IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society最新文献

{"title":"Early-Scheduled Handover Preparation in 5G NR Millimeter-Wave Systems","authors":"Dino Pjanić;Alexandros Sopasakis;Andres Reial;Fredrik Tufvesson","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3488594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3488594","url":null,"abstract":"The handover (HO) procedure is one of the most critical functions in a cellular network driven by measurements of the user channel of the serving and neighboring cells. The success rate of the entire HO procedure is significantly affected by the preparation stage. As massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems with large antenna arrays allow resolving finer details of channel behavior, we investigate how machine learning can be applied to time series data of beam measurements in the Fifth Generation (5G) New Radio (NR) system to improve the HO procedure. This paper introduces the Early-Scheduled Handover Preparation scheme designed to enhance the robustness and efficiency of the HO procedure, particularly in scenarios involving high mobility and dense small cell deployments. Early-Scheduled Handover Preparation focuses on optimizing the timing of the HO preparation phase by leveraging machine learning techniques to predict the earliest possible trigger points for HO events. We identify a new early trigger for HO preparation and demonstrate how it can beneficially reduce the required time for HO execution reducing channel quality degradation. These insights enable a new HO preparation scheme that offers a novel, user-aware, and proactive HO decision making in MIMO scenarios incorporating mobility.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"6959-6971"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10738283","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142650589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantized Deep Learning Channel Model and Estimation for RIS-gMIMO Communication","authors":"Joydev Ghosh;César Vargas-Rosales;Van Nhan Vo;Chakchai So-In","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3487847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3487847","url":null,"abstract":"Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) and multiuser gigantic multiple-input multiple-output (MU-gMIMO) systems are key technologies for enabling sixth-generation (6G) networks. Their numerous advantages include minimal path losses, high energy efficiency (EE), high spectrum efficiency (SE), high data rates, and compatibility with line-of-sight (LoS) and non-LoS (NLoS) paths. However, RIS-gMIMO faces numerous challenges, including pilot overhead during beam training due to a combined radiation field, high training overhead due to the cascaded channels between transceivers, inaccurate channel state information (CSI) due to the rapidly changing RIS-user equipment (UE) channel, and low-accuracy channel estimation caused by semipassive RISs. With semipassive RIS-gMIMO communications, we present a novel quantized deep learning (qDL) channel model. This proposed channel model is constructed via a radio frequency (RF) chain matrix, a combined radiation field, and a truncated activation output. To enhance the feature extraction performance and reduce the loss of the model, a novel qDL-based channel estimation scheme is also proposed to concurrently utilize denoising multilayer perceptron (DnMLP) units to satisfy the imposed sparsity constraint. The qDL scheme outperforms the previously developed benchmark schemes in terms of accuracy and performance according to the normalized mean squared error (NMSE) of the simulation results.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"6932-6958"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10737359","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142650588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subgroup-Centric Multicast Cell-Free Massive MIMO","authors":"Alejandro De La Fuente;Guillem Femenias;Felip Riera-Palou;Giovanni Interdonato","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3487912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3487912","url":null,"abstract":"Cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF-mMIMO) is an emerging technology for beyond fifth-generation (5G) systems aimed at enhancing the energy and spectral efficiencies of future mobile networks while providing nearly uniform quality of service to all users. Moreover, multicasting has garnered increasing attention in recent years, as physical-layer multicasting proves to be an efficient approach for serving multiple users simultaneously, all with identical service demands while sharing radio resources. A multicast service is typically delivered using either unicast or a single multicast transmission. In contrast, this work introduces a subgroup-centric multicast CF-mMIMO framework that splits the users into several multicast subgroups. The subgroup creation is based on the similarities in the spatial channel characteristics of the multicast users. This framework benefits from efficiently sharing the pilot sequence used for channel estimation and the precoding filters used for data transmission. The proposed framework relies on two scalable precoding strategies, namely, the centralized improved partial MMSE (IP-MMSE) and the distributed conjugate beamforming (CB). Numerical results demonstrate that the centralized IP-MMSE precoding strategy outperforms the CB precoding scheme in terms of sum SE when multicast users are uniformly distributed across the service area. In contrast, in cases where users are spatially clustered, multicast subgrouping significantly enhances the sum spectral efficiency (SE) of the multicast service compared to both unicast and single multicast transmission. Interestingly, in the latter scenario, distributed CB precoding outperforms IP-MMSE, particularly in terms of per-user SE, making it the best solution for delivering multicast content. Heterogeneous scenarios that combine uniform and clustered distributions of users validate multicast subgrouping as the most effective solution for improving both the sum and per-user SE of a multicast CF-mMIMO service.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"6872-6889"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10737360","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three Novel Statistical Tests-Inspired Spectrum Sensing Techniques for Cognitive Radio","authors":"Hager S. Fouda;Mostafa M. Fouda","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3487825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3487825","url":null,"abstract":"Statistical tests-based approaches have been extensively researched for multiple antenna-based spectrum sensing (SS) in cognitive radio (CR). Nevertheless, their performance is neither satisfactory nor adequate to detect the primary user (PU) particularly in weak signal environments. In this paper, three novel statistical tests-based methods are developed to move forward in this promising domain. The first method is blind autocorrelation and randomness test, which is formulated under the framework of the Durbin Watson test. The second is a non-parametric dispersion test, which is designed in the light of analysis of variance (ANOVA) Bartlett’s test. The last is a non-parametric location test, which is inspired by ANOVA on rank the Kruskal Wallis test. Multipath fading channel with additive Gaussian noise is considered in numerical analysis. Furthermore, Middleton Class A impulsive noise is modeled as a non-Gaussian noise (NGN) to simulate the statistical characterization of realistic noise environments. Several comparison scenarios are performed with state-of-the-art SS techniques at the conditions of low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), few samples, and few number of receiving elements. Simulation results revealed that our suggested methods outperform the other SS techniques at different levels. Moreover, closed-form expressions of test statistics and asymptotic theoretical thresholds are derived for the three investigated algorithms. Additionally, theoretical analysis is validated by being coincident with simulation findings.