WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering最新文献

Thomson, Brunel And The Atlantic Cables Of 1865 And 1866 汤姆逊，布鲁内尔和1865年和1866年的大西洋电报

WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2015-12-14 DOI: 10.2495/978-1-84564-149-8/018

I. Ruddock

引用次数: 0

Thermodynamic Entropy And Temperature Rigorously Defined Without Heuristic Use Of The Concepts Of Heat And Empirical Temperature 热力学熵和温度的严格定义，而不需要启发式地使用热和经验温度的概念

WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2015-12-14 DOI: 10.2495/978-1-84564-149-8/013

E. Zanchini, G. Beretta

引用次数: 0

The First Law Of Thermodynamics: 1. Kelvin’s Relationship With Joule 热力学第一定律:1。开尔文和焦耳的关系

WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2015-12-14 DOI: 10.2495/978-1-84564-149-8/008

A. Wróblewski

引用次数: 2

James and William Thomson: the creation of thermodynamics 詹姆斯和威廉·汤姆森:热力学的创立

WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2015-12-14 DOI: 10.2495/978-1-84564-149-8/003

A. Whitaker

引用次数: 0

Maxwell’s Demon

WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2015-12-14 DOI: 10.2495/978-1-84564-149-8/020

M. Collins, R. Dougal, C. König

引用次数: 0

James Thomson, An Engineer And Scientist: The Path To Thermodynamics 詹姆斯·汤姆森，工程师和科学家:通往热力学的道路

WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2015-12-14 DOI: 10.2495/978-1-84564-149-8/004

A. Whitaker

引用次数: 0

The First Law Of Thermodynamics: 2. The Joule–Mayer Controversy 热力学第一定律:2。焦耳-梅耶争议

WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2015-12-14 DOI: 10.2495/978-1-84564-149-8/009

M. Collins

{"title":"The First Law Of Thermodynamics: 2. The Joule–Mayer Controversy","authors":"M. Collins","doi":"10.2495/978-1-84564-149-8/009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-84564-149-8/009","url":null,"abstract":"Two pioneering scientists are associated with the formulation of the first law of thermo dynamics, James Prescott Joule and Julius Robert Mayer. There are two distinct aspects to their contributions: the actual statement of the equivalence of heat and work, and the experimental justification for that statement. In terms of the former, Mayer and Joule independently made that statement, Mayer a year or so earlier than Joule. In terms of the latter, Joule carried out a scientifically superb range of experiments allowing him to quantify accurately the mechanical equivalent of heat. To begin with, both had very great problems in gaining acceptance from their peers. Joule was ultimately successful, in large measure due to the strong support of Kelvin. Mayer, on the other hand, had the bitter experience of never gaining that acceptance in his lifetime. The situation was exacerbated by the heated controversy initiated by John Tyndall and the biologically oriented X-Club. In strong opposition to the thermodynamic community, they not only maintained the historical precedence of Mayer over Joule but were derogatory to Joule’s contributions. In this chapter, it will be shown that at the time the controversy was unnecessary. Moreover, scientific history, while fully crediting Joule, has been kind to Mayer, in the presentday use of the expression ‘the Mayer–Joule Principle’.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128925094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Kelvin And The Age Of The Earth 开尔文和地球的年龄

WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2015-12-14 DOI: 10.2495/978-1-84564-149-8/015

