IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society最新文献

{"title":"Device-Free Floor-Scale Human Detection With Indoor LTE Antennas","authors":"Sitian Li;Alexios Balatsoukas-Stimming;Andreas Burg","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3560153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3560153","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces a novel method for device-free human detection by leveraging existing wireless communication signals from 4G-long-term evolution (4G-LTE) systems. By utilizing the pervasive 4G-LTE signals, our approach enhances the efficiency and coverage of human presence detection compared to WiFi signal based approaches. A previously overlooked, but crucial human presence scenario involving subtle human activities is successfully addressed and detected. Effective human presence detection relies heavily on precise feature extraction from channel estimates and careful feature selection. Through a detailed analysis and comparison of features discussed in previous work, along with the introduction of new features, we develop a machine learning-based approach to identify the most effective features for detecting human presence. Our machine learning model, trained with these selected features, is tested across different buildings and various scenarios using a commercial 4G-LTE network. The results demonstrate that our selected features significantly enhance detection accuracy and robustness, outperforming features introduced in previous literature across diverse environments.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"3683-3695"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10963839","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SIM-IPS: Stacked Intelligent Metasurface-Based Indoor Positioning System","authors":"Aisha Javed;Naveed Ul Hassan;Marco Di Renzo;Chau Yuen","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3559946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3559946","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we introduce a stacked intelligent metasurface-based indoor positioning system (SIM-IPS), which is a novel IPS developed using an SIM, a transmissive metasurface with multiple layers of independently controlled meta-atoms. These layers function analogously to the hidden layers in a deep neural network (DNN) and enable advanced beamforming in the electromagnetic (EM) wave domain, thus improving the control of the power distribution at the receiver plane. The SIM-IPS setup includes a single Wi-Fi access point (AP) dedicated to localization, which transmits all of its power through the SIM for beamforming. This approach utilizes two distinct configurations types for improved performance: zone identification, which determines the zone where the user is located, and precise localization, which uses random radiation patterns to pinpoint the exact location of the user within the identified zone. We employ the gradient descent algorithm and the alternating optimization (AO) technique to optimize the phase shifts of meta-atoms across different SIM layers for zone configuration. The resulting radiation patterns are stored in a database. During the online phase of the IPS, the AP cycles through the available configurations, and the user provides received signal strength indicator (RSSI) measurements to estimate their location. To ensure high localization accuracy, we optimize the selection of configurations and fine-tune system parameters to achieve good performance. Simulations demonstrate a substantial increase in power concentration at target locations within specific zones by incorporating additional SIM layers. This refined power distribution enables precise differentiation between the target zone and surrounding areas, significantly increasing localization accuracy. Furthermore, we present a detailed comparison of localization accuracy improvements across varying numbers of zones and SIM layers, emphasizing the critical importance of parameter optimization for enhancing the overall performance of SIM-IPS. Specifically, we achieve optimal accuracy with an 8 zone system and 5 layers, attaining a localization accuracy of 1.72 m and 1.66 m by considering continuous-valued and discrete-valued phase shifts, respectively.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"3528-3542"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10963905","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Survey on Privacy and Security in Distributed Cloud Computing: Exploring Federated Learning and Beyond","authors":"Ahmad Rahdari;Elham Keshavarz;Ehsan Nowroozi;Rahim Taheri;Mehrdad Hajizadeh;Mohammadreza Mohammadi;Sima Sinaei;Thomas Bauschert","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3560034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3560034","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing need to process large, high-dimensional datasets and the substantial computational power required have made the use of distributed cloud servers essential. These servers provide cost-effective solutions that make storage and computing accessible to ordinary users. However, they might face significant vulnerabilities, including data leakage, metadata spoofing, insecure programming interfaces, malicious insiders, and denial of service. To gain public trust in distributed computing, addressing concerns related to privacy and security while ensuring high performance and efficiency is crucial. Multiparty computation, differential privacy, trusted execution environments, and federated learning are the four major approaches developed to address these issues. This survey paper reviews and compares these four approaches based on a structured framework, by highlighting recent top-tier research papers published in prestigious journals and conferences. Particular attention is given to progress in federated learning, which trains a model across multiple devices without sharing the actual data, keeping data private and secure. The survey also highlights federated learning techniques, including secure federated learning, by detecting malicious updates and privacy-preserving federated learning via data encryption, data perturbation, and anonymization, as new paradigms for building responsible computing systems. Finally, the survey discusses future research directions for connecting academic innovations with real-world industrial applications.