IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society最新文献

{"title":"New Hybrid Precoding for mmWave MIMO Systems: LADR and DALR Architectures","authors":"Faisal Al-Kamali;Mohamed Alouzi;Claude D’Amours;Francois Chan","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3551641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3551641","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid precoding for fully-connected architectures (FA) delivers superior performance in millimeter-wave (mmWave) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems but comes at the cost of significantly higher complexity compared to sub-connected architectures (SA). This paper introduces two new sub-connected hybrid precoding architectures: localized-antennas distributed-RF (LADR) and distributed-antennas localized-RF (DALR), designed to balance the trade-off between performance and complexity. Both architectures divide transmitter antennas and RF chains into two groups, which are either distributed or localized. In LADR, localized antenna groups are connected to distributed RF chain groups, providing high beamforming precision, making it well-suited for dense urban deployments where performance demands are stringent. In contrast, DALR connects distributed antenna groups to localized RF chain groups, offering beamforming with lower precision compared to LADR, making it better suited for large-scale networks, such as rural or wide-area applications, where broader coverage and scalability are prioritized over high precision. The hybrid precoding is optimized and solved iteratively by decomposing the problem into two independent subproblems, referred to as the odd and even subproblems. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed architectures achieve performance close to FA, while reducing the number of phase shifters by 50% and lowering computational complexity to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathcal {O}(N_{t})$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, compared to the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathcal {O}(N_{t}^{2})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> complexity of traditional FA designs, where <inline-formula> <tex-math>$N_{t}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the number of transmitter antennas. Furthermore, the proposed architectures outperform traditional SA by approximately 3 dB with only a slight increase in complexity. The results also indicate that LADR offers slightly better performance than DALR when the number of data streams is high due to its superior beamforming capability, while both architectures perform similarly when the number of data streams is low.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"2032-2045"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10926499","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Integrated Illumination LED Driver and Optical Wireless Communications Repeater","authors":"Alireza Barmaki;Mehdi Narimani;Steve Hranilovic","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3550438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3550438","url":null,"abstract":"Visible light communications (VLC) leverages optical bands to meet the escalating demands for wireless communication. This paper presents a new approach to address the challenges encountered in establishing an optical uplink and downlink relay for VLC systems. A multi-phase boost converter topology is developed to realize a repeater capable of receiving and amplifying infrared uplink signals and re-transmitting them across both infrared and visible spectra. Conventional commutating diodes within each phase of the converter are replaced with photodiodes, enabling the detection of infrared (IR) signals. The resultant photocurrent modulates the intensity of multiple emitters at output, enabling spatial summation and amplification of the re-transmitted signal. While the primary application is to establish an optical IR uplink to visible light broadcast system, the topology can also support alternative applications, such as optical backhauling/fronthauling by integrating IR emitters into the luminaire. Simulation and experimental results indicate that the integration of the repeater into a luminaire through this approach does not adversely impact the efficacy of the luminaire and for the tested configurations the repeater is capable of an end-to-end optical gain of 7 for IR signals with amplitudes of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1-10~mathrm {mW}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"2046-2064"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10922204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Survey on Advancements in THz Technology for 6G: Systems, Circuits, Antennas, and Experiments","authors":"Sidharth Thomas;Jaskirat Singh Virdi;Aydin Babakhani;Ian P. Roberts","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3549710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3549710","url":null,"abstract":"Terahertz (THz) carrier frequencies (100 GHz to 10 THz) have been touted as a source for unprecedented wireless connectivity and high-precision sensing, courtesy of their wide bandwidth availability and small wavelengths. However, noteworthy implementation challenges persist, ranging from limitations in semiconductor device technologies to antenna design and packaging, as well as system-level issues such as high path loss, complex beam management, and regulatory constraints. In this paper, we survey recent advancements on 6G networks using THz frequencies, with a particular emphasis on the 200–400 GHz frequency range and the IEEE 802.15.3d standard. This band offers a compelling balance by providing ample bandwidth for high data-rate communications, while also exhibiting lower atmospheric absorption for longer-range transmission, and can be viably realized using current semiconductor technologies. Unlike other existing surveys in this domain, we provide a comprehensive and holistic overview of THz systems, circuits, device technology, and antennas while also highlighting recent experimental demonstrations of 6G networks using THz frequencies. Throughout this paper, we review the state-of-the-art in 6G network implementation using THz, and call attention to open problems, future prospects, and areas of further improvement in THz communication technologies to fully realize their potential in next-generation wireless connectivity.