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"7041-7056"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10737439","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142672058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of 5G and GNSS Technologies for Enhanced Positioning: An Experimental Study","authors":"Mattia Brambilla;Marianna Alghisi;Bernardo Camajori Tedeschini;Alessandro Fumagalli;Florin Catalin Grec;Lorenzo Italiano;Chiara Pileggi;Ludovico Biagi;Stefano Bianchi;Andrea Gatti;Alessandro Goia;Monica Nicoli;Eugenio Realini","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3487270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3487270","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an experimental study on the integration of the fifth generation (5G) cellular network and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for positioning. Along with the use of experimental data collected from both 5G and GNSS deployed technologies, the novelty of this research includes the design of a Bayesian tracking methodology based on extended Kalman filtering for processing the 5G Time of Flights (TOFs) and jointly estimating the user position and the clock offsets of the 5G Base Stations (BSs), as well for their fusion with GNSS observations (both single and dual frequency). Data collection and experimental analyses are conducted in both static and mobile positioning scenarios. For standalone 5G positioning, we demonstrate the need of tracking the clock offsets of BSs, as they currently represent a primary impairment for precise positioning. In static conditions, we manage to reduce the positioning error from more than 100 m to approximately 5 m by jointly estimating these offsets and correct the TOFs accordingly, showcasing that the current 5G network is a possible alternative to single frequency code-only GNSS positioning. The 5G+GNSS hybrid solution is shown to guarantee a more reliable and accurate positioning as the two technologies mutually assist each other, particularly when single frequency GNSS processing is considered. On the other hand, when the GNSS receiver is able to perform dual frequency processing, location estimation does not benefit from the hybridization with 5G as GNSS is already highly accurate. Overall, the achieved results confirm the viability of 5G+GNSS integration from an experimental standpoint, showing the potentialities of the currently-deployed 5G network for positioning.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"7197-7215"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10737134","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142679391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future-Proofing Security for UAVs With Post-Quantum Cryptography: A Review","authors":"Muhammad Asghar Khan;Shumaila Javaid;Syed Agha Hassnain Mohsan;Muhammad Tanveer;Insaf Ullah","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3486649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3486649","url":null,"abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, are increasingly being employed across a broad spectrum of applications, ranging from military operations to commercial purposes. However, as UAVs become more integrated into everyday life, security and privacy concerns are similarly escalating due to vulnerabilities arising from operating on open wireless channels and having limited onboard computational resources. Moreover, with the emergence of quantum computers, conventional cryptographic methods that ensure the security and privacy of UAV communications are at severe risk. These risks encompass the possibility of unauthorized access, breaches of data, and cyber-physical attacks that jeopardize the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of UAV operations. Quantum computers are expected to break the conventional cryptography methods, such as symmetric and asymmetric schemes, with the support of Grover’s and Shor’s algorithms, respectively. Consequently, traditional cryptographic algorithms must give way to quantum-resistant algorithms, referred to as Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) algorithms. Although researchers actively develop, test, and standardize new PQC algorithms, the threat persists despite the progress made through these consistent efforts. This review article first examines the security and privacy landscape, including threats and requirements of UAVs. This article also discusses PQC and various PQC families and the status of the NIST’s implementation and standardization process. Lastly, we explore challenges and future directions in implementing PQC for UAVs.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"6849-6871"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10737027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GP-DGECN: Geometric Prior Dynamic Group Equivariant Convolutional Networks for Specific Emitter Identification","authors":"Yu Han;Xiang Chen;Manxi Wang;Long Shi;Zhongming Feng","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3486459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3486459","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid development of mobile Internet technology, the number of access devices is increasing exponentially. However, due to inadequate encryption measures or low encryption strength of some devices, illegal access and the easy acquisition of legitimate device user information can lead to privacy breaches and property loss. Recently, physical layer security authentication technology has been adopted to improve the accuracy of identifying illegal devices. However, during signal propagation, noise and channel effects often degrade identification performance. To address this, this paper proposes a dynamic group-equivariant convolutional network based on geometric priors, termed GP-DGECN. This framework combines group-equivariant convolutional layers and dynamic convolution kernel strategies to resolve the limitation of traditional CNN models that only possess translational equivariance. By fully extracting intrinsic signal features, it enhances resistance to high noise and channel effects. Performance tests on real WiFi datasets demonstrate that the proposed framework can achieve an accuracy of 80% under both LoS and NLoS channel scenarios. Even under strong interference from SUIA channel parameters, it can achieve a recognition accuracy of nearly 60%.