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"3710-3744"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10963898","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unsupervised Learning-Based Low-Complexity Integrated Sensing and Communication Precoder Design","authors":"Murat Temiz;Christos Masouros","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3559737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3559737","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes an unsupervised deep learning-based (DL-based) approach to precoding design for integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems. Designing a dynamic precoder that can adjust the trade-off between the sensing performance and communication capacity for ISAC systems is typically highly compute-intensive owing to requiring solving non-convex problems. Such complex precoders cannot be efficiently implemented on hardware to operate in highly dynamic wireless environments where channel conditions rapidly vary. Accordingly, we propose an unsupervised DL-based precoder design strategy that does not require a data set of the optimum precoders for training. The proposed DL-based precoder can also adapt the trade-off between the communication sum rate and sensing accuracy depending on the required communication and/or sensing performance. It offers a low-complexity precoder design compared to conventional precoder design approaches that require iterative algorithms and computationally intensive matrix operations. To further reduce the memory usage and computational complexity of the proposed precoding solution, we have also explored weight quantization and pruning techniques. The results have shown that a quantized and pruned deep neural network (DNN) can achieve 96% of the sum rate achieved by the full DNN while its memory and computational requirements are less than 17% of the full DNN.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"3543-3554"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10962172","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating Frequency Modulated OFDM (FM-OFDM): Receiver Design and Analysis Over Time-Varying Channels","authors":"Gianmarco Romano;Giovanni Di Gennaro;Amedeo Buonanno;Stefano Buzzi;Francesco A. N. Palmieri","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3559706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3559706","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of Frequency Modulated Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (FM-OFDM), a novel modulation technique exhibiting good levels of robustness when employed on wireless communication links in high-mobility environments. A novel transceiver receiver design that eliminates the need for phase unwrapping, thereby reducing computational complexity, is proposed. Analytical performance of the modulation is assessed through mathematical derivation of closed-form expressions for the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) per subcarrier. Such expressions provide in-depth understanding of both ideal and more realistic communication scenarios. Additionally, the paper also contains analytical derivations that permit to evaluate the power spectral density and bandwidth characteristics of the FM-OFDM modulation. Numerical results show the effectiveness of the FM-OFDM waveform in environments affected by large Doppler shifts, as well as the remarkable performance level of the newly proposed low-complexity detector.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"3760-3778"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10962185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid Feed Forward Neural Networks and Particle Swarm Optimization for Intelligent Self-Organization in the Industrial Communication Networks","authors":"M. Maragatharajan;Aanjankumar Sureshkumar;Rajesh Kumar Dhanaraj;E. Nirmala;Md Shohel Sayeed;Mohammad Tabrez Quasim;Shakila Basheer","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3559172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3559172","url":null,"abstract":"In recent times, the Industrial Communication Networks (ICNets) have been playing a vital role in advancing mobile generation networks, especially in the evolution of 6G networks. This research proposes a novel technique for self-organization that integrates Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to enhance the network management, optimization and adaptive learning in 6G. The traditional self-organization models in ICNets and 6G depends on rule-based heuristic, reinforcement learning and classical optimization techniques, which often struggle with high computational complexity, slow convergence rates, and suboptimal decision making. In contrast, FFNN+PSO fusion model leverages the predictive learning capability of FFNN and the global optimization strength of PSO to ensure intelligent self-optimization, real-time adaptability, and ultra-low-latency in the dynamically changing 6G environments. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a significantly higher accuracy of 98.25% by outperforming the existing models such as Random Forest (80%), Reinforcement learning (90%), Max Overlapping (88%), and Ant Colony Optimization (92%), Further, the proposed method enhances the energy efficiency, complex network function approximation, and collaborative optimization which make it an ideal choice for scalable and self-organization model in the 6G and ICNets. This study provides a transformative contribution to self-organization in the 6G networks and it offers robust, high-performance alternative to the conventional models as well it ensures massive device connectivity with intelligent network adaptation.