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1998-2016"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10918779","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Near-Field Nulling Control Beamfocusing Optimization for Multi-User Interference Suppression","authors":"Yuanzhe Gong;Mohammadhossein Karimi;Tho Le-Ngoc","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3548457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3548457","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents comprehensive full-wave simulation-based studies of near-field beam radiation patterns for large-scale arrays, accounting for realistic electromagnetic wave characteristics, heterogeneous element radiation patterns, and array element interactions. These simulations thoroughly investigate and illustrate the radiation behaviors of antenna arrays at different observation distances. To leverage the advantages offered by distance-dependent radiation patterns in the near-field, we consider two nulling control beamfocusing algorithms to effectively mitigate multi-user interference (MUI) in massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) systems by achieving considerable focusing gain differences between the desired and interference locations. Firstly, a linear constraint minimum variance (LCMV) scheme to effectively control radiation nulls in the Fresnel region is developed. By adjusting the array feeding magnitudes and phase shifters, an average gain difference of 29.2 dB between desired and undesired users can be achieved, with minimal gain degradation of 0.4 dB at the desired user compared to the maximum directivity beamfocusing scheme. Moreover, a constant-modulus beamfocusing scheme based on a perturbation-based nulling control beamfocusing algorithm employing particle swarm optimization is proposed. Using only phase shifters, an average gain difference of 26.1 dB between desired and undesired users can be achieved. Iterative full-wave simulations are conducted to investigate how the achievable beamfocusing gain difference varies with different desired and interference user locations. Finally, a deep neural network (DNN) is trained for MUI suppression based on the LCMV-generated beamfocusing vectors. The model achieves a phase error of less than 0.021 radians and a magnitude error of 0.17 dB in the predicted feeding weights. The resulting near-field beam patterns using the LCMV-based vector and the DNN-predicted vector show good agreement.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1727-1746"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10912511","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secrecy Performance of a RIS-Assisted Wireless Network: A Comprehensive Analysis Under Outdated CSI","authors":"Tasneem Alshamaseen;Elmehdi Illi;Syed Waqas Haider Shah;Saud Althunibat;Marwa Qaraqe","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3547960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3547960","url":null,"abstract":"Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces have manifested notable merits in enhancing networks’ security from a physical layer perspective by leveraging smart genuine signal reflection using its reflective elements (REs) towards legitimate users. However, outdated channel state information (CSI) poses a major challenge to RIS’s physical layer security gains. This work explores the impact of varying degrees of outdated CSI on the secrecy performance of RIS-assisted wireless networks. More specifically, the system in consideration consists of a source communicating with a legitimate receiver via an RIS in the presence of a potential eavesdropper. To this end, the secrecy outage probability (SOP) metric is derived under the presence of outdated CSI (aging) at the RIS controller, considering four scenarios based on the availability of direct links between the transmitter and both receivers (i.e., the legitimate one and the eavesdropper). This provides a comprehensive evaluation of the system’s resilience to CSI aging. Additionally, numerical evaluations are provided to determine the minimum number of RIS REs required to achieve a target SOP. The obtained results demonstrate that the adopted system can achieve an acceptable SOP level even with 10% outdated CSI (i.e., <inline-formula> <tex-math>$rho = 0.9$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). This resilience indicates that the system can reduce channel estimation frequency to reconfigure the RIS, thus decreasing overall system overhead and complexity and improving energy efficiency. Moreover, increasing the number of REs can mitigate CSI aging effects where an SOP level of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3 times 10^{-5}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> can be achieved with 140 REs at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$rho = 0.9$ </tex-math></inline-formula> in the absence of a transmitter-receiver direct link. Lastly, Monte Carlo simulations validate the analytical findings.