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"6802-6816"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10735345","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Position-Based Transceiver Design for Multiple Satellite to VSAT Downlink","authors":"Maik Röper;Bho Matthiesen;Dirk Wübben;Petar Popovski;Armin Dekorsy","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3486601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3486601","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a novel approach for downlink transmission from a satellite swarm towards a very small aperture terminal (VSAT). These swarms have the benefit of much higher spatial separation in the transmit antennas than traditional satellites with antenna arrays, promising a massive increase in spectral efficiency. The resulting precoder and equalizer have only low demands on computational complexity, inter-satellite coordination and channel estimation. This is achieved by taking knowledge about the geometry between satellites and VSAT into account. Due to the position based transceiver design, only slowly changing long-term statistics of the channel coefficient are considered. The necessity of accurate positional information is further relaxed by considering stochastic knowledge about the relative positions between satellites and VSAT rather than exact knowledge. Specifically, each satellite needs only stochastic information about the VSATs’ relative positions to calculate its precoding vector. Similarly, the VSAT requires only stochastic knowledge of the satellites’ relative positions for equalization. Furthermore, we evaluate the impact the inter-satellite distance has on the achievable data rate. Based on that, an analytic approach to arrange the satellites in a satellite swarm to maximize the rate is provided. The combination of the low complexity transceiver with suitable inter-satellite distances is proven to be capacity achieving in specific scenarios. The simulation results provide evidence that the proposed inter-satellite distance in combination with the proposed transceiver enables close-to-optimal rates in practical applications.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"7022-7040"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10735368","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142672031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extremely Large Aperture Array (ELAA) Communications: Foundations, Research Advances and Challenges","authors":"Sicong Ye;Ming Xiao;Man-Wai Kwan;Zheng Ma;Yongming Huang;George Karagiannidis;Pingzhi Fan","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3486172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3486172","url":null,"abstract":"Extremely large aperture array (ELAA) represents a paradigm shift in wireless antenna systems, poised to redefine the capabilities of future networks, particularly in the era of the sixth generation (6G) networks. The integration of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology with an unprecedented scale of antenna arrays enables transformative potential for enhancing spectral efficiency, increasing coverage, and enabling new applications. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of ELAA, delving into fundamental concepts, state-of-the-art technologies, and practical applications. We commence by presenting the fundamentals of ELAA technology, focusing on the various architectural categories and two fundamental properties of communication in the near-field region of ELAA, namely spherical wave propagation and channel spatial non-stationarity. We then illustrate the phenomenon of finite beam depth in the near field before presenting general distance boundaries based on various criteria and conducting a comprehensive performance analysis of this technology. Subsequently, in light of the distinctive electromagnetic characteristics of ELAA, we will examine the practical challenges that have emerged, including channel estimation, beamforming design, and the practical hardware issues that have arisen. Subsequently, we examine the diverse applications of ELAA across various domains, emphasizing its transformative potential in fields such as physical layer security, communication and sensing, and wireless power and information transfer. Finally, the paper concludes by outlining several promising avenues for future research and exploration within the realm of ELAA. These avenues are identified as areas ripe for investigation and innovation.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"7075-7120"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10734395","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142672032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Tractable Framework for Spectrum Coexistence Between Satellite Receivers and Terrestrial Networks","authors":"Nicholas R. Olson;Theodore S. Rappaport;Jeffrey G. Andrews","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3485569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3485569","url":null,"abstract":"We study the interference resulting from transmissions from terrestrial cellular networks on passive satellite receivers. This has important implications for the future allocation and terrestrial use of spectrum on a shared basis with satellite systems, in particular above 100 GHz. We develop an extensive, general model for the interference received at a typical passive satellite. Utilizing a stochastic geometry framework, we precisely characterize the outage probability for a set of satellites – which is the distribution of the interference with respect to spatial and temporal randomness inherent in the aforementioned interference model. We obtain upper and lower bounds on the outage probability using a new analytical method based on a matrix function generalization of the Laplace transform of the interference model. This analytical method allows for the distribution of the interference to be tightly bounded while affording a similar level of tractability to that encountered in the more typical coverage probability analysis of wireless networks using stochastic geometry. Using the analytical characterizations for outage probability, we investigate design choices and constraints such as the antenna gain and positioning at the passive satellite receiver and terrestrial nodes, out-of-band rejection, terrestrial network density, and the scan pattern of the passive receiver. Our analysis indicates that spectrum coexistence is feasible with minimal spectral separation, and that in-band coexistence may even be possible with low, but non-negligible, outage probability. A key insight from our analysis is that outage events are largely driven by spatial events corresponding to the presence of large clusters of transmitters as opposed to temporal fluctuations in interference power. The impact of these spatial events on EESS sensors may be mitigated by varying the boresight direction of the receive beam over the measurement duration.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"6758-6779"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10729879","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142555118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}