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"3816-3833"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10960282","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced Scalable Multi-Beam Focusing for Indoor Optical Wireless Networks With IR Radiative Clusters","authors":"Sharadhi Gunathilake;Ampalavanapillai Nirmalathas;Kosala Herath;Malin Premaratne","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3559376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3559376","url":null,"abstract":"Optical wireless networks emerge as a promising solution to the ever-growing data demand for user-centric indoor applications. This work demonstrates a novel approach to advance multi-beam radiation patterns in indoor optical wireless networks by utilizing a cluster-based optical aperture comprising IR radiative elements. Spatially distributed IR clusters permit a non-uniform spherical wave model to focus the radiation in the near-field regime. By executing sub-clusters within main clusters and assigning them to groups for phase delay compensation, we ensure the generation of independent narrow beams focused on each receiver simultaneously. To mitigate the grating lobe formation, we incorporate a dual-carrier framework that introduces an effective wavelength for the system. Based on this theoretical model, we examine multi-beam focusing with a systematic arrangement of clusters on a planar ceiling. It follows a phased array within a phased array structure and incorporates a sub-cluster segmentation algorithm. We suggest optimizing cluster excitation based on receiver positions to enhance power efficiency and safety. This involves selecting the optimal clusters from a uniform array by solving a multiobjective non-convex binary optimization problem, aiming to maximize receiver intensity, minimize intensity variations, and reduce side lobes level. Instead of stochastic algorithms, we adopt a sparse relaxation-based weighted sum method that convexifies the binary space with <inline-formula> <tex-math>$L_{1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> norm regularization compensating for convexity. The Transformed problem is solved deterministically via Nelder-Mead simplex without gradients. Simulated results confirm a better multi-beam focusing pattern, effectively balancing three objectives. Our findings pave the way for sustainable indoor optical wireless networks in next-generation communication.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"3624-3643"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10960412","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum to “Efficient and Physically Consistent Modeling of Reconfigurable Electromagnetic Structures”","authors":"Alexander Stutz-Tirri;Georg Schwan;Christoph Studer","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3556151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3556151","url":null,"abstract":"Presents corrections to the paper, (Erratum to “Efficient and Physically Consistent Modeling of Reconfigurable Electromagnetic Structures”).","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"2453-2453"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10960513","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143817829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Tractable Approximation for Evaluating the Performance of Slow Fluid Antenna Multiple Access","authors":"José David Vega-Sánchez;Henry Ramiro Carvajal Mora;Nathaly Verónica Orozco Garzón;Diana Pamela Moya Osorio","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3559427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3559427","url":null,"abstract":"A fluid antenna system (FAS) promises outstanding flexibility that can lead to enhanced connectivity by enabling each user’s equipment in the network to exploit the interference null created naturally by multipath propagation. Consequently, in fluid antenna multiple access (FAMA), each user finds the best port in space that maximizes the signal-to-noise-interference over all the ports, allowing many more users to share the same radio channel without demanding involved signal processing. This paper concentrates on the practical version of FAMA, called slow FAMA (s-FAMA), where the fluid antenna of each user updates its best port only if the fading channel changes. Unlike previous works, where the performance metrics are derived in single/double fold integral, we provide a tractable analysis of the system performance of the s-FAMA scheme. Although s-FAMA schemes require complex analysis, we provide simple yet accurate closed-form approximate expressions for calculating the outage probability (OP) and the multiplexing gain metrics, thus facilitating their numerical evaluation in any computer software. Finally, useful insights on determining the number of ports at the FAS to attain a predefined multiplexing gain in the s-FAMA network are also provided.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"3614-3623"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10960401","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Spectral Efficiency of Movable and Rotary Antenna Arrays Under Rician Fading","authors":"Eduardo N. Tominaga;Onel L. A. López;Tommy Svensson;Richard D. Souza;Hirley Alves","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3558304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3558304","url":null,"abstract":"Most works evaluating the performance of Multi-User Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MU-MIMO) systems consider Access Points (APs) with fixed antennas, that is, without any movement capability. Recently, the idea of APs with antenna arrays that are able to move have gained traction among the research community. Many works evaluate the communications performance of Movable Antenna Arrays (MAAs) that can move on the horizontal plane. However, they require a very bulky, complex and expensive movement system. In this work, we propose a simpler and cheaper alternative: the utilization of Rotary Antenna Arrays (RAA)s, i.e., antenna arrays that can rotate. We also analyze the performance of a system in which the array is able to both move and rotate. We focus on narrowband machine-type communications use cases in indoor scenarios, where multiple devices communicate simultaneously with the same AP in the uplink. The movements and/or rotations of the array are computed in order to maximize the mean per-user achievable spectral efficiency, based on estimates of the locations of the active devices and using particle swarm optimization. We adopt a spatially correlated Rician fading channel model, and evaluate the resulting optimized performance of the different setups in terms of mean per-user achievable spectral efficiencies. Our numerical results show that both the optimal rotations and movements of the arrays can provide substantial performance gains when the line-of-sight components of the channel vectors are strong. Moreover, the simpler RAAs can outperform the MAAs when their movement area is constrained.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"2642-2659"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10950397","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143847283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}