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1914-1930"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10909700","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143676000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visually Secure Deep Joint Source-Channel Coding With Chaotic Map Against Deep Known-Plaintext Attack","authors":"Yuyang Fu;Katsuya Suto","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3548079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3548079","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, deep learning-based joint source-channel coding (DJSCC) has gained significant attention for its impressive performance in image transmission. Unlike traditional separate source-channel coding (SSCC) methods, DJSCC performs particularly well in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and limited bandwidth environments. However, ensuring the security of private information during transmission remains a critical concern. A notable limitation of DJSCC is its incompatibility with traditional encryption methods used for secure communications, making it vulnerable to eavesdropping attacks. To address this issue, we propose integrating a chaotic map encryption method into the DJSCC framework for secure wireless image transmission. This approach leverages chaotic sequence to shuffle the position of the elements in latent space without altering the values of the latent tensor. This allows the encryption process to be designed independently of DJSCC, eliminating the need for re-training the end-to-end model. Our proposed method preserves DJSCC’s superior transmission characteristics, ensuring high-quality image reconstruction at the receiver, while effectively ensuring the security against deep learning-based known plaintext attacks (Deep KPA).","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1847-1858"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10912450","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143676035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Spectral Efficiency: The Impact of RIS Elements Association on Multi-User Cell-Free Wireless Networks","authors":"Mohammad Ravan;Foroogh S. Tabataba;Mohammad Sadegh Fazel;Halim Yanikomeroglu","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3548537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3548537","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a hybrid mathematical method to optimize the association of reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) elements in cell-free wireless communication networks (CFWCN) assisted by multiple RISs, achieving maximum sum spectral efficiency (SSE). In the proposed approach the RIS elements are associated jointly with both access points (APs) and users equipment (UEs), addressing a previously unexplored aspect of RIS integration. Our proposed method incorporates the joint optimization of digital beamforming at the AP, analog beamforming at the RIS, association of RIS elements to UEs, and association of RIS elements to APs. It addresses the challenge of a mixed-integer non-convex problem through a combination of fractional programming (FP) and simulated annealing (SA) techniques. In this work, we also compare, for the first time, the performance of three elements association modes: association only with APs, association only with UEs, and joint association with both APs and UEs. Additionally, we investigate the impact of non-selective elements interference (NSEI) on RIS elements associations with both APs and UEs. We then expand our model to a more realistic one, incorporating spatial correlations both between AP antennas and among RIS elements. Simulation results show that our hybrid association approach outperforms the conventional methods for different channel models. Key findings include a 42% improvement in SSE when UEs are close to RISs. This enhancement is due to narrower beamformings achieved through optimized element categorization. The analysis reveals that optimal RIS element association with distant entities (APs or UEs) yields near-optimal performance.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1895-1913"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10912466","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143676139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Measurement-Based Power Consumption Model for Networks With Intelligent Control (RIC)","authors":"João Paulo S. H. Lima;George N. Katsaros;Rahim Tafazolli;Konstantinos Nikitopoulos","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3548430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3548430","url":null,"abstract":"Open Radio Access Network (Open RAN) triggers a shift towards multi-vendor deployments with increased programmability, flexibility, and intelligence. Still, several critical questions remain unanswered, particularly regarding Open RAN's impact on power consumption. New interfaces and procedures, increased softwarization, real-time analytics, and optimization tasks introduce complexities whose effects on energy usage are currently unknown. Moreover, well-established power consumption models for RAN do not address the additional elements of Open RAN architecture, such as the RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC), the central element for near-real-time decision-making and network optimization. In this context, this paper presents the first evaluation of the