J. Halls, D. Wilkie

{"title":"Kelvin And The Age Of The Earth","authors":"J. Halls, D. Wilkie","doi":"10.2495/978-1-84564-149-8/015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-84564-149-8/015","url":null,"abstract":"‘For having, in the natural history of this earth, seen a succession of worlds, we may from this conclude that there is a system in nature; in like manner as, from seeing revolutions of the planets, it is concluded, that there is a system by which they are intended to continue those revolutions. But if the succession of worlds is established in the system of nature, it is in vain to look for anything higher in the origin of the earth. The result, therefore, of our present enquiry is, that we find no vestige of a beginning, – no prospect of an end.’ James Hutton, Theory of the Earth, 1788. ‘I think we may with much probability say that the consolidation cannot have taken place less than 20,000,000 years ago, or we should have more underground heat than we actually have, nor more than 400,000,000 years ago, or we should not have so much as the least observed underground increment of temperature.’ Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), On the Secular Cooling of the Earth, 1862. ‘I do not presume to throw the slightest doubt upon the accuracy of any of the calculations made by such distinguished mathematicians as those who have made the suggestions I have cited. On the contrary, it is necessary to my argument to assume that they are all correct. But I desire to point out that this seems to be one of the many cases in which the admitted accuracy of mathematical processes is allowed to throw a wholly inadmissible appearance of authority over the results obtained by them. Mathematics may be compared to a mill of exquisite workmanship, which grinds you stuff of any degree of fineness; but, nevertheless, what you get out depends on what you put in; and as the grandest mill in the world will not extract wheat-flour from peascods, so pages of formulae will not get a definite result out of loose data.’ Thomas Henry Huxley, Address to the Geological Society, 1869.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133256310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Kelvin And His World: A Cultural Overview 开尔文和他的世界:文化概览

WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2015-12-14 DOI: 10.2495/978-1-84564-149-8/002

M. Collins, I. Ruddock

引用次数: 0

Engineering Thermodynamics And The Carnot Cycle 工程热力学和卡诺循环

WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering Pub Date : 2015-12-14 DOI: 10.2495/978-1-84564-149-8/007

M. Collins, J. Stasiek, J. Mikielewicz

{"title":"Engineering Thermodynamics And The Carnot Cycle","authors":"M. Collins, J. Stasiek, J. Mikielewicz","doi":"10.2495/978-1-84564-149-8/007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-84564-149-8/007","url":null,"abstract":"The Carnot cycle is central to engineering thermodynamics and its teaching. Although on the one hand it is an unattainable ideal, on the other it constitutes a set of concepts to which real heat engine cycles and processes should aspire to and approximate. The Two Property Rule means that cycles may be represented graphically and the principal pairs of properties are p, v (pressure and specific volume) and T,s (temperature and specific entropy). The p, v diagram is truly practical in the sense that it mirrors the indicator diagram, known to generations of past engineering students from engine laboratory experiments. The indicator and its diagram have a venerable history, dating back to 1796 and the very dawn of thermodynamics. The Scotsman James Watt used them to improve engine design to considerable commercial advantage. In 1824, Carnot was unaware of the diagram, most probably because of its extreme commercial sensitivity for Watt. Not until 1834 did Clapeyron make the first use of the p, v diagram to describe the Carnot cycle. The T,s diagram was proposed by the American J (Josiah) Willard Gibbs in 1873 as part of a more general study of how graphical methods could be used in thermodynamics. Gibbs was a mathematical physicist and his thermodynamic contribution was almost a complete inverse to that of Watt. Despite it dating from well after the understanding of the Laws, the T,s diagram and the Carnot cycle are virtually indistinguishable in present-day understanding. So in representing Sadi Carnot’s cycle of 1824 with both p, v and T,s diagrams (which he was unable to do) almost a century of associated thermodynamics history is involved. In this chapter, we study the historical context of these diagrams and their authors. In particular, James Watt was a massive contributor to the industrial revolution and in certain respects a forerunner to Carnot. We use these diagrams to show how the Carnot concept of a perfect heat engine applies across the thermodynamic board, irrespective of working fluid (gas or vapour), of cycle processes (non-flow or steady flow) or of engine concept (work-producer or refrigerator). In addition, the Carnot cycle was the driving force behind the formulation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics and this aspect is reviewed to highlight the contributions of Kelvin himself. We will find that Kelvin has an enduring high reputation here, based on his absolute scale of temperature and his second law statement.","PeriodicalId":336954,"journal":{"name":"WIT Transactions on State-of-the-art in Science and Engineering","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130251840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0