within ISATNs, emphasizing the necessity for sophisticated resource allocation strategies, traffic routing, and security management to ensure seamless connectivity and optimal performance under varying conditions. Furthermore, we examine the technical challenges and limitations associated with integrating LLMs into ISATNs, such as data integration for LLM processing, scalability issues, latency in decision-making processes, and the design of robust, fault-tolerant systems. The study also identifies critical future research directions for fully harnessing LLM capabilities in ISATNs, which is important for enhancing network reliability, optimizing performance, and achieving a truly interconnected and intelligent global network system.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"399-432"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10813004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Joint Latency-Energy Minimization for Fog-Assisted Wireless IoT Networks","authors":"Farshad Shams;Vincenzo Lottici;Zhi Tian","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3522256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3522256","url":null,"abstract":"This work aims to present a joint resource allocation method for a fog-assisted network wherein IoT wireless devices simultaneously offload their tasks to a serving fog node. The main contribution is to formulate joint minimization of service latency and energy consumption objectives subject to both radio and computing constraints. Moreover, unlike previous works that set a fixed value to the circuit power dissipated to operate a wireless device, practical models are considered. To derive the Pareto boundary between two conflicting objectives we consider, Tchebyshev theorem is used for each wireless device. The interactions among IoT devices are represented through a cooperative Nash bargaining framework, with the unique Nash equilibrium (NE) being computed via a block coordinate descent method. Numerical results obtained using realistic models are presented to corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"516-530"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10816032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wavefield Networked Sensing: Principles, Algorithms, and Applications","authors":"Marco Manzoni;Dario Tagliaferri;Stefano Tebaldini;Marouan Mizmizi;Andrea Virgilio Monti-Guarnieri;Claudio Maria Prati;Umberto Spagnolini","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3521359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3521359","url":null,"abstract":"Networked sensing refers to the capability of multiple wireless terminals to cooperate with the aim of enhancing specific figures of merit, e.g., positioning accuracy or imaging resolution. Regarding radio-based sensing, it is essential to understand when and how sensing terminals should cooperate, namely the best strategy that trades between performance and cost (e.g., energy consumption, communication overhead, and complexity). This tutorial paper revises networked sensing from a wavefield interaction perspective, aiming to provide a general theoretical benchmark to evaluate its imaging performance bounds and to guide the sensing cooperation accordingly. Diffraction tomography theory (DTT) is the method to quantify the imaging resolution of any radio sensing experiment from inspection of its spectral (or wavenumber) content. In networked sensing, the image formation is based on the back-projection integral, valid for any network topology and physical configuration of the terminals. The wavefield networked sensing is a framework in which multiple sensing terminals cooperate during the acquisition process to maximize the imaging quality (resolution and sidelobes suppression) by pursuing the wavenumber tessellation principle. We discuss all the coherent data fusion possibilities between sensing terminals and possible killer applications. Remarkably, we show the possibility that the proposed method allows obtaining high-quality images of the environment in limited bandwidth conditions, leveraging the coherent combination of multiple multi-static low-resolution images.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"181-197"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10811966","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Generic Millimeter Wave and Terahertz Spectrum Reuse Model for In-Building Multi-Band Small Cells: Achieving Spectral and Energy Efficiencies of 6G","authors":"Rony K. Saha","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3521503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3521503","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a generic spectrum reuse model (GSRM) to reuse millimeter wave (mmWave) and terahertz (THz) spectrum in multi-band-enabled small cells located within multi-story buildings to address high spectral and energy efficiencies of sixth-generation (6G) mobile networks. For mmWave and THz bands, we consider 28 GHz, 142 GHz, 250 GHz, and 300 GHz bands, and each small cell is assumed to be equipped with these multiple bands. In developing GSRM, we first characterize interferences to derive a minimum distance between apartments of co-channel small cells at both intra-floor and inter-floor levels for each band leading to the formation of a 3-dimensional (3D) cluster of apartments such that the whole spectrum of the corresponding band is allocated to small cells within the cluster. The same spectrum is reused further in small cells of all adjacent 3D clusters within the building. We consider a random distribution of small cells within each 3D cluster. Two scenarios are considered where scenario 1 has the same 3D cluster size for each band, and scenario 2 considers different 3D cluster sizes corresponding to the respective band. We formulate the spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) metrics of the proposed GSRM in a multi-tier network and develop an algorithm to evaluate its SE and EE metrics. With extensive system-wide evaluations, we show that compared to scenario 1, the overall SE and EE in scenario 2 are improved by 33.33% and 4.5%, respectively, and the proposed GSRM can achieve the prospective SE and EE requirements for 6G mobile systems.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"198-223"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10812825","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Blockchain-Assisted Fair Exchange Signature Protocol Using Quantum Key Distribution for Metaverse Environment","authors":"Sunil Prajapat;Pankaj Kumar;Goutham Reddy Alavalapati","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3522000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3522000","url":null,"abstract":"The metaverse has profoundly altered the conventional online landscape and has attracted significant interest from researchers and industry professionals. As the metaverse changes quickly, it needs strong and safe cryptographic solutions to make sure that transactions are fair and safe in its highly connected world. This paper presents a novel blockchain-assisted fair exchange signature protocol leveraging quantum key distribution (QKD) to ensure security against both classical and quantum adversaries. The suggested protocol combines blockchain technology with quantum key distribution to create an exchange framework that can’t be changed, is clear, and can’t be tampered with. It also uses quantum mechanics to create keys that are always safe. By incorporating a fair exchange mechanism, the protocol guarantees that either both parties fulfill their obligations or neither party benefits, addressing trust issues in decentralized metaverse transactions. Furthermore, we provide a detailed analysis of the protocol’s security, efficiency, and scalability, highlighting its resistance to quantum attacks and its suitability for real-time applications in the metaverse. Simulation results demonstrate that the protocol significantly enhances exchange fairness, minimizes latency, and ensures robust authentication, making it a promising candidate for securing transactions in next-generation digital ecosystems. Web 3.0 technologies provide a resolution by facilitating a decentralized metaverse ecology. The suggested protocol utilizes quantum fundamentals to facilitate safe communication, while the incorporation of quantum cryptography with Web 3.0 improves the efficiency, security, and authenticity of metaverse environments. We test the proposed quantum signature scheme both theoretically and practically using QuantumSim simulations, demonstrating strong signature performance in comparison to other schemes. The results indicate a computational cost of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.815 ms$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, and communication costs of 1312 bits, demonstrating the protocol’s resilience and performance by conducting a thorough safety and efficiency analysis and demonstrating compliance with essential security features, including unforgeability, undeniability, verifiability, and traceability.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"224-235"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10813001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}