power consumption of the RIC platform across diverse scenarios. Specifically, we address key questions about RIC's consumption by performing power measurements under varying workloads, assessing RIC's scalability, and the impact of different parameters on power consumption. Additionally, also for the first time, this work introduces a RIC power consumption model, which can be directly utilized to assess the system-level power consumption of RIC on different RAN site scenarios (macro, micro, and pico sites), with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of only 0.54%. Interestingly we find that RIC's power consumption alone, even when operating only with its essential functionalities, may even exceed 14 kW while overseeing 300 sites, this is equivalent in terms of power to over 160 micro sites. In cases, RIC may even impose a power consumption overhead that exceeds 100% of the RAN power consumption. Additionally, when monitoring 100 heterogeneous network clusters (HetNets), this power may scale up to 60 kW, resulting in an overhead of over 30%. These conditions present significant challenges to the scalability of RIC and raise questions on the feasibility of achieving net energy savings through RIC under specific scenarios. Finally, we discuss and propose potential strategies for optimizing RIC energy efficiency in next-generation Open RAN systems.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"2017-2031"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10912465","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beamforming Optimization and ADMM-Based Detection in IRS-Aided OTFS Systems","authors":"Sushmita Singh;Kuntal Deka;Sanjeev Sharma;Yuan-Pei Lin;Neelakandan Rajamohan","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3548271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3548271","url":null,"abstract":"Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) technology has become a crucial enabler for creating cost-effective, innovative, and adaptable wireless communication environments. This study investigates an IRS-assisted orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) modulation that facilitates communication between users and the base station (BS). The user’s attainable downlink rate can be boosted by collaboratively improving the reflection coefficient (RC) matrix at the IRS and beamforming matrix at the BS. Then, in the IRS-aided OTFS network, the problem of cooperative precoding at BS and IRS to improve the network throughput is framed. The precoding design problem is non-convex and highly complicated; an alternate optimization (AO) approach is proposed to solve this. Specifically, an approach based on strongest tap maximization (STM) and fractional programming is proposed. It solves RC matrix (at IRS) and beamforming matrix (at BS) alternatively. Moreover, an efficient signal detector for IRS-aided OTFS communication systems using the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is proposed. Finally, to estimate the cascaded MIMO channel, using a parallel factor tensor model that separates the IRS-User and BS-IRS MIMO channels, respectively is suggested. Simulation results show that the proposed method significantly enhances the system capacity and bit error rate (BER) performance compared to conventional OTFS.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1948-1964"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10912493","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Random Projection-Based Fast Multi-User Detectors in Uplink Massive MIMO Communication Networks","authors":"Gopal Chamarthi;Adarsh Patel;Rameshwar Pratap","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3547846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3547846","url":null,"abstract":"This work proposes a novel random projection (RP) framework based linear detection techniques in massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication networks. Under this framework, exploiting the variants of random projection techniques, this work proposes a series of detectors namely, rademacher projection, very sparse random projection (VSRP), fast Johnson-Lindenstrauss transform (FJLT), and count-sketch projection based detectors. Recently proposed zero-forcing (ZF) and minimum mean squared error (MMSE)-based linear detectors approximate the matrix inversion that results in the same asymptotic detection run-time complexity. The detectors proposed in this work achieve asymptotically faster detection than these detectors with a trade-off in the error performance. This work presents a closed-form expression for the symbol error probability (SEP) along with an upper bound on the error probability to characterize the detection performance of the mentioned RP-based detectors in the massive MIMO networks. Further, an upper bound on the Euclidean distance between the test statistic of the proposed detector and the ZF detector is obtained that establishes a relation between the approximation error vs. speed-up achieved by using RP-based detectors. The proposed random projection-based detectors achieve asymptotically faster run time complexity than the state-of-the-art linear massive MIMO detectors. Finally, simulation results obtained for average symbol error probability highlight the comparable performance of proposed random projection-based detectors with the existing linear massive MIMO detectors.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1931-1947"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10909695","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143676054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}